藏北高原地震活动性特征及其大地构造意义
|
摘要
藏北高原自新生代以来不仅发生了强烈的火山作用,而且现今的地震活动性仍然强烈.本文收集了2011年前藏北高原区发生的地震事件(源自NEIC)及相应的震源机制解数据(源自GCMT),结合地质与地球物理等相关资料,初步分析表明藏北高原地壳整体上处于伸展应力状态.然而,因区域构造应力场及构造环境差异,将藏北高原地震活动区分为两个地震活动区,即西昆仑地震活动区和藏北中部火山岩区.西昆仑区的地壳应力状态呈东西向伸展,而岩石圈地幔部分主要以南北汇聚为主,表明西昆仑区域下的地壳与岩石圈地幔应力状态是解耦的,而这种解耦机制需要更进一步的研究.而在藏北中部火山岩区的地壳的主张应力场为NNE-SSW的走滑和正断层性质的伸展,尽管缺乏该区域下的岩石圈结构特征认识,但是依据幔源性质的钾质和超钾质火山岩成因模式,认为其下的岩石圈地幔也处于伸展状态,该区域下的地壳与岩石圈地幔同处于伸展应力环境中,表明藏北火山岩区下的结构特征更加复杂,亟待开展相关探测与研究.
Cenozoic volcanism was violent and Seismicity is still strong in the Tibetan Plateau.We have collected all the seismic events data from NEIC and focal mechanism solution data from GCMT before 2011 and combined with the geological and geophysical data beneath the northern Tibetan plateau.Analysis of data on the region suggest that the stress condition of crust is in extension.However,seismic activity area in the Tibetan plateau is divided into western Kunlun and volcanic zone of northern Tibet by the differences of areal structure stress field and tectonic setting.Eastward extension of the crust stress condition and the major convergent in nearly NS oriented of lithospheric mantle beneath western Kunlun suggests that the stress condition of crust and mantle had decoupled on the region.But the crust stress field beneath volcanic zone of northern Tibet is mainly NNE-SSW extension of the strike-slip and normal faulting.Though the lack of understanding of lithospheric structure on this region,but according to the petrogenesis of mantle-derived potassic and ultrapotassic volcanic rocks suggests that the structure of lithospheric mantle was stretching yet.The crust and lithospheric mantle extension beneath volcanic area in the northern Tibetan plateau suggests that structural features is very complex and explotation and research work will be carried.
Cenozoic volcanism was violent and Seismicity is still strong in the Tibetan Plateau.We have collected all the seismic events data from NEIC and focal mechanism solution data from GCMT before 2011 and combined with the geological and geophysical data beneath the northern Tibetan plateau.Analysis of data on the region suggest that the stress condition of crust is in extension.However,seismic activity area in the Tibetan plateau is divided into western Kunlun and volcanic zone of northern Tibet by the differences of areal structure stress field and tectonic setting.Eastward extension of the crust stress condition and the major convergent in nearly NS oriented of lithospheric mantle beneath western Kunlun suggests that the stress condition of crust and mantle had decoupled on the region.But the crust stress field beneath volcanic zone of northern Tibet is mainly NNE-SSW extension of the strike-slip and normal faulting.Though the lack of understanding of lithospheric structure on this region,but according to the petrogenesis of mantle-derived potassic and ultrapotassic volcanic rocks suggests that the structure of lithospheric mantle was stretching yet.The crust and lithospheric mantle extension beneath volcanic area in the northern Tibetan plateau suggests that structural features is very complex and explotation and research work will be carried.
引文
[1]Yin A,Harrison T M.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,2000,28(1):211-280.
[2]Chen J S,Huang B C,Sun L S.New constraints to the onsetof the India-Asia collision:Plaeomagnetic reconnaissance onthe Linzizong Group in the LhasaBlock,China.Tectonophysics,2010,489(1-4):189-209.
[3]常承法,潘裕生,郑锡澜.青藏高原地质构造.北京:科学出版社,1982.Chang C F,Pan Y S,Zheng X L.Geology of the TibetPlateau(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1982.
[4]尹安.喜马拉雅-青藏高原造山带地质演化——显生宙亚洲大陆生长.地球学报,2001,22(3):193-230.Yin A.Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen inthe context of phanerozoic continental growth of Asia.ActaGeoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),2001,22(3):193-230.
[5]高锐.青藏高原岩石圈结构与地球动力学的30个为什么.地质论评,1997,43(5):460-464.Gao R.Thirty problems of the lithospheric structure andgeodynamics in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau.Geological Review(in Chinese),1997,43(5):460-464.
[6]邓万明,郑锡澜,松本征夫.青海可可西里地区新生代火山岩的岩石特征与时代.岩石矿物学,1996,15(4):289-298.Deng W M,Zheng X L,Matsumoto Y.Petrologicalcharacteristics and ages of cenozoic volcanic rocks from theHoh Xil Mts.,Qinghai province.Acta Petrologica etMineralogica(in Chinese),1996,15(4):289-298.
[7]Hacker B R,Gnos E,Ratschbacher L,et al.Hot and drydeep crustal xenoliths from Tibet.Science,2000,287(5462):2463-2466.
[8]Chung S L,Chu M F,Zhang Y Q,et al.Tibetan tectonicevolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism.Earth-Science Reviews,2005,68(3-4):173-196.
