试论库车前陆冲断带构造顶蓬效应
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摘要
塔里木盆地库车坳陷位于南天山山前,受新生代晚期强烈挤压作用控制,坳陷内广泛发育冲断构造。受冲断作用及盐岩变形的共同影响,库车坳陷内部形成一系列复杂构造样式。其中盐上构造层在挤压变形过程中形成了独具特色的"顶蓬构造",顶蓬构造的存在对于盐层、盐下层构造变形具有重要影响。综合运用地震资料、钻井资料,对于该类变形特征进行综合研究,研究表明:①库车前陆冲断带盐上构造层普遍发育顶蓬构造,在地表表现为克拉苏构造带及秋里塔格构造带2排线性褶皱带;②根据顶蓬构造要素可划分为错断型、褶皱型两大类,错断型具体可细化为对称错断型、单向错断型及叠置错断型,褶皱型则可划分为拱形及球形;③顶蓬构造具有顶蓬效应,具体表现为应力调整效应、减压效应及封盖作用,3种效应影响了库车前陆冲断带盐下构造层构造变形、储层演化及油气成藏,形成了库车前陆冲断带盐下油气富集区带。
Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin is located in piedmont of the southern Tianshan Mountains.Extensive thrust structures developed in the depression because of the intense extrusion in Late Cenozoic.Also,under the combined effects of thrust salt rocks deformation and rock salt deformation,the interior of Kuqa Depression formed a series of complex tectonic styles,among which,special ceiling structure formed in squeezing deforming process of structural bed on the salt bed.And the ceiling structure had great influence on the tectonic deformation of both the salt bed and underlying bed.This kind of deformation structure was studied in this paper through comprehensive seismic and drilling data.The results showed that:(1)The ceiling structures were common in the structural layer above the salt bed in the foreland thrust belt of Kuqa Depression,and correspond to two rows of linear folded belts in Kelasu and Qiulitager tectonic belts on the earth surface.(2)The ceiling structure could be classified into faulted type and folded type on the basis of structural elements,and the former could be subdivided into symmetrical faulted type,one-way faulted type and overlap faulted type,while the latter could be subdivided into arched type and spherical type.(3)The ceiling structure had ceiling effects,including stress adjustment,decompression effect and seal-capping,which had influenced the tectonic deformation,reservoir evolution and petroleum entrapment of the structure under the salt layer.Also,the ceiling structure was good for the accumulation of oil and gas in the foreland thrust belt of Kuqa Depression.
Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin is located in piedmont of the southern Tianshan Mountains.Extensive thrust structures developed in the depression because of the intense extrusion in Late Cenozoic.Also,under the combined effects of thrust salt rocks deformation and rock salt deformation,the interior of Kuqa Depression formed a series of complex tectonic styles,among which,special ceiling structure formed in squeezing deforming process of structural bed on the salt bed.And the ceiling structure had great influence on the tectonic deformation of both the salt bed and underlying bed.This kind of deformation structure was studied in this paper through comprehensive seismic and drilling data.The results showed that:(1)The ceiling structures were common in the structural layer above the salt bed in the foreland thrust belt of Kuqa Depression,and correspond to two rows of linear folded belts in Kelasu and Qiulitager tectonic belts on the earth surface.(2)The ceiling structure could be classified into faulted type and folded type on the basis of structural elements,and the former could be subdivided into symmetrical faulted type,one-way faulted type and overlap faulted type,while the latter could be subdivided into arched type and spherical type.(3)The ceiling structure had ceiling effects,including stress adjustment,decompression effect and seal-capping,which had influenced the tectonic deformation,reservoir evolution and petroleum entrapment of the structure under the salt layer.Also,the ceiling structure was good for the accumulation of oil and gas in the foreland thrust belt of Kuqa Depression.
引文
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[9]LüYanfang,Fu Guang,Yu Dan.Comprehensive evaluation ofsealing ability of cap rock in China′s large and medium gasfields and their contribution to gas accumulation[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(6):742-745.[吕延防,付广,于丹.中国大中型气田盖层封盖能力综合评价及其对成藏的贡献[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):742-745.]
[10]Fu Guang,Kang Dejiang,Fu Xiaofei.Mudstone cap rock andnatural gas seal-capping in Paleogene System cream,Kuqa De-pression[J].Xinjiang Oil&Gas,2005,1(1):6-11.[付广,康德江,付晓飞.库车坳陷下第三系膏泥岩盖层及其对天然气的封盖作用[J].新疆石油天然气,2005,1(1):6-11.]
