南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区典型站位不同类型热流对比
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摘要
随着南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探工作的深入开展,在南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探区典型的集中了钻孔、探针和BSR三种测量方式获得的热流数据.为了解海底热流不同测量方式的差异,以及南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区的热流特征,文章以SH-2和SH-5孔作为典型站位,分别介绍三种热流测量方法并对两个站位的不同类型热流进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)在SH-2孔处探针热流与钻孔热流基本一致,但在SH-5孔处探针热流明显低于钻孔热流;采用钻孔实测沉积物平均热导率计算的SH-2和SH-5两个站位处的BSR热流都与相应钻孔热流基本一致.(2)根据地震剖面及相邻位置探针热流特征分析,SH-5站位处探针热流明显偏低,可能是受到流体活动的影响.(3)相对SH-2孔,SH-5孔具有较高的地温梯度和热流特征,可能是SH-5钻孔未钻到水合物的重要原因,而晚期泥底辟侵入可能是造成SH-5孔具有较高的温度场并导致原本赋存的水合物分解的原因.
In the natural gas hydrate exploration on the northern slope of the South China Sea,three types of heat flow data were derived from drilling measurement,probe measurement,and BSR measurement.To investigate the differences of different seafloor heat flow measurement methods and the characteristics of natural gas hydrate exploration area on the northern slope of the South China Sea,the paper takes SH-2 and SH-5,the two wells for natural gas hydrate exploration,as the typical sites to describe the three heat flow measurement methods and compare the results at the two sites.The following results were gotten.First,the probe-type heat flow is almost identical with drilling-type heat flow at Site SH-2,but is lower obviously at Site SH-5;BSR-type heat flows calculated with actual average heat-conductivity are almost identical with drilling-type heat flows at both Site SH-2 and Site SH-5.Second,the obviously lower probe-type heat flow than drilling-type heat flow at Site SH-5 might be caused by liquid activities,as indicated by analysis of the characteristics of seismic profile and heat flow of neighboring sites.Third,the Site SH-5 has higher geothermal gradient and heat flow than Site SH-2,which may be an important reason of failure to get hydrate at Site SH-5.Furthermore,it may be the late-stage diapir that brought higher temperature and decomposed the former hydrate at Site SH-5.
In the natural gas hydrate exploration on the northern slope of the South China Sea,three types of heat flow data were derived from drilling measurement,probe measurement,and BSR measurement.To investigate the differences of different seafloor heat flow measurement methods and the characteristics of natural gas hydrate exploration area on the northern slope of the South China Sea,the paper takes SH-2 and SH-5,the two wells for natural gas hydrate exploration,as the typical sites to describe the three heat flow measurement methods and compare the results at the two sites.The following results were gotten.First,the probe-type heat flow is almost identical with drilling-type heat flow at Site SH-2,but is lower obviously at Site SH-5;BSR-type heat flows calculated with actual average heat-conductivity are almost identical with drilling-type heat flows at both Site SH-2 and Site SH-5.Second,the obviously lower probe-type heat flow than drilling-type heat flow at Site SH-5 might be caused by liquid activities,as indicated by analysis of the characteristics of seismic profile and heat flow of neighboring sites.Third,the Site SH-5 has higher geothermal gradient and heat flow than Site SH-2,which may be an important reason of failure to get hydrate at Site SH-5.Furthermore,it may be the late-stage diapir that brought higher temperature and decomposed the former hydrate at Site SH-5.
引文
[1]王良书,刘绍文,肖卫勇等.渤海盆地大地热流分布特征.科学通报,2002,47(2):151-155.Wang L S,Liu S W,Xiao W Y,et al.Distribution feature ofterrestrial heat flow densities in the Bohai Basin,East China.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2002,47(2):151-155.
[2]徐行,施小斌,罗贤虎等.南海西沙海槽地区的海底热流测量.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(4):51-58.Xu X,Shi X B,Luo X H,et al.Heat flow measurements inthe Xisha trough of the South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),2006,26(4):51-58.
