琼东南盆地海底地形地貌特征及其对深水沉积的控制
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摘要
琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西部,其深水区是重要的油气勘探新领域。利用琼东南盆地高密度的多道地震资料,阐明了琼东南盆地海底地形地貌特征,分析了盆地内深水沉积体的类型、特征、形成机制和空间展布,探讨了地形地貌对深水沉积的控制作用,对深入理解深水沉积过程,尤其是该区深水油气储层的预测具有重要意义。研究结果表明,琼东南盆地海底地形总体可以划分为陆架、陆坡和深海平原。在该地形地貌控制下,研究区内主要发育6种深水沉积体:浊流沉积、陆坡峡谷充填、滑塌沉积、滑移沉积、沉积物波和碎屑流沉积。进一步的研究表明,这些沉积体的空间发育部位和规模与陆坡的坡度有关。地形坡度通过控制重力流流体的流态产生各类型重力流沉积,进而控制了陆坡体系的调整过程。研究结果还表明,由于地形坡度的变化,重力流流态会发生相应变化,并进而导致各种类型重力流沉积在其形成过程中发生相互转化,其一般转化顺序通常为滑塌-碎屑流-浊流。
The Qiongdongnan Basin is located in the northwest of the South China Sea,and the deepwater area of the basin is a new favorable prospect for hydrocarbon exploration.Based on seismic and bathymetric data,the authors focused in this paper on the deep water topography of the Basin and the control of topography over the deepwater sedimentation.Various landform types were distinguished and their distribution pattern described.Discussed are also the depositional mechanism of the gravity deposits and their types,distribution and lithological characteristics,so as to reveal the control of topography on the deepwater depositional systems.Results show that the submarine topography of the Qiongdongnan Basin can be divided into three units of the continental shelf,the continental slope and the deep-sea plain.Under the control of topography,there are 6 types of sediments in the Qiongdongnan continental slope system: slope canyon,turbidite fan,slumping block,debris flow deposits,sliding mass and sedimentary waves.Our results prove that the types of sedimentary facies are closely related to the gradient of the slope.The gradient not only controls the distribution of types of gravity flow deposits,but also the adjustment of slope system.In addition,the gravity flow may change from one to another due to the change of landforms,for example,change from turbidity-current to sediment waves,or from slumping and/or debris flow to turbidity current.
The Qiongdongnan Basin is located in the northwest of the South China Sea,and the deepwater area of the basin is a new favorable prospect for hydrocarbon exploration.Based on seismic and bathymetric data,the authors focused in this paper on the deep water topography of the Basin and the control of topography over the deepwater sedimentation.Various landform types were distinguished and their distribution pattern described.Discussed are also the depositional mechanism of the gravity deposits and their types,distribution and lithological characteristics,so as to reveal the control of topography on the deepwater depositional systems.Results show that the submarine topography of the Qiongdongnan Basin can be divided into three units of the continental shelf,the continental slope and the deep-sea plain.Under the control of topography,there are 6 types of sediments in the Qiongdongnan continental slope system: slope canyon,turbidite fan,slumping block,debris flow deposits,sliding mass and sedimentary waves.Our results prove that the types of sedimentary facies are closely related to the gradient of the slope.The gradient not only controls the distribution of types of gravity flow deposits,but also the adjustment of slope system.In addition,the gravity flow may change from one to another due to the change of landforms,for example,change from turbidity-current to sediment waves,or from slumping and/or debris flow to turbidity current.
引文
[1]张功成,米立军,吴时国,等.深水区—南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气勘探新领域[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):15-21.[ZHANGGongcheng,MI Lijun,WU Shiguo,et al.Deepwater area:Thenew prospecting targets of northern continental margin ofSouth China Sea[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(2):15-21.]
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[3]姜涛.莺歌海-琼东南盆地区中中新世以来低位扇体形成条件和成藏模式[D].武汉:中国地质大学,2005:22-40.[JIANGTao.Formation of Lowstand Fans and Their Hydrocarbon Ac-cumulation Since Middle Miocene in the Yinggehai and Qiong-dongnan Basins[D].Wuhan:China University of Geoscience,2005:22-40.]