[9]肖序常,李廷栋.青藏高原的构造演化与隆升机制.广东科技出版社,2000:5.Xiao X C,Li T D.Tectonic Evolution and Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(in Chinese).Guangdong SciencePress,2000:5.
[10]Lin A M,Fu B H,Guo J M,et al.Co-Seismic strike-slip andrupture length produced by the 2001 Ms8.1Central KunlunEarthquake.Science,2002,296(5575):2015-2017.
[11]Chang C,Chen N S,Coward M P,eta l.Preliminary conclusionsof the Royal Society and Academia Sinica 1985geotraverse ofTibet.Nature,1985,323(6088):501-507.
[12]Turner S,Hawkesworth C J,Liu J Q,et al.Timing ofTibetan uplift constrained by analysis of vocanic rocks.Nature,1993,364(6432):50-53.
[13]Ding L,Kapp P,Zhong D L,et al.Cenozoic volcanism inTibet:Evidence for a transition from oceanic to continentalsubduction.Journal of Petrology,2003,44(10):1833-1865.
[14]Williams H M,Turner S P,Pearce J A,et al.Nature of thesource regions for post-collisional,potassic magmatism insouthern and northern Tibet from geochemical variations andinverse trace element modelling.Journal of Petrology,2004,45(3):555-607.
[15]罗照华,莫宣学,侯增谦等.青藏高原新生代形成演化的整合模型-来自火成岩的约束.地学前缘,2006,13(4):196-211.Luo Z H,Mo X X,Hou Z Q,et al.An integrated model forthe Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan plateau:constraintsfrom igneous rocks.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2006,13(4):196-211.
[16]Guo Z F,Wilson M,Liu J Q,et al.Post-collisional,potassicand ultrapotassic magmatism of the Northern TibetanPlateau:constraints on characteristics of the mantle source,geodynamic setting and uplift mechanisms.Journal ofPetrology,2006,47(6):1177-1220.
[17]邓万明,孙宏娟.青藏北部板内火山岩的同位素地球化学与源区特征.地学前缘,1998,5(4):307-317.Deng W M,Sun H J.Isotopic geochemistry and source ofintraplate Volcanic Rocks in north Tibet.Earth ScienceFrontiers(in Chinese),1998,5(4):307-317.
[18]Wang J H,Yin A,Harrison T M,et al.A tectonic modelfor Cenozoic igneous activities in the eastern Indo-Asiancollision zone.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2001,188(1-2):123-133.
[19]邓晋福,赵海玲,莫宣学等.中国大陆根-柱构造:大陆动力学的钥匙.北京:地质出版社,1996:110.Deng J F,Zhao H L,Mo X X,et al.Continental roots-plume tectonics of China:Key to the Continental Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Press,1996:110.
[20]Deng J F,Mo X X,Zhao H L,et al.A new model for thedynamic evolution of Chinese lithosphere:“continental rootsplume tectonics”.Earth Science Reviews,2004,65(3-4):223-275.
[21]Yang J S,Meng F C,Zhang J X,et al.The shoshoniticvolcanic rocks at Hongliuxia:pulses of the Altyn Tagh faultin Cretaceous?Science in China:Series D,2001,44(Suppl):94-102.
[22]刘嘉麒,买买提,依明.西昆仑山第四纪火山的分布与K-Ar年龄.中国科学B辑,1990,(2):180-187.Liu J Q,Mai M T,Yi M.Distribution of the QuaternaryPeriod Volcanic and K-Ar Dating in the west Kunlun.Sciencein China Series B(in Chinese),1990,(2):180-187.
[23]刘嘉麒.中国火山.北京:科学出版社,1999:219.Liu J Q.The Volcanic of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1999:219.
[24]邓万明,孙宏娟,张玉泉.青海囊谦盆地新生代火山岩的K-Ar年龄.科学通报,1999,44(23):2554-2558.Deng W M,Sun H J,Zhang Y Q.K-Ar Dating of theCenozoic Volcanic in Nangqian basins,Qinghai province.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1999,44(23):2554-2558.
[25]邓万明,孙宏娟,张玉泉.囊谦盆地新生代钾质火山岩成因岩石学研究.地质科学,2001,36(3):304-318.Deng W M,Sun H J,Zhang Y Q.Petrogenesis of CenozoicPotassic volcanic rocks in Nangqen basin.Chinese Journal ofGeology(in Chinese),2001,36(3):304-318.
[26]李光明.藏北羌塘地区新生代火山岩岩石特征及其成因探讨.地质地球化学,2000,28(2):38-43.Li G M.Petrologic features and genesis of Cenozoic volcanicrocks,Qiangtang area,Northern Tibetan Plateau.Geology-Geochemistry(in Chinese),2000,28(2):38-43.
[27]迟效国,李才,金巍.藏北羌塘地区新生代火山作用与岩石圈构造演化.中国科学D辑(地球科学),2005,35(5):399-410.Chi X G,Li C,Jin W.Cenozoic Volcanism and Lithospherictectonics evolution,Qiangtang area,Northern TibetanPlateau.Science in China Series D(Earth Sciences)(inChinese),2005,35(5):399-410.
[28]赖绍聪,秦江锋,李永飞等.藏北羌塘比隆错一带新生代火山岩的成因:壳幔过渡带局部熔融的地球化学证据.地质通报,2006,25(1-2):64-69.Lai S C,Qin J F,Li Y F,et al.Cenozoic volcanic rocks inthe Belog Co area,Qiangtang,northern Tibet,China:Petrochemical evidence for partial melting of the mantle-crusttransition zone.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2006,25(1-2):64-69.
