中上扬子地区下志留统沉积演化与页岩气勘探方向
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摘要
通过录井、测井、地震、野外剖面与岩心资料的深入剖析,探讨中上扬子地区下志留统页岩段的沉积相与总有机碳的关系,预测页岩气有利勘探区。中上扬子地区下志留统龙马溪组为一套20～268m厚的黑色页岩夹灰绿色泥质粉砂岩沉积,在等时框架内自下而上可识别出2个三级层序即SQ1与SQ2,它们分布稳定、可对比性好。下部层序(SQ1)的海侵体系域(TST)发育一套有利于页岩气形成的富有机质页岩,此时期呈现出"北面向次深海敞开、东西南三面受古陆围限、陆棚广布"的沉积格局,深水陆棚相广泛发育,面积为255 000 km2,平均厚度35 m。受海平面下降的影响,从下部层序至上部层序水体变浅,岩相从深水陆棚相黑色页岩向中—浅水陆棚相沙纹层理粉砂质页岩转变。岩相的发育受海平面升降、古陆、海底地形、物源供给等因素的影响,岩相类型有碳质或硅质或钙质页岩、纹层状页岩、生物扰动粉砂质页岩、沙纹层理的粉砂质页岩、块状砂岩或介壳灰岩薄夹层5类。研究表明,沉积相对富有机质页岩的形成具有内在的控制作用,高TOC含量页岩发育于深水陆棚相、中陆棚相和潟湖相中。目前,已有多口井在龙马溪组页岩获得工业气流,揭示了该区良好的页岩气勘探前景;综合分析认为涪陵—赤水—仁怀、威远—长宁、鄂西—渝东为中上扬子地区下志留统页岩气勘探的主要方向和有利目标区。
Based on detail analysis of data of well logging,seismic records,outcrops and cores,the relationship between shale-member sedimentary facies and total organic carbons(TOC)of the Lower Silurian in Middle-Upper Yangtze area was discussed,and the favourable exploration directions were predicted.The Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation consists of black shales interbedded with greenish-gray mudy siltstones,with the thickness of 20 ～ 268 m,in Middle-Upper Yangtze area,and two third-order stratigraphy sequences of SQ1 and SQ2,which distributed stably could be easily correlated,were distinguished from bottom to top within synchronous stratigraphic framework.The transgressive systems tract(TST)of lower sequence SQ1 developed a set of organic-rich shale which is favorable for shale gas.During the depositional period of TST,the sedimentary pattern can be described as "abyss-area was open towards north,old lands were located in the east,south and west,deep shelf distributed extensively",with the deep shelf area of 255 000 km2and the average thickness of 35 m.Affected by the fall of sea-level,the shallowing of water took place,and lithofacies changed from black shales of deep shelf to laminated silty shales of middle and shallow shelf facies from the lower sequence to the upper sequence.The development of lithofacies was controlled by eustacy of sea-level,old lands,sea-bottom topography and sediment supply,and five lithofacies types including carbonaceous or siliceous or calcareous shales,laminated shales,biologic-stirred silty shales,laminated silty shales and interbeds of massive sandstones or shell limestones were developed.It was proved that the forming of organic-rich shales were intrinsically controlled by sedimentary facies,with deep shelf,middle shelf and lagoon generating high content of TOC.So far,there were several wells of industry gas flow from the Longmaxi Formation,which had revealed well exploration prospect for the Middle-Upper Yangtze area.It is synthetically concluded that zones of Fuling-Shishui Renhuai,Weiyuan-Changning and western Hubei Province-eastern Sichuan Province are the main exploration directions and favorable targets of shale gas in the Lower Silurian of Middle-Upper Yangtze area.
Based on detail analysis of data of well logging,seismic records,outcrops and cores,the relationship between shale-member sedimentary facies and total organic carbons(TOC)of the Lower Silurian in Middle-Upper Yangtze area was discussed,and the favourable exploration directions were predicted.The Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation consists of black shales interbedded with greenish-gray mudy siltstones,with the thickness of 20 ～ 268 m,in Middle-Upper Yangtze area,and two third-order stratigraphy sequences of SQ1 and SQ2,which distributed stably could be easily correlated,were distinguished from bottom to top within synchronous stratigraphic framework.The transgressive systems tract(TST)of lower sequence SQ1 developed a set of organic-rich shale which is favorable for shale gas.During the depositional period of TST,the sedimentary pattern can be described as "abyss-area was open towards north,old lands were located in the east,south and west,deep shelf distributed extensively",with the deep shelf area of 255 000 km2and the average thickness of 35 m.Affected by the fall of sea-level,the shallowing of water took place,and lithofacies changed from black shales of deep shelf to laminated silty shales of middle and shallow shelf facies from the lower sequence to the upper sequence.The development of lithofacies was controlled by eustacy of sea-level,old lands,sea-bottom topography and sediment supply,and five lithofacies types including carbonaceous or siliceous or calcareous shales,laminated shales,biologic-stirred silty shales,laminated silty shales and interbeds of massive sandstones or shell limestones were developed.It was proved that the forming of organic-rich shales were intrinsically controlled by sedimentary facies,with deep shelf,middle shelf and lagoon generating high content of TOC.So far,there were several wells of industry gas flow from the Longmaxi Formation,which had revealed well exploration prospect for the Middle-Upper Yangtze area.It is synthetically concluded that zones of Fuling-Shishui Renhuai,Weiyuan-Changning and western Hubei Province-eastern Sichuan Province are the main exploration directions and favorable targets of shale gas in the Lower Silurian of Middle-Upper Yangtze area.