[4]魏魁生,崔旱云,叶淑芬,等.琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2001,26(1):59-66.[WEI Kuisheng,CUI Hanyun,YE Shufen,et al.High preci-sion sequence stratigraphy in Qiongdongnan Basin[J].EarthScience:Journal of China University of Geosciences,2001,26(1):59-66.]
[5]姜涛,解习农.细粒浊积体的油气地质意义[J].地质科技情报,2003,22(2):51-55.[JIANG Tao,XIE Xinong.Hydrocarbonvalue of finegrained turbidite systems[J].Geological Scienceand Technology Information,2003,22(2):51-55.]
[6]Kathleen D S,Richard B W,Stephan A G.Evolution and stra-tigraphic architecture of marine slope gully complexes:Monterey Formation(Miocene),Gaviota Beach,California[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009,26(2):269-288.
[7]Ercilla G,Casas D,Estrada F,et al.Morpho-sedimentary fea-tures and recent depositional architectural model of the Cant-abrian continental margin[J].Marine Geology,2008,247:61-83.
[8]Arnold H Bouma,William R Normark,Neal E Barnes.Subma-rine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1985,343.
[9]Piper,D J W,Savoye B.Processes of late Quaternary turbiditycurrent flow and deposition on the Var deep-sea fan,north-west Mediterranean Sea[J].Sedimentology,1993,40(3):557-582.
[10]王海荣,王英民,邱燕,等.南海北部陆坡的地貌形态及其控制因素[J].海洋学报,2008,30(2):70-79.[WANG Hairong,WANG Yingmin,QIU Yan,et al.Geomorphology and itscontrol of deep-water slope of the margin of the South ChinaSea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,30(2):70-79.]
[11]Gareth M Kwwvil,Jeff Peakall,James L Best.The influenceof scale,slope and channel geometry on the flow dynamics ofsubmarine channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24:487-503.
[12]Paul Weimer.Sequence stratigraphy of the Mississippi fan(Plio-Pleistocene),Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1989,9:185-272.
[13]Bradford E Prather.Controls on reservoir distribution,archi-tecture and stratigrahic trapping in slope settings[J].Marineand Petroleum Geology,2003,20:529-545.
[14]袁圣强,吴时国,赵宗举,等.南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物输送模式探讨[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2010,30(4):39-48.[YUAN Shengqiang,WU Shiguo,ZHAO Zongju,et al.Deepwater sediment transportation models for northern SouthChina Sea slopes[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geolo-gy,2010,30(4):39-48.
[15]何云龙,解习农,李俊良,等.琼东南盆地陆坡体系发育特征及其控制因素[J].地质科技情报,2010,29(2):118-122.[HEYunlong,XIE Xinong,LI Junliang,et al.Depositional char-acteristics and controlling factors of continental slope systemin the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Geological Science and Tech-nology Information,2010,29(2):118-122.
[16]Ben Kneller.The influence of flow parameters on turbiditeslope channel architecture[J].Marine and Petroleum Geolo-gy,2003,20:901-910.
[17]Arnold H Bouma,Harry H Roberts.Northern Gulf ofMexico continental slope[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1990,10:177-181.
[18]王大伟,吴时国,董东东,等.琼东南盆地第四纪块体搬运体系的地震特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(3):69-74.[WANG Dawei,WU Shiguo,DONG Dongdong,et al.Seis-mic characteristics of Quaternary mass transport deposits inQiongdongnan Basin[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Ge-ology,2009,29(3):69-74.]
[19]Lin Changsong,Liu Jingyan,Cai Shixiang,et al.Depositionalarchitecture and developing settings of large-scale incised val-ley and submarine gravity flow system in the Yinggehai andQiongdongnan basins,South China Sea[J].Chinese ScienceBulletin,2001,46(8):690-693.
[20]Lutz Lesshafft,Eckart Meiburg,Ben Kneller,et al.Towardsinverse modeling of turbidity currents:The inverse lock-ex-change problem[J].Computer&Geosciences,2011,37:521-529.