[29]Yin A,Kapp P A,Murphy M A,et al.Significant lateNeogene east-west extension in northern Tibet.Geology,1999,27(9):787-790.
[30]Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,et al.Quaternaryextension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonicimplications.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B14):13803-13872.
[31]Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Han T L.Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:2787-2838.
[32]Shi Z L,Huan W L,Lu S D,et al.On the characteristics ofseismic activity in central and eastern Asia continent.ScientiaSiniea Series B,1983,26(4):438-448.
[33]吴章明.西藏高原震中分布与活动断层(英文).地震研究,1992,15(2):210-218.Wu Z M.Distribution of seismicity and active faults inTibetan Plateau.Journal of Seismological Research(inChinese),1992,15(2):210-218.
[34]曾融生,孙为国.青藏高原及其邻区的地震活动性和震源机制以及高原物质东流的讨论.地震学报,1992,14(Suppl):534-563.Zeng R S,Sun W G.Investigation on Seismic activity andMechanism of Earthquake and the eastward mass flow ofTibetan Plateau and its adjacent region.Acta SeismologicaSinica(in Chinese),1992,14(Suppl):534-563.
[35]傅维洲.青藏高原的地震分布与震源机制.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),1992,22(2):212-217.Fu W Z.Distribution and Mechanism of Earthquake inQinghai-Xizang Plateau.Journal of Jiling University(EarthScience Edition)(in Chinese),1992,22(2):212-217.
[36]郑斯华,铃木次郎.西藏高原及其周围地区地震的地震矩张量及震源参数的尺度关系.地震学报,1992,14(4):423-434.Zheng S H,Tamejiro S.The scale of seismic moment tensorand Source parameter in the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacentregion.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1992,14(4):423-434.
[37]艾印双,郑天愉.青藏高原地震活动及其构造背景.地球物理学进展,1997,12(2):30-40.Ai Y S,Zheng T Y.Seismic activity in Tibetan plateau andits tectonic implication.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1997,12(2):30-40.
[38]Kanamori H,Anderson D L.Theoretical basis of someempirical relations in seismology.Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1975,65(5):1073-1095.
[39]Flesch L M,Haines A J,Holt W E.Dynamics of the India-Eurasia collision zone.Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,16(B8):16435-16460.
[40]Liu M,Yang Y Q.Extensional collapse of the Tibetan Plateau:Results of three-dimensional finite element modeling.Journalof Geophysical Research,2003,108(8):2361-2365.
[41]Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Freymueller J T,et al.Present-daycrustal deformation in China constrained by GlobalPositioning System Measurements.Science,2001,294(5542):574-577.
[42]肖序常,刘训,高锐等.西昆仑及邻区岩石圈结构构造演化-塔里木南-西昆仑多学科地学断面简要报道.地质通报,2002,21(2):63-68.Xiao X C,Liu X,Gao R,et al.Lithospheric structure andtectonic evolution of the West Kunlun and its adjacent areas-Brief report on the South Tarim-West KunlunMultidisciplinary geoscience transect.Geological Bulletin ofChina(in Chinese),2002,21(2):63-68.
[43]胥颐,刘福田,刘建华等.中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像.中国科学(D辑),2000,32(2):113-123.Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.Seismic tomography beneaththe orogenic belts and adjacent basins of northwestern China.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2000,44(5):468-480.
[44]贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐等.西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):778-787.He R Z,Zhao D P,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wavetomography of lithospheric mantle beneath west Kunlunorogenic belts.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):778-787.
[45]Huang J L,Zhao D P.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B09305.
[46]Kao H,Gao R,Rau R J,et al.Seismic image of the Tarimbasin and its collision with Tibet.Geology,2001,29(7):575-578
[47]Wittlinger G,Vergne J,Tapponnier P,et al.Teleseismicimaging of subducting lithosphere and Moho sets beneathwestern Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,221(1-4):117-130.
[48]Kumar P,Yuan X H,Kind R,et al.Imaging the collidingIndian and Asian lithospheric plates beneath Tibet.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B06308,doi:10.1029/2005JB003930.
[49]Zhao J M,Yuan X H,Liu H B,et al.The boundarybetween the Indian and Asian tectonic plates below Tibet.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,2010,107(25):11229-11233.
[50]Chen W P,Yang Z H.Earthquakes beneath the Himalayasand Tibet:Evidence for strong lithospheric mantle.Science,2004,304(5679):1949-1952.
[51]高锐,黄东定,卢德源等.横过西昆仑造山带与塔里木盆地结合带的深地震反射剖面.科学通报,2000,45(17):1874-1879.Gao R,Huang D D,Lu D Y,et al.Deep seismic reflectionprofile across the conjunct zone between the Tarim basin andthe West Kunlun Mountains.Chinese Science Bulletin(inChinese),2000,45(17):1874-1879.
[52]高锐,肖序常,高弘等.西昆仑-塔里木-天山岩石圈深地震探测综述.地质通报,2002,21(1):11-18.Gao R,Xiao X C,Gao H,et al.Summary of deep seismicprobing of the lithospheric structure across the West Kunlun-Tarim-Tianshan.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2002,21(1):11-18.