引文
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李新景,胡素云,程克明.2007.北美裂缝性页岩气勘探开发的启示[J].石油勘探与开发,34(4):392-400.
李一凡,樊太亮,高志前,等.2012.渝东南地区志留系黑色页岩层序地层研究[J].天然气地球科学,23(2):299-306.
梁狄刚,郭彤楼,陈建平,等.2008.中国南方海相生烃成藏研究的若干新进展(一):南方四套区域性海相烃源岩的分布[J].海相油气地质,13(2):1-16.
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刘宝珺,许效松.1994.中国南方岩相古地理图集(震旦纪—三叠纪)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-239.
马永生,陈洪德,王国力.2009.中国南方层序地层与古地理[M].北京:科学出版社,254-280.
马永生,冯建辉,牟泽辉,等.2012.中国石化非常规油气资源潜力及勘探进展[J].中国工程科学,14(6):101-105.
聂海宽,包书景,高波,等.2012.四川盆地及其周缘下古生界页岩气保存条件研究[J].地学前缘,19(3):280-294.
王鸿祯.1985.中国古地理图集[M].北京:地图出版社.
王社教,杨涛,张国生,等.2012.页岩气主要富集因素与核心区选择及评价[J].中国工程科学,14(6):94-100.
王玉满,董大忠,李建忠,等.2012.川南下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储集层特征[J].石油学报,33(4):551-561.
许效松,刘伟,周棣康,等.2009.黔中—黔东南地区下志留统沉积相[J].古地理学报,11(1):13-20.
页岩气地质与勘探开发实践丛书编委会.2009.北美地区页岩气勘探开发新进展[M].北京:石油工业出版社,41-224.
张春明,张维生,郭英海.2012.川东南—黔北地区龙马溪组沉积环境及对烃源岩的影响[J].地学前缘,19(1):136-145.
郑和荣,胡宗全.2010.中国前中生代构造—岩相古地理图集[M].北京:地质出版社,1-194.
邹才能,董大忠,王社教,等.2010.中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,37(6):641-653.
Bennett R H,O'Brien N R,Hulbert M H.1991.Determinants of clay and shale microfabric signatures:Processes andmechanisms[A].In:Bennett R H,Bryant W R,Hulbert M H(eds).Microstructure of Fine-grained Sediments.New York,Springer Verlag:5-32.
Curtis J B.2002.Fractured shale-gas systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,86 (11):1921-1938.
Hammes U,Hamlin H S,Ewing T E.2011.Geologic analysis of the Upper Jurassic Haynesville Shale in east Texas and west Louisiana[J].AAPG Bulletin,95(10):1643-1666.
Kinley T J,Cook W L,Breyer A J,et al.2008.Hydrocarbon potential of the Barnett Shale(Mississippian),Delaware Basin,west Texas and southeastern New Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,92(8):967-991.
Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.2009.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,79:848-861.
Lynne E,Ibach J.1982.Relationship between sedimentation rate and total organic carbon content in ancient marine sediments[J].AAPG Bulletin,66:170-188.
Martineau D F.2007.History of the Newark East field and the Barnett Shale as a gas reservoir[J].AAPG Bulletin,91(4):399-403.
Meyers P A.2006.Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic similarities between Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,235:305-320.
Milner M R,McLin J P.2010.Imaging texture and porosity in mudstones and shales:Comparison of secondary and ion-milled backscatter SEM methods[C].Calgary:Canadian Unconventional Resources&International Petroleum Conference.
Montgomery S L,Jarvie D M,Bowker K A,et al.2005.Mississippian Barnett Shale,Fort Worth basin,north-central Texas:Gas-shale play with multi-trillion cubic foot potential[J].AAPG Bulletin,89(2):155 -175.
Robert G L,Stephen C R.2007.Mississippian Barnett Shale:Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,91(4):579-601.
Stevenson D L,Dickerson D R.1969.Organic geochemistry of the New Albany Shale in Illinois[R].Illinois State Geological Survey,Illinois Petroleum,90:1-11.
Stow D A V.1981.Fine-grained sediments:Terminology[J].Quaternary Journal of Engineering Geology,14:243-244.
董大忠,程克明,王世谦,等.2009.页岩气资源评价方法及其在四川盆地的应用[J].天然气工业,29(5):33-39.
冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,等.2001.中国南方早奥陶世岩相古地理[J].古地理学报,3(2):11-22.
冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,等.2004.中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京:地质出版社,1-276.
