图层约束下的点状自然灾害风险地图综合
摘要
点状自然灾害现象如地震、滑坡等,由于其特殊性,灾害风险与其周边的地理环境有着复杂的联系和相互作用,孕灾环境对灾情具有放大或缩小的效应,在制图综合过程中,不能只考虑单个灾害点个体,而因将与之相关的各因素综合考虑,从而判定其风险范围。基于此,在地理学与地图学的基础上,从灾害系统的角度考虑,探讨基于图层约束(LC)和模糊推理系统(FIS)相结合的点状现象自动综合的适用性问题,重点阐述基于图层约束理论和FIS算法相结合的滑坡灾害自动综合技术,并以滑坡灾害为例,构建了基于滑坡灾害程度区划、地形坡度、地貌区划、地震长期烈度区划、年暴雨日数、年均降水量等为约束图层的自动综合应用;通过多尺度综合分析结果表明,中国存在三大重点滑坡区:即青藏高原东部斜坡带、黄土高原滑坡区和太行山东麓、巫山、武陵山脉一线滑坡带。本研究为多尺度、多图层约束下的自然灾害风险地图自动综合提供了一种有效途径,同时对不同区域尺度下的灾害风险管理提供了更高效、更准确的决策支持和技术支撑。
Point-like natural disaster phenomena,such as earthquakes,landslides,etc.,have complex linkages and interactions with their surrounding geographical environment.Disaster environment on the disaster may enlarge or reduce effect.In the process of cartographic generalization,only considering a single point of individual disasters is not enough.Based on Geography and Cartography,but from the perspective of a disaster system,the applicability issues of automatic generalization of point phenomena are explored by combing the layer constraint(LC) and Fuzzy Inference System(FIS).A landslide-disaster automatic-generalization technology,based on LC and FIS,is discussed.Taking landslides as an example,an automated comprehensive application of the constraint layers,including landslide hazard zoning,terrain slope,landform regionalization,long-term seismic intensity zoning,annual torrential rain days,and annual precipitation was developed.The experiment results showed that there are three key landslide areas in China,which are the eastern slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the Loess Plateau,and the Taihang Mountain landslide area,Wushan-Wuling Mountain Area landslide.Our research can provide an effective way for automatic generalization of natural disaster risk maps under the constraints of multiscales and multi-layers.It can also provide a more efficient,more accurate decision-making support and technical support for disaster risk management of different regional scales.
Point-like natural disaster phenomena,such as earthquakes,landslides,etc.,have complex linkages and interactions with their surrounding geographical environment.Disaster environment on the disaster may enlarge or reduce effect.In the process of cartographic generalization,only considering a single point of individual disasters is not enough.Based on Geography and Cartography,but from the perspective of a disaster system,the applicability issues of automatic generalization of point phenomena are explored by combing the layer constraint(LC) and Fuzzy Inference System(FIS).A landslide-disaster automatic-generalization technology,based on LC and FIS,is discussed.Taking landslides as an example,an automated comprehensive application of the constraint layers,including landslide hazard zoning,terrain slope,landform regionalization,long-term seismic intensity zoning,annual torrential rain days,and annual precipitation was developed.The experiment results showed that there are three key landslide areas in China,which are the eastern slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the Loess Plateau,and the Taihang Mountain landslide area,Wushan-Wuling Mountain Area landslide.Our research can provide an effective way for automatic generalization of natural disaster risk maps under the constraints of multiscales and multi-layers.It can also provide a more efficient,more accurate decision-making support and technical support for disaster risk management of different regional scales.
引文
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[2]Scheuren J M,Le Polain de Waroux O,Below R,et al.AnnualDisaster Statistical Review:The Numbers and Tends 2007[M].Brussels Belgium:Center for Research on the Epidemiology ofDisasters(CRED),2008.
[3]Wu F,Qian H Z,Deng H Y.Spatial Information Intelligent Pro-cessing Oriented Automatic Map generalization[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.[武芳,钱海忠,邓红艳.面向地图自动综合的空间信息智能处理[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.]
[4]Guo Q S.The Theory and Approaches of Automatic Map Genera-lization in Cartography[M].Beijing:Surveying and MappingPress,2002.[郭庆胜.地图学自动综合理论与方法[M].北京:测绘出版社,2002.]
[5]Pan D H,Wang J A,Jia H C,et al.Study of cartographic genera-lization on natural disaster risk mapping-taking point hazard—affected bodies as an example[J].Geomatics and InformationScience of Wuhan University,2011,36(1):51-55.[潘东华,王静爱,贾慧聪,等.自然灾害风险地图中的制图综合研究——以点状承灾体为例[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2011,36(1):51-55.]
[6]Pan D H,Wang J A,Wang Y,et al.Elementary study on naturaldisaster risk mapping generalization based on drawing-layer con-straint—a case study in the arid regions in northwest china[J].Arid Zone Research.2010,27(1):13-19.[潘东华,王静爱,王瑛,等.基于图层约束的自然灾害风险制图综合初探——以西北干旱区为例[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(1):13-19.]
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