[53]Li Q S,Gao R,Lu Z W,et al.The thickness and structuralcharacteristics of the crust across Tibetan Plateau fromactive-sources seismic profiles.Earthq.Sci.,2009,22(1):21-31.
[54]秦国卿,陈九辉,刘大建等.昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉地区的地壳上地幔电性结构特征.地球物理学报,1994,37(2):193-199.Qin G Q,Chen J H,Liu D J,et al.The characteristics ofthe electrical structure of the crust and upper mantle in theregion of the Kunlun and the Karakorum Mountains.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(2):193-199.
[55]He R Z,Gao R,Li Q S,et al.Integrated geophysical evidencefor a new style of continent-continent collision beneath theWestern Kunlun in the northwestern China.EarthquakeScience,2009,22(4):379-387.
[56]Chen W P,Molnar P.Focal depths of intracontinental andintraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermaland mechanical properties of the lithosphere.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B5):4183-4214.
[57]Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Poupinet G,et al.Tomographicevidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Taghfault.Science,1998,282(5386):74-76.
[58]李茂玮.帕米尔-西昆仑地震带强震活动的规律性特征.内陆地震,1994,8(2):134-140.Li M W.Regularity of strong earthquakes in Pamir-WestKunlun seismic zone.Inland Earthquake(in Chinese),1994,8(2):134-140.
[59]王小亚,朱文耀,符养等.GPS监测的中国及其周边现时地壳形变.地球物理学报,2002,45(2):189-209.Wang X Y,Zhu W Y,Fu Y,et al.Present-time crustaldeformation in china and its surrounding regions by GPS.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(2):189-209.
[60]朱守彪,蔡永恩,石耀霖.青藏高原及邻区现今地应变率场的计算及其结果的地球动力学意义.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1053-1061.Zhu S B,Cai Y E,Shi Y L.Computation of the present-daystrain rate field of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and itsgeodynamic implications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(5):1053-1061.
[61]Larson K M,Bürgmann R,Bilham R,et al.Kinematics ofthe India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B1):1077-1093.
[62]郑洪伟,孟令顺,贺日政.青藏高原布格重力异常匹配滤波分析及其构造意义.中国地质,2010,37(4):995-1001.Zheng H W,Meng L S,He R Z.The matched-filter analysisof Bouguer gravity anomaly in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and itstectonic implications.Geology in China(in Chinese),2010,37(4):995-1001.
[63]Barazangi M,Ni J.Velocities and propagation characteristicsof Pn and Sn beneath the Himalayan arc and Tibetan plateau:Possible evidence for underthrusting of Indian continentallithosphere beneath Tibet.Geology,1982,10(4):179-185.
[64]Zhou H W,Murphy M A.Tomographic evidence for wholesaleunderthrusting of India beneath the entire Tibetan plateau.J.Asian Earth Sci.,2005,25(3):445-457.
[65]郑洪伟,李廷栋,高锐等.印度板块岩石圈地幔向北俯冲到羌塘地体之下的远震P波层析成像证据.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1418-1426.Zheng H W,Li T D,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wavetomography evidence for the Indian lithospheric mantlesubducting northward beneath the Qiangtang terrane.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(5):1418-1426.
[66]He R Z,Zhao D P,Gao R,et al.Tracing the Indian lithosphericmantle beneath central Tibetan Plateau using teleseismictomography.Tectonophysics,2010,491(1-4):230-243.
[67]贺日政,高锐,郑洪伟.隐伏在青藏高原中部的东西走向断裂的航磁异常场特征及其意义.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2007,37(5):1002-1008.He R Z,Gao R,Zheng H W.Areomagnetic anomaly ofsubtle East-West striking faults in the central Tibet and Itssignificance.Journal of Jilin University(Earth scienceEdition)(in Chinese),2007,37(5):1002-1008.
[68]Chen W P,Martin M,Tseng T L,et al.Shear-wave birefringenceand current configuration of converging lithosphere underTibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,295(1-2):297-304.
[69]Hung S H,Chen W P,Chiao L Y,et al.First multi-scale,finite-frequency tomography illuminates 3-D anatomy of theTibetan Plateau.Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37(6),doi:10.1029/2009GL041875.
[70]Jolivet M,Brunel M,Seward D,et al.Neogene extensionand volcanism in the Kunlun Fault Zone,northern Tibet:New constraints on the age of the Kunlun Fault.Tectonics,2003,22(5):1052,doi:10.1029/2002TC001428.
[71]Blisniuk P M,Hacker B R,Glodny J,et al.Normal faultingin central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago.Nature,2001,412(6847):628-632.
[72]吴功建,高锐,余钦范等.青藏高原”亚东-格尔木地学断面”综合地球物理调查与研究.地球物理学报,1991,34(5):552-562.Wu G J,Gao R,Yu Q F,et al.Integrated investigations ofthe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau along the Yadong-Golmudgeoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1991,34(5):552-562.
[73]Willett S D,Beaumont C.Subduction of Asian lithosphericmantle beneath Tibet inferred from models of continentalcollision.Nature,1994,369(6482):642-645.
[74]Roger F,Tapponnier P,Arnaud N,et al.An Eocenemagmatic belt across central Tibet:mantle subductiontriggered by the Indian collision?Terra Nova,2000,12(3):102-108.
[75]Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise riseand growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,2001,294(5547):1671-1677.