[3]徐行,施小斌,罗贤虎等.南海北部海底地热测量的数据处理方法.现代地质,2006,20(3):457-464.Xu X,Shi X B,Luo X H,et al.Data processing methods ofmarine geothermal measurement on the northern margin ofthe South China Sea.Geoscience(in Chinese),2006,20(3):457-464.
[4]Lister C R B.The pulse-probe method of conductivitymeasurement.Geophysical Journal of Royal AstronomicalSociety,1979,57(2):451-461.
[5]李亚敏,罗贤虎,徐行等.南海北部陆坡深水区的海底原位热流测量.地球物理学报,2010,53(9):2161-2170.Li Y M,Luo X H,Xu X,et al.Seafloor in-situ heat flowmeasurement in the deep-water area of the northern slope,South China Sea.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(inChinese),2010,53(9):2161-2170.
[6]Pfender M,Villinger H.Miniaturized data loggers for deepsea sediment temperature gradient measurements.MarineGeology,2002,186(3-4):557-570.
[7]Yamano M,Uyeda S,Aoki Y,et al.Estimates of heat flowderived from gas hydrates.Geology,1982,10(7):339-343.
[8]Davis E E,Hyndman R D,Villinger H.Rates of fluidexpulsion across the northern Cascadia accretionary prism:constraints from new heat row and multichannel seismicreflection data.J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95(B6):8869-8889.
[9]Hyndman R D,Foucher J P,Yamano M,et al.Deep seabottom-simulating-reflectors:calibration of the base of thehydrate stability field as used for heat flow estimates.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,1992,109(3-4):289-301.
[10]Townend J.Estimates of conductive heat flow throughbottom-simulating reflectors on the Hikurangi and southwestFiordland continental margins,New Zealand.Mar.Geol.,1997,141(1-4):209-220.
[11]Ganguly N,Spence G D,Chapman N R,et al.Heat flowvariations from bottom simulating reflectors on the Cascadiamargin.Mar.Geol.,2000,164(1-2):53-68.
[12]王宏斌,梁劲,龚跃华等.基于天然气水合物地震数据计算南海北部陆坡海底热流.现代地质,2005,19(1):67-73.Wang H B,Liang J,Gong Y H,et al.Estimation of the heatflow in the Northern of the South China Sea based on theseismic data of gas hydrate.Geoscience(in Chinese),2005,19(1):67-73.
[13]宋海斌,吴时国,江为为.南海东北部973剖面BSR及其热流特征.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1508-1517.Song H B,Wu S G,Jiang W W.The characteristics of BSRsand their derived heat flow on the profile 973 in thenortheastern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2007,50(5):1508-1517.
[14]He L J,Wang J Y,Xu X,et al.Disparity between measuredand BSR heat flow in the Xisha Trough of the South ChinaSea and its implications for the methane hydrate.Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2009,34(6):771-780.
[15]Ru K,Pigott J D.Episodic rifting and subsidence in theSouth China Sea.American Association of PetroleumGeologists,Bulletin,1986,70(9):1136-1155.
[16]Pang X,Yang S K,Zhu M,et al.Deep-water fan systemsand petroleum resources on the northern slope of the SouthChina Sea.Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(3):626-631.
[17]Zhang H Q,Yang S X,Wu N Y.GMGS-1science team:China′s first gas hydrate expedition successful.Fire in theEarth.Methane Hydrate Newsletter,National TechnologyLaboratory,US department of Energy,2007.Spring/SummerIssue,2007,1:4-8.
[18]庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧等.南海北部白云深水区之基础地质.中国海上油气,2008,20(4):215-222.Pang X,Chen C M,Peng D J,et al.Basic geology of Baiyundeep-water area in the northern South China Sea.ChinaOffshore Oil&Gas(in Chinese),2008,20(4):215-222.
