利用噪声HVSR方法探测近地表结构的可能性和局限性——以保定地区为例
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摘要
近地表结构和构造探测是研究活动断层近地表特征和工程场地地震效应的关键环节.对于城市地区,丰富的噪声限制了常规地球物理勘探方法的应用,最近的研究表明,利用噪声也可用来反演近地表结构.我们在河北保定地区,布设了一条由二百多个观测点组成的密集地震噪声剖面,探索利用噪声探测近地表结构的可能性.用噪声水平和垂直向谱比法(HVSR)得到的HVSR曲线表明,剖面普遍存在HVSR振幅显著(≥2)的峰值频率,根据其特征可以划分为A、B、C三个区.除了基岩台无明显峰值频率外,西部A区峰值频率从8Hz向东递降至0.3 Hz.中部B区峰值频率在1.3 Hz附近微小变化.东部C区则表现为比较宽的波峰,可能是由两个波峰组成,第一个波峰在0.8～1.0 Hz之间,大部分台的HVSR曲线都可以拾取出这个波峰,第二个在0.5～0.8之间,只有少数台可以可靠地拾取.以台阵反演的速度剖面为约束,选择出适用于保定地区的峰值频率-土层厚度关系式,将剖面的峰值频率转换成土层界面的深度分布,并与两条浅层地震反射剖面进行了对比分析.结果表明,C区的两个土层界面深度分布和地震反射剖面上的二个晚更新世(Q_3)界面深度(分别在约100m和150 m附近)有较好的吻合;B区得到的土层界面深度与反射剖面的界面埋深有比较明显的差别,进一步研究发现,B区观测点的地形严重影响了HVSR曲线的形态,使峰值频率可能偏离了土层的共振频率;A区土层界面从0 m向东倾斜至大约500 m深,但无反射剖面数据佐证.从HVSR和土层深度剖面可以推测在A区中部和A、B区交界处存在着两条垂直位错明显的正断层,但对垂直错距小的断层则无法识别.本文的结果表明,噪声HVSR方法不仅可以给出土层卓越频率等场地响应特征,还可以作为勘探工具探测近地表土层的界面起伏,协助识别活动断层的近地表位置和活动特征.该方法的局限性在于,HVSR方法容易受到风、近地表地形、近台瞬态震源等环境因素的影响.
Near-surface structures exploration is an important way to deeply understand fault s near- surface activities and seismic site effects in seismic hazard and risk analysis programs.In urban area, abundant noise often limits the application of traditional exploration methods.But new studies have shown that it is possible to use ambient noise to invert for near-surface structures.So we set up a profile with more than two hundred seismic noise observation sites to seek the feasibility of subsurface exploration with ambient noise.We used Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio method (HVSR) to process noise data and the HVSR results show there exist peak frequencies with notable amplitude (≥ 2) along the profile which can be further delimited to three Zones A-C from west to east according to their peak frequency characteristics.The peak frequencies gradually drop easterly from 8 Hz to 0.3 Hz excluding stations on rock without peak in Zone A,and have little fluctuation around 1.3 Hz in Zone B and have broad peak in Zone C.The broad peaks in Zone C might be composed of two peaks,one can be picked up in 0.8～1.0 Hz for many sites,and the other can be picked up reliably in 0.5～0.8 Hz only for a few sites.Using the peak frequency and soil thickness relationship appropriate for the velocity structures inverted from array data,the soil depth profile was converted directly from peak frequencies and was compared with two short seismic reflection profiles.The two derived soil interfaces in Zone C conform well to two reflection interfaces which belong to upper Pleistocene (Q_3) layer (at about 100 m and 150 m respectively).But the derived soil interface in Zone B severely deviates from reflection results,and further analysis has shown that the HVSR curve in Zone B may be seriously affected by topography,causing the peak frequency shifted from soil resonant frequency.The derived soil interface in Zone C slopes down easterly from 0 m to about 500 m depth but without further verifications.From HVSR and soil depth profiles,two normal faults in the middle of Zone A and the border between Zone A and B with significant vertical slip can be identified,but two other faults with small vertical slip can't be discerned.The results of Baoding show that microtremor HVSR method can not only provide soil predominant frequency but also can provide a tool to explore near-surface interfaces which will help to find active faults shallow position and characteristics; while this method is limited by the fact that HVSR curves are liable to be affected by some environmental conditions such as wind,topography and near station transient sources.