[76]张中杰,王光杰,滕吉文等.藏北地壳东西向结构与“下凹”莫霍面——来自宽角反射剖面的启示.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(11):881-888.Zhang Z J,Wang G J,Teng J W,et al.E-W crustalstructure under the northern Tibet and“down-bowing”Mohounder the northern Tibet revealed by wide-angle seismicprofile.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2001,31(11):881-888.
[77]张中杰,滕吉文,李英康等.藏南地壳速度结构与地壳物质东西向“逃逸”-以佩枯错-普莫雍错宽角反射剖面为例.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(10):793-798.Zhang Z J,Teng J W,Li Y K,et al.Crustal structure andeastwards escaping of crustal material from wide-angleseismic profile in the southern Tibet.Science in China(SeriesD)(in Chinese),2002,32(10):793-798.
[78]Holt W E,Chamot-Rooke N,Le Pichon X,et al.Velocityfield in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates andglobal positioning system observations.Journal ofGeophysical Research,2000,105(B8):19185-19209.
[79]Zhang Z J,Klemperer S.Crustal structure of the TethyanHimalaya,southern Tibet:new constraints from old wide-angle seismic data.Geophysical Journal International,2010,181(3):1247-1260.
[80]李朋武,高锐,崔军文等.西藏和云南三江地区特提斯洋盆演化历史的古地磁分析.地球学报,2005,26(5):387-404.Li P W Gao R,Cui J W,et al.Paleomagnetic results fromthe Three Rivers Region,SW China:Implications for theCollisional and Accretionary History.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,26(5):387-404.
[81]Wessel P,Smith W H F.New version of the generic mappingtools released.EOS Trans.,AGU,1995,76(33):329.
[2]Chen J S,Huang B C,Sun L S.New constraints to the onsetof the India-Asia collision:Plaeomagnetic reconnaissance onthe Linzizong Group in the LhasaBlock,China.Tectonophysics,2010,489(1-4):189-209.
[3]常承法,潘裕生,郑锡澜.青藏高原地质构造.北京:科学出版社,1982.Chang C F,Pan Y S,Zheng X L.Geology of the TibetPlateau(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1982.
[4]尹安.喜马拉雅-青藏高原造山带地质演化——显生宙亚洲大陆生长.地球学报,2001,22(3):193-230.Yin A.Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen inthe context of phanerozoic continental growth of Asia.ActaGeoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),2001,22(3):193-230.
[5]高锐.青藏高原岩石圈结构与地球动力学的30个为什么.地质论评,1997,43(5):460-464.Gao R.Thirty problems of the lithospheric structure andgeodynamics in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau.Geological Review(in Chinese),1997,43(5):460-464.
[6]邓万明,郑锡澜,松本征夫.青海可可西里地区新生代火山岩的岩石特征与时代.岩石矿物学,1996,15(4):289-298.Deng W M,Zheng X L,Matsumoto Y.Petrologicalcharacteristics and ages of cenozoic volcanic rocks from theHoh Xil Mts.,Qinghai province.Acta Petrologica etMineralogica(in Chinese),1996,15(4):289-298.
[7]Hacker B R,Gnos E,Ratschbacher L,et al.Hot and drydeep crustal xenoliths from Tibet.Science,2000,287(5462):2463-2466.
[8]Chung S L,Chu M F,Zhang Y Q,et al.Tibetan tectonicevolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism.Earth-Science Reviews,2005,68(3-4):173-196.
[9]肖序常,李廷栋.青藏高原的构造演化与隆升机制.广东科技出版社,2000:5.Xiao X C,Li T D.Tectonic Evolution and Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(in Chinese).Guangdong SciencePress,2000:5.
[10]Lin A M,Fu B H,Guo J M,et al.Co-Seismic strike-slip andrupture length produced by the 2001 Ms8.1Central KunlunEarthquake.Science,2002,296(5575):2015-2017.
[11]Chang C,Chen N S,Coward M P,eta l.Preliminary conclusionsof the Royal Society and Academia Sinica 1985geotraverse ofTibet.Nature,1985,323(6088):501-507.
[12]Turner S,Hawkesworth C J,Liu J Q,et al.Timing ofTibetan uplift constrained by analysis of vocanic rocks.Nature,1993,364(6432):50-53.
[13]Ding L,Kapp P,Zhong D L,et al.Cenozoic volcanism inTibet:Evidence for a transition from oceanic to continentalsubduction.Journal of Petrology,2003,44(10):1833-1865.
[14]Williams H M,Turner S P,Pearce J A,et al.Nature of thesource regions for post-collisional,potassic magmatism insouthern and northern Tibet from geochemical variations andinverse trace element modelling.Journal of Petrology,2004,45(3):555-607.
[15]罗照华,莫宣学,侯增谦等.青藏高原新生代形成演化的整合模型-来自火成岩的约束.地学前缘,2006,13(4):196-211.Luo Z H,Mo X X,Hou Z Q,et al.An integrated model forthe Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan plateau:constraintsfrom igneous rocks.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2006,13(4):196-211.
[16]Guo Z F,Wilson M,Liu J Q,et al.Post-collisional,potassicand ultrapotassic magmatism of the Northern TibetanPlateau:constraints on characteristics of the mantle source,geodynamic setting and uplift mechanisms.Journal ofPetrology,2006,47(6):1177-1220.