[19]朱俊章,施和生,庞雄等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷深水区珠海组烃源岩评价及储层烃来源分析.中国海上油气,2008,20(4):223-227.Zhu J Z,Shi H S,Pang X,et al.Zhuhai formation sourcerock evaluation and reservoired hydrocarbon source analysisin the deepwater area of Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouthbasin.China Offshore Oil&Gas(in Chinese),2008,20(4):223-227.
[20]吴能友,杨胜雄,王宏斌等.南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系.地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1641-1650.Wu N Y,Yang S X,Wang H B,et al.Gas-bearing fluidinflux sub-system for gas hydrate geological system in ShenhuArea,Northern South China Sea.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics(in Chinese),2009,52(6):1641-1650.
[21]吴时国,董冬冬,杨胜雄等.南海北部陆坡细粒沉积物天然气水合物系统的形成模式初探.地球物理学报,2009,52(7):1849-1857.Wu S G,Dong D D,Yang S X,et al.Genetic model of thehydrate system in the fine grain sediments in the northerncontinental slope of South China Sea.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics(in Chinese),2009,52(7):1849-1857.
[22]王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮等.南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(1):81-86.Wang H B,Zhang G X,Yang M Z,et al.Structuralcircumstance of gas hydrate deposition in the continentmargin,the South China Sea.Marine Geology&QuaternaryGeology(in Chinese),2003,23(1):81-86.
[23]沙志彬,郭依群,杨木壮等.南海北部陆坡区沉积与天然气水合物成藏关系.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(5):89-98.Sha Z B,Guo Y Q,Yang M Z,et al.Relation betweensedimentation and gas hydrate reservoirs in the northern slopeof South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),2009,29(5):89-98.
[24]He L J,Wang K L,Xiong L P,et al.Heat flow and thermalhistory of the South China Sea.Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,2001,126(3-4):211-220.
[25]Shi X B,Qiu X L,Xia K Y,et al.Characteristics of surfaceheat flow in the South China Sea.Journal of Asian EarthSciences,2003,22(3):265-277.
[26]王力峰,沙志彬,梁金强等.晚期泥底辟控制作用导致神狐海域SH5钻位未获水合物的分析.现代地质,2010,24(3):1-7.Wang L F,Sha Z B,Liang J Q,et al.Analysis of gashydrate absence induced by the late-stage diapir domination inthe borehole SH5of Shenhu area.Geoscience(in Chinese),2010,24(3):1-7.
[27]Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Yao B C,et al.Gravity,heat flow,and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension:Northern margin of the South China Sea.Journal ofGeophysical Research,1995,100(B11):22447-22483.
[28]Yuan Y S,Zhu W L,Mi L J,et al.“Uniform geothermalgradient”and heat flow in the Qiongdongnan and Pearl RiverMouth Basins of the South China Sea.Marine and PetroleumGeology,2009,26(7):1152-1162.
[29]Ratcliffe E H.The thermal conductivities of oceansediments.Journal of Geophysical Research,1960,65(5):1535-1541.
[30]Hyndman R D,Erickson A J,Von Herzen R P.Geothermalmeasurement on DSDP Leg 26.∥Davies T A,Luyendyk BP.Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 26.Washington:US Government Printing Office,1974:675-742.
[31]Pribnow D,Kinoshita M,Stein C.Thermal data collectionand heat flow recalculations for Ocean Drilling Program Legs,2002:101-180.http:∥www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/heatflow/ODPReprt1pdf.
[32]Hartmann A,Villinger H.Inversion of marine heat flowmeasurements by expansion of the temperature decayfunction.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,148(3):628-636.
[33]Miles P R.Potential distribution of methane hydrate beneaththe European continental margins.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(23):3179-3182.
1)中国石化新闻网2009年12月的报道,http://sinopecnews.com.cn/shnews/content/2009-12/10/content_710243.htm.
[2]徐行,施小斌,罗贤虎等.南海西沙海槽地区的海底热流测量.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(4):51-58.Xu X,Shi X B,Luo X H,et al.Heat flow measurements inthe Xisha trough of the South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),2006,26(4):51-58.