Near-surface structures exploration is an important way to deeply understand fault s near- surface activities and seismic site effects in seismic hazard and risk analysis programs.In urban area, abundant noise often limits the application of traditional exploration methods.But new studies have shown that it is possible to use ambient noise to invert for near-surface structures.So we set up a profile with more than two hundred seismic noise observation sites to seek the feasibility of subsurface exploration with ambient noise.We used Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio method (HVSR) to process noise data and the HVSR results show there exist peak frequencies with notable amplitude (≥ 2) along the profile which can be further delimited to three Zones A-C from west to east according to their peak frequency characteristics.The peak frequencies gradually drop easterly from 8 Hz to 0.3 Hz excluding stations on rock without peak in Zone A,and have little fluctuation around 1.3 Hz in Zone B and have broad peak in Zone C.The broad peaks in Zone C might be composed of two peaks,one can be picked up in 0.8～1.0 Hz for many sites,and the other can be picked up reliably in 0.5～0.8 Hz only for a few sites.Using the peak frequency and soil thickness relationship appropriate for the velocity structures inverted from array data,the soil depth profile was converted directly from peak frequencies and was compared with two short seismic reflection profiles.The two derived soil interfaces in Zone C conform well to two reflection interfaces which belong to upper Pleistocene (Q_3) layer (at about 100 m and 150 m respectively).But the derived soil interface in Zone B severely deviates from reflection results,and further analysis has shown that the HVSR curve in Zone B may be seriously affected by topography,causing the peak frequency shifted from soil resonant frequency.The derived soil interface in Zone C slopes down easterly from 0 m to about 500 m depth but without further verifications.From HVSR and soil depth profiles,two normal faults in the middle of Zone A and the border between Zone A and B with significant vertical slip can be identified,but two other faults with small vertical slip can't be discerned.The results of Baoding show that microtremor HVSR method can not only provide soil predominant frequency but also can provide a tool to explore near-surface interfaces which will help to find active faults shallow position and characteristics; while this method is limited by the fact that HVSR curves are liable to be affected by some environmental conditions such as wind,topography and near station transient sources.
引文
[1] Borcherdt R D. Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1970, 60 (1) : 29-61
[2] Boatwright J, Fletcher J B, Fumal T E. A general inversion scheme for source, site, and propagation characteristics using multiply recorded sets of moderate-sized earthquakes. Bull.Seism. Soc. Am. , 1991, 81(5) : 1754-1782
[3] Nakamura Y. A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Quarterly Report Railway Tech Res Inst, 1989, 30 (1) : 25-30
[4] Nakamura Y. Clear identification of fundamental idea of Nakamura's technique and its applications. Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Auckland, New Zealand, 2000
[5] Bonilla L F, Steidl J H, Lindley G T, et al. Site amplication in the San Ferdinando Valley, California: variability of site-effect estimation using S-wave, coda, and H/V method. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1997, 87(3) : 710-730
[6] Field E, Jacob K. The theoretical response of sedimentary layers to ambient seismic noise. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 1993,20(24) : 2925-2928
[7] Lachet C, Bard P Y. Numerical and theoretical investigations on the possibilities and limitations of Nakamura's technique.Journal of Physics of the Earth , 1994, 42(4) : 377-397
[8] Tokeshi J C, Sugimura Y. On the estimation of the natural period of the ground using simulated microtremors. In:Proceeding of the Second International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion. 1998, 651-664
[9] Nakamura Y. Basic structure of QTS (HVSR) and examples of applications. ln: Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data. 2009,33-51
[10] Nakamura Y. Comment on "Microtremor Measurements in the Nile Delta Basin, Egypt: Response of the Topmost Sedimentary Layer" by E. A. Fergany and S. Bonnefoy-Claudet. Seismological Research Letters, 2010, 81 (2) :241-243
[11] Yamanaka H, Takemura M, Ishida H, et al. Characteristics of long-period microtremors and their applicability in exploration of deep sedimentary layers. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. , 1994, 84(6) :1831-1841