[21]吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930.[WU Shiguo,QIN Yunshan.Theresearch of deepwater depositional system in the northernSouth China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930.]
[22]苏明,李俊良,姜涛,等.琼东南盆地中央峡谷的形态与成因[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(4):85-93.[SU Ming,LI Junliang,JIANG Tao,et al.Morphological features andformation mechanism of central canyon in the QiongdongnanBasin,northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology andQuaternary Geology,2009,29(4):85-93.]
[23]姚根顺,袁圣强,吴时国,等.琼东南盆地深水区双物源沉积模式及勘探前景[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(6):685-691.[YAO Genshun,YUAN Shengqiang,WU Shiguo,et al.Double provenance depositional model and exploration pros-pect in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].PeteroleumExploration and Development,2008,35(6):685-691.]
[24]刘方兰,吴庐山.西沙海槽海域地形地貌特征及成因[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(3):7-14.[LIU Fanglan,WULushan.Topographic and morphologic characteristics andgenesis analysis of Xisha Trough Sea area in the South ChinaSea[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2006,26(3):7-14.]
[25]彭大钧,庞雄,陈长民,等.从浅水陆架走向深水陆坡——南海深水扇系统的研究[J].沉积学报,2005,23(1):1-11.[PENG Dajun,PANG Xiong,CHEN Changmin,et al.Fromshallow-water shelf to deep-water slope:the study on deep-water fan systems in South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimento-logica Sinica,2005,23(1):1-11.]
[26]付彦辉,吕福亮,吴时国,等.琼东南盆地陆坡区深水浊积水道的地震相特征[J].热带海洋学报.2009,28(4):87-92.[FUYanhui,LU Fuliang,WU Shiguo,et al.Characteristics ofseismic facies in the deepwater turbidite channel system onthe slope of the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of TropicalOceanography,2009,28(4):87-92.]
[27]Kuenen Ph H.The difference between sliding and turbidityflow[J].Deep Sea Research,1953,3(2):134-139.
[28]贺可强,安振远.崩滑碎屑流的形成条件与形成类型[J].河北地质学院学报,1996,19(3-4):344-351.[HE Keqiang,AN Zhenyuan.A preliminary analysis on the forming condi-tions and the forming types of debris flow caused by land-slides and falls[J].Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1996,19(3-4):344-351.]
[29]Shanmugam G.Reinterpretation of depositional processes in aclassical flysch sequence(Pennsylvanian Jackford Group),Quachita Mountains,Arkansas and Oklahoma:Reply[J].AAPG Bull,1997a,81:476-491.
[30]李祥辉,王成善,胡修棉.深海相中的砂质碎屑流沉积[J].矿物岩石,2000,20(1):132-133.[LI Xianghui,WANG Cheng-shan,HU Xiumian.Sedimentation of sandy debris-flow indeep-sea environment[J].Mineral Petrol.,2000,20(1):132-133.]
[31]张兴阳,高振中,姚雪根.北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积—深水大型沉积物波成因的再解释[J].沉积学报,1999,17:464-472.[ZHANG Xingyang,GAO Zhenzhong,YAO xuegen.Internal-wave deposits in the north-easternRockall Trough,North Atlantic Ocean-Reinterpretation ofdeep-water sediment waves formation[J].Acta Sedimento-logica Sinica,1999,17:464-472.]
[32]邵磊,李学杰,耿建华,等.南海北部深水底流沉积作用[J].中国科学D辑,2007,37(6):771-777.[SHAO Lei,LI Xue-jie,GENG Jianhua,et al.The deepwater bottom sedimenta-tion effect of northern South China Sea[J].Science in China(Series D),2007,37(6):771-777.]
[2]Chen P H,Chen Z Y,Zhang Q M.Sequence stratigraphy andcontinental margin development of the northwestern shelf ofthe South China Sea[J].AAPG Bulletin,1993,77:842-862.