[17]邓万明,孙宏娟.青藏北部板内火山岩的同位素地球化学与源区特征.地学前缘,1998,5(4):307-317.Deng W M,Sun H J.Isotopic geochemistry and source ofintraplate Volcanic Rocks in north Tibet.Earth ScienceFrontiers(in Chinese),1998,5(4):307-317.
[18]Wang J H,Yin A,Harrison T M,et al.A tectonic modelfor Cenozoic igneous activities in the eastern Indo-Asiancollision zone.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2001,188(1-2):123-133.
[19]邓晋福,赵海玲,莫宣学等.中国大陆根-柱构造:大陆动力学的钥匙.北京:地质出版社,1996:110.Deng J F,Zhao H L,Mo X X,et al.Continental roots-plume tectonics of China:Key to the Continental Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Press,1996:110.
[20]Deng J F,Mo X X,Zhao H L,et al.A new model for thedynamic evolution of Chinese lithosphere:“continental rootsplume tectonics”.Earth Science Reviews,2004,65(3-4):223-275.
[21]Yang J S,Meng F C,Zhang J X,et al.The shoshoniticvolcanic rocks at Hongliuxia:pulses of the Altyn Tagh faultin Cretaceous?Science in China:Series D,2001,44(Suppl):94-102.
[22]刘嘉麒,买买提,依明.西昆仑山第四纪火山的分布与K-Ar年龄.中国科学B辑,1990,(2):180-187.Liu J Q,Mai M T,Yi M.Distribution of the QuaternaryPeriod Volcanic and K-Ar Dating in the west Kunlun.Sciencein China Series B(in Chinese),1990,(2):180-187.
[23]刘嘉麒.中国火山.北京:科学出版社,1999:219.Liu J Q.The Volcanic of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1999:219.
[24]邓万明,孙宏娟,张玉泉.青海囊谦盆地新生代火山岩的K-Ar年龄.科学通报,1999,44(23):2554-2558.Deng W M,Sun H J,Zhang Y Q.K-Ar Dating of theCenozoic Volcanic in Nangqian basins,Qinghai province.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1999,44(23):2554-2558.
[25]邓万明,孙宏娟,张玉泉.囊谦盆地新生代钾质火山岩成因岩石学研究.地质科学,2001,36(3):304-318.Deng W M,Sun H J,Zhang Y Q.Petrogenesis of CenozoicPotassic volcanic rocks in Nangqen basin.Chinese Journal ofGeology(in Chinese),2001,36(3):304-318.
[26]李光明.藏北羌塘地区新生代火山岩岩石特征及其成因探讨.地质地球化学,2000,28(2):38-43.Li G M.Petrologic features and genesis of Cenozoic volcanicrocks,Qiangtang area,Northern Tibetan Plateau.Geology-Geochemistry(in Chinese),2000,28(2):38-43.
[27]迟效国,李才,金巍.藏北羌塘地区新生代火山作用与岩石圈构造演化.中国科学D辑(地球科学),2005,35(5):399-410.Chi X G,Li C,Jin W.Cenozoic Volcanism and Lithospherictectonics evolution,Qiangtang area,Northern TibetanPlateau.Science in China Series D(Earth Sciences)(inChinese),2005,35(5):399-410.
[28]赖绍聪,秦江锋,李永飞等.藏北羌塘比隆错一带新生代火山岩的成因:壳幔过渡带局部熔融的地球化学证据.地质通报,2006,25(1-2):64-69.Lai S C,Qin J F,Li Y F,et al.Cenozoic volcanic rocks inthe Belog Co area,Qiangtang,northern Tibet,China:Petrochemical evidence for partial melting of the mantle-crusttransition zone.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2006,25(1-2):64-69.
[29]Yin A,Kapp P A,Murphy M A,et al.Significant lateNeogene east-west extension in northern Tibet.Geology,1999,27(9):787-790.
[30]Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,et al.Quaternaryextension in southern Tibet:field observations and tectonicimplications.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B14):13803-13872.
[31]Armijo R,Tapponnier P,Han T L.Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:2787-2838.
[32]Shi Z L,Huan W L,Lu S D,et al.On the characteristics ofseismic activity in central and eastern Asia continent.ScientiaSiniea Series B,1983,26(4):438-448.
[33]吴章明.西藏高原震中分布与活动断层(英文).地震研究,1992,15(2):210-218.Wu Z M.Distribution of seismicity and active faults inTibetan Plateau.Journal of Seismological Research(inChinese),1992,15(2):210-218.
[34]曾融生,孙为国.青藏高原及其邻区的地震活动性和震源机制以及高原物质东流的讨论.地震学报,1992,14(Suppl):534-563.Zeng R S,Sun W G.Investigation on Seismic activity andMechanism of Earthquake and the eastward mass flow ofTibetan Plateau and its adjacent region.Acta SeismologicaSinica(in Chinese),1992,14(Suppl):534-563.
[35]傅维洲.青藏高原的地震分布与震源机制.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),1992,22(2):212-217.Fu W Z.Distribution and Mechanism of Earthquake inQinghai-Xizang Plateau.Journal of Jiling University(EarthScience Edition)(in Chinese),1992,22(2):212-217.
[36]郑斯华,铃木次郎.西藏高原及其周围地区地震的地震矩张量及震源参数的尺度关系.地震学报,1992,14(4):423-434.Zheng S H,Tamejiro S.The scale of seismic moment tensorand Source parameter in the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacentregion.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1992,14(4):423-434.
