软沉积变形构造的分类和形成机制研究
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摘要
软沉积变形构造是指沉积物沉积之后、固结之前在处于软沉积物阶段时由于物理作用发生变形所形成的一系列构造。作为一种广泛发育的沉积构造,对其分类和成因机制的研究一直是国内外研究的热点。目前主流的分类方案是依据其成因机制为主再考虑其他因素将软沉积变形构造分为负载构造、包卷层理、变形交错层、滑塌构造、泄水和沉积物挤入构造、塌陷构造以及由生物和化学作用所形成的变形构造。而作为一种重要的软沉积变形构造,震积构造可以依据地震对沉积物改造的时间划分为同生、准同生和后生变形三种基本类型,而每一种基本类型可以分别受到伸展、挤压、剪切、液化以及震动而形成不同的软沉积变形构造。软沉积变形构造的触发因素多样,但主要是地震引起沉积物的液化产生的变形,因此可以按照沉积相分析、触发因素评估和标准评估三个步骤对软沉积变形构造的成因进行识别。作为一种广泛分布的沉积构造,软沉积变形构造成因机制的识别和判断仍然将是其研究的一个重要方向;其次软沉积变形在地质工程方面的应用也是一个研究方向;最后,随着油气勘探走向深水,发现软沉积变形构造有关的油气藏也将是另外一个研究的方向。
Soft-sediment deformation structures are formed due to disturbance of sediments during or after deposition,consolidation and burial but before significant diagenesis.As a kind of widespread sedimentary structure,many studies focused on its classification and genesis.According to the genesis mechanism,soft-sediment deformation structures can be classified as:(1) load structures,(2) convolute lamination and bedding, (3) deformed cross-bedding,(4) slump sheets,(5) water-escape structures and sediment-injection structures, (6) collapse structures,(7) structures of biological and chemical origin.As an important and special structure, seismitic structure can be classified as syndepositional,penecontemporaneous and epigenetic deformation structures. Many factors can act as the triggers for the soft-sediment deformation structure,but the earthquake induced liquefaction is the most important one.The trigger and mechanism of the soft-sediment deformation are quite complex and can be identified by a process including faces analysis,trigger assessment and criterion assessment. Due to its important significance on many areas,the future study of the soft-sediment deformation will be still focused on the classification and identification of the mechanism.The application on the civil geological engineering is also an aspect for many geologists.With the oil exploration from shallow water to deep water,it is another studying area to find the oil reservoir related with soft-sediment deformation structures.
Soft-sediment deformation structures are formed due to disturbance of sediments during or after deposition,consolidation and burial but before significant diagenesis.As a kind of widespread sedimentary structure,many studies focused on its classification and genesis.According to the genesis mechanism,soft-sediment deformation structures can be classified as:(1) load structures,(2) convolute lamination and bedding, (3) deformed cross-bedding,(4) slump sheets,(5) water-escape structures and sediment-injection structures, (6) collapse structures,(7) structures of biological and chemical origin.As an important and special structure, seismitic structure can be classified as syndepositional,penecontemporaneous and epigenetic deformation structures. Many factors can act as the triggers for the soft-sediment deformation structure,but the earthquake induced liquefaction is the most important one.The trigger and mechanism of the soft-sediment deformation are quite complex and can be identified by a process including faces analysis,trigger assessment and criterion assessment. Due to its important significance on many areas,the future study of the soft-sediment deformation will be still focused on the classification and identification of the mechanism.The application on the civil geological engineering is also an aspect for many geologists.With the oil exploration from shallow water to deep water,it is another studying area to find the oil reservoir related with soft-sediment deformation structures.
引文
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