[3]姜涛.莺歌海-琼东南盆地区中中新世以来低位扇体形成条件和成藏模式[D].武汉:中国地质大学,2005:22-40.[JIANGTao.Formation of Lowstand Fans and Their Hydrocarbon Ac-cumulation Since Middle Miocene in the Yinggehai and Qiong-dongnan Basins[D].Wuhan:China University of Geoscience,2005:22-40.]
[4]魏魁生,崔旱云,叶淑芬,等.琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2001,26(1):59-66.[WEI Kuisheng,CUI Hanyun,YE Shufen,et al.High preci-sion sequence stratigraphy in Qiongdongnan Basin[J].EarthScience:Journal of China University of Geosciences,2001,26(1):59-66.]
[5]姜涛,解习农.细粒浊积体的油气地质意义[J].地质科技情报,2003,22(2):51-55.[JIANG Tao,XIE Xinong.Hydrocarbonvalue of finegrained turbidite systems[J].Geological Scienceand Technology Information,2003,22(2):51-55.]
[6]Kathleen D S,Richard B W,Stephan A G.Evolution and stra-tigraphic architecture of marine slope gully complexes:Monterey Formation(Miocene),Gaviota Beach,California[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009,26(2):269-288.
[7]Ercilla G,Casas D,Estrada F,et al.Morpho-sedimentary fea-tures and recent depositional architectural model of the Cant-abrian continental margin[J].Marine Geology,2008,247:61-83.
[8]Arnold H Bouma,William R Normark,Neal E Barnes.Subma-rine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1985,343.
[9]Piper,D J W,Savoye B.Processes of late Quaternary turbiditycurrent flow and deposition on the Var deep-sea fan,north-west Mediterranean Sea[J].Sedimentology,1993,40(3):557-582.
[10]王海荣,王英民,邱燕,等.南海北部陆坡的地貌形态及其控制因素[J].海洋学报,2008,30(2):70-79.[WANG Hairong,WANG Yingmin,QIU Yan,et al.Geomorphology and itscontrol of deep-water slope of the margin of the South ChinaSea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,30(2):70-79.]
[11]Gareth M Kwwvil,Jeff Peakall,James L Best.The influenceof scale,slope and channel geometry on the flow dynamics ofsubmarine channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2007,24:487-503.
[12]Paul Weimer.Sequence stratigraphy of the Mississippi fan(Plio-Pleistocene),Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1989,9:185-272.
[13]Bradford E Prather.Controls on reservoir distribution,archi-tecture and stratigrahic trapping in slope settings[J].Marineand Petroleum Geology,2003,20:529-545.
[14]袁圣强,吴时国,赵宗举,等.南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物输送模式探讨[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2010,30(4):39-48.[YUAN Shengqiang,WU Shiguo,ZHAO Zongju,et al.Deepwater sediment transportation models for northern SouthChina Sea slopes[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geolo-gy,2010,30(4):39-48.
[15]何云龙,解习农,李俊良,等.琼东南盆地陆坡体系发育特征及其控制因素[J].地质科技情报,2010,29(2):118-122.[HEYunlong,XIE Xinong,LI Junliang,et al.Depositional char-acteristics and controlling factors of continental slope systemin the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Geological Science and Tech-nology Information,2010,29(2):118-122.
[16]Ben Kneller.The influence of flow parameters on turbiditeslope channel architecture[J].Marine and Petroleum Geolo-gy,2003,20:901-910.
[17]Arnold H Bouma,Harry H Roberts.Northern Gulf ofMexico continental slope[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1990,10:177-181.
[18]王大伟,吴时国,董东东,等.琼东南盆地第四纪块体搬运体系的地震特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(3):69-74.[WANG Dawei,WU Shiguo,DONG Dongdong,et al.Seis-mic characteristics of Quaternary mass transport deposits inQiongdongnan Basin[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Ge-ology,2009,29(3):69-74.]
[19]Lin Changsong,Liu Jingyan,Cai Shixiang,et al.Depositionalarchitecture and developing settings of large-scale incised val-ley and submarine gravity flow system in the Yinggehai andQiongdongnan basins,South China Sea[J].Chinese ScienceBulletin,2001,46(8):690-693.