[37]艾印双,郑天愉.青藏高原地震活动及其构造背景.地球物理学进展,1997,12(2):30-40.Ai Y S,Zheng T Y.Seismic activity in Tibetan plateau andits tectonic implication.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1997,12(2):30-40.
[38]Kanamori H,Anderson D L.Theoretical basis of someempirical relations in seismology.Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1975,65(5):1073-1095.
[39]Flesch L M,Haines A J,Holt W E.Dynamics of the India-Eurasia collision zone.Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,16(B8):16435-16460.
[40]Liu M,Yang Y Q.Extensional collapse of the Tibetan Plateau:Results of three-dimensional finite element modeling.Journalof Geophysical Research,2003,108(8):2361-2365.
[41]Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Freymueller J T,et al.Present-daycrustal deformation in China constrained by GlobalPositioning System Measurements.Science,2001,294(5542):574-577.
[42]肖序常,刘训,高锐等.西昆仑及邻区岩石圈结构构造演化-塔里木南-西昆仑多学科地学断面简要报道.地质通报,2002,21(2):63-68.Xiao X C,Liu X,Gao R,et al.Lithospheric structure andtectonic evolution of the West Kunlun and its adjacent areas-Brief report on the South Tarim-West KunlunMultidisciplinary geoscience transect.Geological Bulletin ofChina(in Chinese),2002,21(2):63-68.
[43]胥颐,刘福田,刘建华等.中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像.中国科学(D辑),2000,32(2):113-123.Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.Seismic tomography beneaththe orogenic belts and adjacent basins of northwestern China.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2000,44(5):468-480.
[44]贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐等.西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):778-787.He R Z,Zhao D P,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wavetomography of lithospheric mantle beneath west Kunlunorogenic belts.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):778-787.
[45]Huang J L,Zhao D P.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B09305.
[46]Kao H,Gao R,Rau R J,et al.Seismic image of the Tarimbasin and its collision with Tibet.Geology,2001,29(7):575-578
[47]Wittlinger G,Vergne J,Tapponnier P,et al.Teleseismicimaging of subducting lithosphere and Moho sets beneathwestern Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,221(1-4):117-130.
[48]Kumar P,Yuan X H,Kind R,et al.Imaging the collidingIndian and Asian lithospheric plates beneath Tibet.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B06308,doi:10.1029/2005JB003930.
[49]Zhao J M,Yuan X H,Liu H B,et al.The boundarybetween the Indian and Asian tectonic plates below Tibet.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,2010,107(25):11229-11233.
[50]Chen W P,Yang Z H.Earthquakes beneath the Himalayasand Tibet:Evidence for strong lithospheric mantle.Science,2004,304(5679):1949-1952.
[51]高锐,黄东定,卢德源等.横过西昆仑造山带与塔里木盆地结合带的深地震反射剖面.科学通报,2000,45(17):1874-1879.Gao R,Huang D D,Lu D Y,et al.Deep seismic reflectionprofile across the conjunct zone between the Tarim basin andthe West Kunlun Mountains.Chinese Science Bulletin(inChinese),2000,45(17):1874-1879.
[52]高锐,肖序常,高弘等.西昆仑-塔里木-天山岩石圈深地震探测综述.地质通报,2002,21(1):11-18.Gao R,Xiao X C,Gao H,et al.Summary of deep seismicprobing of the lithospheric structure across the West Kunlun-Tarim-Tianshan.Geological Bulletin of China(in Chinese),2002,21(1):11-18.
[53]Li Q S,Gao R,Lu Z W,et al.The thickness and structuralcharacteristics of the crust across Tibetan Plateau fromactive-sources seismic profiles.Earthq.Sci.,2009,22(1):21-31.
[54]秦国卿,陈九辉,刘大建等.昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉地区的地壳上地幔电性结构特征.地球物理学报,1994,37(2):193-199.Qin G Q,Chen J H,Liu D J,et al.The characteristics ofthe electrical structure of the crust and upper mantle in theregion of the Kunlun and the Karakorum Mountains.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(2):193-199.
[55]He R Z,Gao R,Li Q S,et al.Integrated geophysical evidencefor a new style of continent-continent collision beneath theWestern Kunlun in the northwestern China.EarthquakeScience,2009,22(4):379-387.
[56]Chen W P,Molnar P.Focal depths of intracontinental andintraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermaland mechanical properties of the lithosphere.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B5):4183-4214.
[57]Wittlinger G,Tapponnier P,Poupinet G,et al.Tomographicevidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Taghfault.Science,1998,282(5386):74-76.
[58]李茂玮.帕米尔-西昆仑地震带强震活动的规律性特征.内陆地震,1994,8(2):134-140.Li M W.Regularity of strong earthquakes in Pamir-WestKunlun seismic zone.Inland Earthquake(in Chinese),1994,8(2):134-140.
[59]王小亚,朱文耀,符养等.GPS监测的中国及其周边现时地壳形变.地球物理学报,2002,45(2):189-209.Wang X Y,Zhu W Y,Fu Y,et al.Present-time crustaldeformation in china and its surrounding regions by GPS.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(2):189-209.