高振中,何幼斌,李罗照.2008.中国南方上奥陶统五峰组观音桥段成因讨论:是“浅水介壳相”,还是深水异地沉积?[J].古地理学报,10(5):487-494.
郭旭升,郭彤楼,魏志红,等.2012.中国南方页岩气勘探评价的几点思考[J].中国工程科学,14(6):101-105.
郭英海,李壮福,李大华,等.2004.四川地区早志留世岩相古地理[J].古地理学报,6(1):20-29.
黄金亮,邹才能,李建忠,等.2012.川南志留系龙马溪组页岩气形成条件与有利区分析[J].煤炭学报,37(5):782-787.
李新景,胡素云,程克明.2007.北美裂缝性页岩气勘探开发的启示[J].石油勘探与开发,34(4):392-400.
李一凡,樊太亮,高志前,等.2012.渝东南地区志留系黑色页岩层序地层研究[J].天然气地球科学,23(2):299-306.
梁狄刚,郭彤楼,陈建平,等.2008.中国南方海相生烃成藏研究的若干新进展(一):南方四套区域性海相烃源岩的分布[J].海相油气地质,13(2):1-16.
梁狄刚,郭彤楼,陈建平,等.2009.中国南方海相生烃成藏研究的若干新进展(三):南方四套区域性海相烃源岩的沉积相及发育的控制因素[J].海相油气地质,14(2):1-19.
刘宝珺,许效松.1994.中国南方岩相古地理图集(震旦纪—三叠纪)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-239.
马永生,陈洪德,王国力.2009.中国南方层序地层与古地理[M].北京:科学出版社,254-280.
马永生,冯建辉,牟泽辉,等.2012.中国石化非常规油气资源潜力及勘探进展[J].中国工程科学,14(6):101-105.
聂海宽,包书景,高波,等.2012.四川盆地及其周缘下古生界页岩气保存条件研究[J].地学前缘,19(3):280-294.
王鸿祯.1985.中国古地理图集[M].北京:地图出版社.
王社教,杨涛,张国生,等.2012.页岩气主要富集因素与核心区选择及评价[J].中国工程科学,14(6):94-100.
王玉满,董大忠,李建忠,等.2012.川南下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储集层特征[J].石油学报,33(4):551-561.
许效松,刘伟,周棣康,等.2009.黔中—黔东南地区下志留统沉积相[J].古地理学报,11(1):13-20.
页岩气地质与勘探开发实践丛书编委会.2009.北美地区页岩气勘探开发新进展[M].北京:石油工业出版社,41-224.
张春明,张维生,郭英海.2012.川东南—黔北地区龙马溪组沉积环境及对烃源岩的影响[J].地学前缘,19(1):136-145.
郑和荣,胡宗全.2010.中国前中生代构造—岩相古地理图集[M].北京:地质出版社,1-194.
邹才能,董大忠,王社教,等.2010.中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,37(6):641-653.
Bennett R H,O'Brien N R,Hulbert M H.1991.Determinants of clay and shale microfabric signatures:Processes andmechanisms[A].In:Bennett R H,Bryant W R,Hulbert M H(eds).Microstructure of Fine-grained Sediments.New York,Springer Verlag:5-32.
Curtis J B.2002.Fractured shale-gas systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,86 (11):1921-1938.
Hammes U,Hamlin H S,Ewing T E.2011.Geologic analysis of the Upper Jurassic Haynesville Shale in east Texas and west Louisiana[J].AAPG Bulletin,95(10):1643-1666.
Kinley T J,Cook W L,Breyer A J,et al.2008.Hydrocarbon potential of the Barnett Shale(Mississippian),Delaware Basin,west Texas and southeastern New Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,92(8):967-991.
Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.2009.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,79:848-861.
Lynne E,Ibach J.1982.Relationship between sedimentation rate and total organic carbon content in ancient marine sediments[J].AAPG Bulletin,66:170-188.
Martineau D F.2007.History of the Newark East field and the Barnett Shale as a gas reservoir[J].AAPG Bulletin,91(4):399-403.
Meyers P A.2006.Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic similarities between Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,235:305-320.
Milner M R,McLin J P.2010.Imaging texture and porosity in mudstones and shales:Comparison of secondary and ion-milled backscatter SEM methods[C].Calgary:Canadian Unconventional Resources&International Petroleum Conference.
Montgomery S L,Jarvie D M,Bowker K A,et al.2005.Mississippian Barnett Shale,Fort Worth basin,north-central Texas:Gas-shale play with multi-trillion cubic foot potential[J].AAPG Bulletin,89(2):155 -175.
Robert G L,Stephen C R.2007.Mississippian Barnett Shale:Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,91(4):579-601.
Stevenson D L,Dickerson D R.1969.Organic geochemistry of the New Albany Shale in Illinois[R].Illinois State Geological Survey,Illinois Petroleum,90:1-11.
Stow D A V.1981.Fine-grained sediments:Terminology[J].Quaternary Journal of Engineering Geology,14:243-244.
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