[11]Zou Huayao,Wang Hongjun,Hao Fang,et al.Later period rapidaccumulation mechanism in Kelasu obduction zone,Kuqa Depres-sion[J].Science in China:Series D,2007,37(8):1032-1040.[邹华耀,王红军,郝芳,等.库车坳陷克拉苏逆冲带晚期快速成藏机理[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(8):1032-1040.]
[12]Lei Ganglin,Xie Huiwen,Zhang Jingzhou,et al.Structuralfeatures and natural gas exploration in the Kelasu structuralbelt,Kuqa Depression[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2007,28(6):816-820.[雷刚林,谢会文,张敬洲,等.库车坳陷克拉苏构造带构造特征及天然气勘探[J].石油与天然气地质,2007,28(6):816-820.]
[2]LüXimin,Pi Xuejun,Ren Zhanli,et al.The geological charac-teristics of the petroleum system in Kucha Foreland Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2004,15(3):214-217.[吕锡敏,皮学军,任战利,等.库车前陆盆地含油气系统的地质特征[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(3):214-217.]
[3]Huang Shaoying,Wang Yueran,Wei Hongxing.Characteris-tics of salt structures and its evolution in Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):117-123.[黄少英,王月然,魏红兴.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及形成演化[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(1):117-123.]
[4]Xu Zhenping,Xie Huiwen,Li Yong,et al.Characteristics andcontrolling factors of the subsalt differential structure in theKelasu structural belt,Kuqa Depression[J].Natural Gas Geo-science,2012,23(6):1034-1038.[徐振平,谢会文,李勇,等.库车坳陷克拉苏构造带盐下差异构造变形特征及控制因素[J].天然气地球科学,2012,23(6):1034-1038.]
[5]Neng Yuan,Xie Huiwen,Li Yong,et al.Tectonic deformationstyle and distribution characteristics in middle part Kuqa De-pression of Tarim Basin[J].Geological Science,2012,47(3):629-640.[能源,谢会文,李勇,等.塔里木盆地库车坳陷中部构造变形样式及分布特征[J].地质科学,2012,47(3):629-640.]
[6]Jia Chengzao,Zhou Xinyuan,Wang Zhaoming,et al.Discoveryof Kela 2Gas Field and exploration technology[J].China Pe-troleum Exploration,2002,7(1):79-88.[贾承造,周新源,王招明,等.克拉2气田的发现及勘探技术[J].中国石油勘探,2002,7(1):79-88.]
[7]Wu Guanghui,Wang Zhaoming,Liu Yukui,et al.Salt tectonickinematics characteristies of the Kuqa Depression in the Tar-im Basin[J].Geological Review,2004,50(5):476-483.[邬光辉,王招明,刘玉魁,等.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造运动学特征[J].地质论评,2004,50(5):476-483.]
[8]Wang Xu,Liu Shuhui,Ye Desheng,et al.On the sandstonecompaction of Jura-Trias Systems and the petroleum geolog-ical significance in the northeast Tarim Basin[J].ExperimentPetroleum Geology,1993,15(1):49-59.[王旭,刘树晖,叶德胜,等.塔里木盆地东北地区三叠系、侏罗系砂岩的压实作用及其石油地质意义[J].石油实验地质,1993,15(1):49-59.]
[9]LüYanfang,Fu Guang,Yu Dan.Comprehensive evaluation ofsealing ability of cap rock in China′s large and medium gasfields and their contribution to gas accumulation[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(6):742-745.[吕延防,付广,于丹.中国大中型气田盖层封盖能力综合评价及其对成藏的贡献[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):742-745.]
[10]Fu Guang,Kang Dejiang,Fu Xiaofei.Mudstone cap rock andnatural gas seal-capping in Paleogene System cream,Kuqa De-pression[J].Xinjiang Oil&Gas,2005,1(1):6-11.[付广,康德江,付晓飞.库车坳陷下第三系膏泥岩盖层及其对天然气的封盖作用[J].新疆石油天然气,2005,1(1):6-11.]
[11]Zou Huayao,Wang Hongjun,Hao Fang,et al.Later period rapidaccumulation mechanism in Kelasu obduction zone,Kuqa Depres-sion[J].Science in China:Series D,2007,37(8):1032-1040.[邹华耀,王红军,郝芳,等.库车坳陷克拉苏逆冲带晚期快速成藏机理[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(8):1032-1040.]
[12]Lei Ganglin,Xie Huiwen,Zhang Jingzhou,et al.Structuralfeatures and natural gas exploration in the Kelasu structuralbelt,Kuqa Depression[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2007,28(6):816-820.[雷刚林,谢会文,张敬洲,等.库车坳陷克拉苏构造带构造特征及天然气勘探[J].石油与天然气地质,2007,28(6):816-820.]
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