[60]朱守彪,蔡永恩,石耀霖.青藏高原及邻区现今地应变率场的计算及其结果的地球动力学意义.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1053-1061.Zhu S B,Cai Y E,Shi Y L.Computation of the present-daystrain rate field of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and itsgeodynamic implications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(5):1053-1061.
[61]Larson K M,Bürgmann R,Bilham R,et al.Kinematics ofthe India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B1):1077-1093.
[62]郑洪伟,孟令顺,贺日政.青藏高原布格重力异常匹配滤波分析及其构造意义.中国地质,2010,37(4):995-1001.Zheng H W,Meng L S,He R Z.The matched-filter analysisof Bouguer gravity anomaly in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and itstectonic implications.Geology in China(in Chinese),2010,37(4):995-1001.
[63]Barazangi M,Ni J.Velocities and propagation characteristicsof Pn and Sn beneath the Himalayan arc and Tibetan plateau:Possible evidence for underthrusting of Indian continentallithosphere beneath Tibet.Geology,1982,10(4):179-185.
[64]Zhou H W,Murphy M A.Tomographic evidence for wholesaleunderthrusting of India beneath the entire Tibetan plateau.J.Asian Earth Sci.,2005,25(3):445-457.
[65]郑洪伟,李廷栋,高锐等.印度板块岩石圈地幔向北俯冲到羌塘地体之下的远震P波层析成像证据.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1418-1426.Zheng H W,Li T D,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wavetomography evidence for the Indian lithospheric mantlesubducting northward beneath the Qiangtang terrane.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(5):1418-1426.
[66]He R Z,Zhao D P,Gao R,et al.Tracing the Indian lithosphericmantle beneath central Tibetan Plateau using teleseismictomography.Tectonophysics,2010,491(1-4):230-243.
[67]贺日政,高锐,郑洪伟.隐伏在青藏高原中部的东西走向断裂的航磁异常场特征及其意义.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2007,37(5):1002-1008.He R Z,Gao R,Zheng H W.Areomagnetic anomaly ofsubtle East-West striking faults in the central Tibet and Itssignificance.Journal of Jilin University(Earth scienceEdition)(in Chinese),2007,37(5):1002-1008.
[68]Chen W P,Martin M,Tseng T L,et al.Shear-wave birefringenceand current configuration of converging lithosphere underTibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,295(1-2):297-304.
[69]Hung S H,Chen W P,Chiao L Y,et al.First multi-scale,finite-frequency tomography illuminates 3-D anatomy of theTibetan Plateau.Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37(6),doi:10.1029/2009GL041875.
[70]Jolivet M,Brunel M,Seward D,et al.Neogene extensionand volcanism in the Kunlun Fault Zone,northern Tibet:New constraints on the age of the Kunlun Fault.Tectonics,2003,22(5):1052,doi:10.1029/2002TC001428.
[71]Blisniuk P M,Hacker B R,Glodny J,et al.Normal faultingin central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago.Nature,2001,412(6847):628-632.
[72]吴功建,高锐,余钦范等.青藏高原”亚东-格尔木地学断面”综合地球物理调查与研究.地球物理学报,1991,34(5):552-562.Wu G J,Gao R,Yu Q F,et al.Integrated investigations ofthe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau along the Yadong-Golmudgeoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1991,34(5):552-562.
[73]Willett S D,Beaumont C.Subduction of Asian lithosphericmantle beneath Tibet inferred from models of continentalcollision.Nature,1994,369(6482):642-645.
[74]Roger F,Tapponnier P,Arnaud N,et al.An Eocenemagmatic belt across central Tibet:mantle subductiontriggered by the Indian collision?Terra Nova,2000,12(3):102-108.
[75]Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise riseand growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,2001,294(5547):1671-1677.
[76]张中杰,王光杰,滕吉文等.藏北地壳东西向结构与“下凹”莫霍面——来自宽角反射剖面的启示.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(11):881-888.Zhang Z J,Wang G J,Teng J W,et al.E-W crustalstructure under the northern Tibet and“down-bowing”Mohounder the northern Tibet revealed by wide-angle seismicprofile.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),2001,31(11):881-888.
[77]张中杰,滕吉文,李英康等.藏南地壳速度结构与地壳物质东西向“逃逸”-以佩枯错-普莫雍错宽角反射剖面为例.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(10):793-798.Zhang Z J,Teng J W,Li Y K,et al.Crustal structure andeastwards escaping of crustal material from wide-angleseismic profile in the southern Tibet.Science in China(SeriesD)(in Chinese),2002,32(10):793-798.
[78]Holt W E,Chamot-Rooke N,Le Pichon X,et al.Velocityfield in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates andglobal positioning system observations.Journal ofGeophysical Research,2000,105(B8):19185-19209.
[79]Zhang Z J,Klemperer S.Crustal structure of the TethyanHimalaya,southern Tibet:new constraints from old wide-angle seismic data.Geophysical Journal International,2010,181(3):1247-1260.
[80]李朋武,高锐,崔军文等.西藏和云南三江地区特提斯洋盆演化历史的古地磁分析.地球学报,2005,26(5):387-404.Li P W Gao R,Cui J W,et al.Paleomagnetic results fromthe Three Rivers Region,SW China:Implications for theCollisional and Accretionary History.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,26(5):387-404.
[81]Wessel P,Smith W H F.New version of the generic mappingtools released.EOS Trans.,AGU,1995,76(33):329.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心