[3]徐行,施小斌,罗贤虎等.南海北部海底地热测量的数据处理方法.现代地质,2006,20(3):457-464.Xu X,Shi X B,Luo X H,et al.Data processing methods ofmarine geothermal measurement on the northern margin ofthe South China Sea.Geoscience(in Chinese),2006,20(3):457-464.
[4]Lister C R B.The pulse-probe method of conductivitymeasurement.Geophysical Journal of Royal AstronomicalSociety,1979,57(2):451-461.
[5]李亚敏,罗贤虎,徐行等.南海北部陆坡深水区的海底原位热流测量.地球物理学报,2010,53(9):2161-2170.Li Y M,Luo X H,Xu X,et al.Seafloor in-situ heat flowmeasurement in the deep-water area of the northern slope,South China Sea.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(inChinese),2010,53(9):2161-2170.
[6]Pfender M,Villinger H.Miniaturized data loggers for deepsea sediment temperature gradient measurements.MarineGeology,2002,186(3-4):557-570.
[7]Yamano M,Uyeda S,Aoki Y,et al.Estimates of heat flowderived from gas hydrates.Geology,1982,10(7):339-343.
[8]Davis E E,Hyndman R D,Villinger H.Rates of fluidexpulsion across the northern Cascadia accretionary prism:constraints from new heat row and multichannel seismicreflection data.J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95(B6):8869-8889.
[9]Hyndman R D,Foucher J P,Yamano M,et al.Deep seabottom-simulating-reflectors:calibration of the base of thehydrate stability field as used for heat flow estimates.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,1992,109(3-4):289-301.
[10]Townend J.Estimates of conductive heat flow throughbottom-simulating reflectors on the Hikurangi and southwestFiordland continental margins,New Zealand.Mar.Geol.,1997,141(1-4):209-220.
[11]Ganguly N,Spence G D,Chapman N R,et al.Heat flowvariations from bottom simulating reflectors on the Cascadiamargin.Mar.Geol.,2000,164(1-2):53-68.
[12]王宏斌,梁劲,龚跃华等.基于天然气水合物地震数据计算南海北部陆坡海底热流.现代地质,2005,19(1):67-73.Wang H B,Liang J,Gong Y H,et al.Estimation of the heatflow in the Northern of the South China Sea based on theseismic data of gas hydrate.Geoscience(in Chinese),2005,19(1):67-73.
[13]宋海斌,吴时国,江为为.南海东北部973剖面BSR及其热流特征.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1508-1517.Song H B,Wu S G,Jiang W W.The characteristics of BSRsand their derived heat flow on the profile 973 in thenortheastern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2007,50(5):1508-1517.
[14]He L J,Wang J Y,Xu X,et al.Disparity between measuredand BSR heat flow in the Xisha Trough of the South ChinaSea and its implications for the methane hydrate.Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2009,34(6):771-780.
[15]Ru K,Pigott J D.Episodic rifting and subsidence in theSouth China Sea.American Association of PetroleumGeologists,Bulletin,1986,70(9):1136-1155.
[16]Pang X,Yang S K,Zhu M,et al.Deep-water fan systemsand petroleum resources on the northern slope of the SouthChina Sea.Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(3):626-631.
[17]Zhang H Q,Yang S X,Wu N Y.GMGS-1science team:China′s first gas hydrate expedition successful.Fire in theEarth.Methane Hydrate Newsletter,National TechnologyLaboratory,US department of Energy,2007.Spring/SummerIssue,2007,1:4-8.
[18]庞雄,陈长民,彭大钧等.南海北部白云深水区之基础地质.中国海上油气,2008,20(4):215-222.Pang X,Chen C M,Peng D J,et al.Basic geology of Baiyundeep-water area in the northern South China Sea.ChinaOffshore Oil&Gas(in Chinese),2008,20(4):215-222.