[20]Lutz Lesshafft,Eckart Meiburg,Ben Kneller,et al.Towardsinverse modeling of turbidity currents:The inverse lock-ex-change problem[J].Computer&Geosciences,2011,37:521-529.
[21]吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930.[WU Shiguo,QIN Yunshan.Theresearch of deepwater depositional system in the northernSouth China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930.]
[22]苏明,李俊良,姜涛,等.琼东南盆地中央峡谷的形态与成因[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(4):85-93.[SU Ming,LI Junliang,JIANG Tao,et al.Morphological features andformation mechanism of central canyon in the QiongdongnanBasin,northern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology andQuaternary Geology,2009,29(4):85-93.]
[23]姚根顺,袁圣强,吴时国,等.琼东南盆地深水区双物源沉积模式及勘探前景[J].石油勘探与开发,2008,35(6):685-691.[YAO Genshun,YUAN Shengqiang,WU Shiguo,et al.Double provenance depositional model and exploration pros-pect in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin[J].PeteroleumExploration and Development,2008,35(6):685-691.]
[24]刘方兰,吴庐山.西沙海槽海域地形地貌特征及成因[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(3):7-14.[LIU Fanglan,WULushan.Topographic and morphologic characteristics andgenesis analysis of Xisha Trough Sea area in the South ChinaSea[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2006,26(3):7-14.]
[25]彭大钧,庞雄,陈长民,等.从浅水陆架走向深水陆坡——南海深水扇系统的研究[J].沉积学报,2005,23(1):1-11.[PENG Dajun,PANG Xiong,CHEN Changmin,et al.Fromshallow-water shelf to deep-water slope:the study on deep-water fan systems in South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimento-logica Sinica,2005,23(1):1-11.]
[26]付彦辉,吕福亮,吴时国,等.琼东南盆地陆坡区深水浊积水道的地震相特征[J].热带海洋学报.2009,28(4):87-92.[FUYanhui,LU Fuliang,WU Shiguo,et al.Characteristics ofseismic facies in the deepwater turbidite channel system onthe slope of the Qiongdongnan Basin[J].Journal of TropicalOceanography,2009,28(4):87-92.]
[27]Kuenen Ph H.The difference between sliding and turbidityflow[J].Deep Sea Research,1953,3(2):134-139.
[28]贺可强,安振远.崩滑碎屑流的形成条件与形成类型[J].河北地质学院学报,1996,19(3-4):344-351.[HE Keqiang,AN Zhenyuan.A preliminary analysis on the forming condi-tions and the forming types of debris flow caused by land-slides and falls[J].Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1996,19(3-4):344-351.]
[29]Shanmugam G.Reinterpretation of depositional processes in aclassical flysch sequence(Pennsylvanian Jackford Group),Quachita Mountains,Arkansas and Oklahoma:Reply[J].AAPG Bull,1997a,81:476-491.
[30]李祥辉,王成善,胡修棉.深海相中的砂质碎屑流沉积[J].矿物岩石,2000,20(1):132-133.[LI Xianghui,WANG Cheng-shan,HU Xiumian.Sedimentation of sandy debris-flow indeep-sea environment[J].Mineral Petrol.,2000,20(1):132-133.]
[31]张兴阳,高振中,姚雪根.北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积—深水大型沉积物波成因的再解释[J].沉积学报,1999,17:464-472.[ZHANG Xingyang,GAO Zhenzhong,YAO xuegen.Internal-wave deposits in the north-easternRockall Trough,North Atlantic Ocean-Reinterpretation ofdeep-water sediment waves formation[J].Acta Sedimento-logica Sinica,1999,17:464-472.]
[32]邵磊,李学杰,耿建华,等.南海北部深水底流沉积作用[J].中国科学D辑,2007,37(6):771-777.[SHAO Lei,LI Xue-jie,GENG Jianhua,et al.The deepwater bottom sedimenta-tion effect of northern South China Sea[J].Science in China(Series D),2007,37(6):771-777.]
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