[19]朱俊章,施和生,庞雄等.珠江口盆地白云凹陷深水区珠海组烃源岩评价及储层烃来源分析.中国海上油气,2008,20(4):223-227.Zhu J Z,Shi H S,Pang X,et al.Zhuhai formation sourcerock evaluation and reservoired hydrocarbon source analysisin the deepwater area of Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouthbasin.China Offshore Oil&Gas(in Chinese),2008,20(4):223-227.
[20]吴能友,杨胜雄,王宏斌等.南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的流体运移体系.地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1641-1650.Wu N Y,Yang S X,Wang H B,et al.Gas-bearing fluidinflux sub-system for gas hydrate geological system in ShenhuArea,Northern South China Sea.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics(in Chinese),2009,52(6):1641-1650.
[21]吴时国,董冬冬,杨胜雄等.南海北部陆坡细粒沉积物天然气水合物系统的形成模式初探.地球物理学报,2009,52(7):1849-1857.Wu S G,Dong D D,Yang S X,et al.Genetic model of thehydrate system in the fine grain sediments in the northerncontinental slope of South China Sea.Chinese Journal ofGeophysics(in Chinese),2009,52(7):1849-1857.
[22]王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮等.南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(1):81-86.Wang H B,Zhang G X,Yang M Z,et al.Structuralcircumstance of gas hydrate deposition in the continentmargin,the South China Sea.Marine Geology&QuaternaryGeology(in Chinese),2003,23(1):81-86.
[23]沙志彬,郭依群,杨木壮等.南海北部陆坡区沉积与天然气水合物成藏关系.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(5):89-98.Sha Z B,Guo Y Q,Yang M Z,et al.Relation betweensedimentation and gas hydrate reservoirs in the northern slopeof South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),2009,29(5):89-98.
[24]He L J,Wang K L,Xiong L P,et al.Heat flow and thermalhistory of the South China Sea.Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,2001,126(3-4):211-220.
[25]Shi X B,Qiu X L,Xia K Y,et al.Characteristics of surfaceheat flow in the South China Sea.Journal of Asian EarthSciences,2003,22(3):265-277.
[26]王力峰,沙志彬,梁金强等.晚期泥底辟控制作用导致神狐海域SH5钻位未获水合物的分析.现代地质,2010,24(3):1-7.Wang L F,Sha Z B,Liang J Q,et al.Analysis of gashydrate absence induced by the late-stage diapir domination inthe borehole SH5of Shenhu area.Geoscience(in Chinese),2010,24(3):1-7.
[27]Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Yao B C,et al.Gravity,heat flow,and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension:Northern margin of the South China Sea.Journal ofGeophysical Research,1995,100(B11):22447-22483.
[28]Yuan Y S,Zhu W L,Mi L J,et al.“Uniform geothermalgradient”and heat flow in the Qiongdongnan and Pearl RiverMouth Basins of the South China Sea.Marine and PetroleumGeology,2009,26(7):1152-1162.
[29]Ratcliffe E H.The thermal conductivities of oceansediments.Journal of Geophysical Research,1960,65(5):1535-1541.
[30]Hyndman R D,Erickson A J,Von Herzen R P.Geothermalmeasurement on DSDP Leg 26.∥Davies T A,Luyendyk BP.Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 26.Washington:US Government Printing Office,1974:675-742.
[31]Pribnow D,Kinoshita M,Stein C.Thermal data collectionand heat flow recalculations for Ocean Drilling Program Legs,2002:101-180.http:∥www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/heatflow/ODPReprt1pdf.
[32]Hartmann A,Villinger H.Inversion of marine heat flowmeasurements by expansion of the temperature decayfunction.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,148(3):628-636.
[33]Miles P R.Potential distribution of methane hydrate beneaththe European continental margins.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(23):3179-3182.
1)中国石化新闻网2009年12月的报道,http://sinopecnews.com.cn/shnews/content/2009-12/10/content_710243.htm.
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