[12] Konno K, Ohmachi T. Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1997,88(1) : 228-241
[13] Fah D, Kind F, Giardini D. A theoretical investigation of average H/V ratios. Geophysical Journal International,2001, 145(2) : 535-549
[14] Bonnefoy-Claudet S, Cornou C, Bard P Y, et al. H/V ratio:a tool for site effects evaluation. Results from 1-D noise simulations. Geophysical Journal International, 2006, 167(2) : 827-837
[15] Bard P Y, SESAME Participants. The SESAME project: an overview and main results. In: Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, 2004,Paper 2207
[16] Bonnefoy-Claudet S, Cotton F, Bard P Y. The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies; A literature review. Earth-Science Reviews, 2006, 79(3-4) :205-227
[17] Chavez-Garcia F J, Sanchez L R, Hatzfeld D. Topographic site effects and HVSR. A comparison between observations and theory. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1996, 86 (5) : 1559-1573
[18] Phinney R A. Structure of the Earth s Crust from spectral behavior of long-period body waves. J. Geophys. Res. ,1964, 69(14) : 2297-3017
[19] Longston C A. Structure under Mount Rainier, Washington, inferred from teleseismic body waves. J. Geophys. Res. ,1979, 84(B9) : 4749-4762
[20] Parolai S, Bormann P, Milkereit C. New relationships between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for the Cologne area (Germany). Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2002, 92(6) :2521-2527
[21] Ibs-von Seht M, Wohlenberg J. Microtremor measurements used to map thickness of soft sediments. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. , 1999, 89(1) : 250-259
[22] Wang W J, Liu L B, Chen Q F, et al. Site responses and sediment structures along the NW and NE profiles in Beijing area revealed by microtremor H/V spectral ratio studies. The 14~(th) World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China, Paper No. 09-01-0059
[23] 陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君等.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应.科学通报,2008,53(18) :2229～2235Chen Q F, Liu L B, Wang W J, et al. Site effects on earthquake ground motion based on microtremor measurements for metropolitan Beijing. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese),2009, S4(2) :280～287, DOI: 10． 1007/sll434-008-0422-2
[24] Chavez-Garcia F J, Stephenson W R, Rodriguez M. Lateral propagation effects observed at Parkway, New Zealand. A case history to compare 1D versus 2D site effects. Bull.Seism. Soc. Am. , 1999, 89(3) :718～732
[25] Gueguen P, Cornou C, Garambois S, et al. On the limitation of the H/V spectral ratio using seismic noise as an exploration tool: application to the Grenoble valley (France) ,a small apex ratio basin. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007, 164(1) :115～134
[26] 徐杰,高占武,宋长青等.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征.地震地质,2000,22(2) :111～1 22Xu J, Gao Z W, Song C Q, et al. The structural characters of the piedmont fault zone of Taihang Mountain. Seismulogical Geology (in Chinese), 2000, 22(2) : 111-122
[27] 河北省地质局区域地质测量大队.中华人民共和国地质图保定幅.1964Geological Team of Hebei Geological Bureau. Geological Map of P. R. C-Baoding Region. 1964
[28] 刘桂梅.保定市活断层控制性浅层地震勘探.《河北省城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目》专题报告.2010Liu G M. The report of shallow seismic reflection exploration controlling lines that target to the active fault in Baoding.Project of Active faults detections and seismic hazard assessments of Hebei Province. 2010
[29] Withers M, Aster R, Young C, et al. A comparison of select trigger algorithms for automated global seismic phase and event detection. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1998, 88(1) : 95-106
[30] Capon J. High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis. Proc. IEEE, 1969, 57(8) : 1408-1418
[31] Wathelet M, Jongmans D, Ohrnberger M, et al. Array performances for ambient vibrations on a shallow structure and consequences over V_s inversion. Journal of Seismology ,2008, 12(1) : 1-19
[32] Wathelet M, Jongmana D, Ohrnberger M. Surface-wave inversion using a direct search algorithm and its application to ambient vibration measurements. Near Surface Geophysics ,2004, 2(4) : 211-221
[33] 王伟君,刘澜波,陈棋福等.应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构.地球物理学报,2009,52Wang W J, Liu L B, Chen Q F, et al. Applications of microtremor H/V spectral ratio and array techniques in assessing the site effect and near surface velocity structure. ChineseJ. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2009, 52(6) : 1515-1525, DOI: 10． 3969/j. issn. 0001-5733． 2009． 06． 013
[34] Sambridge M. Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm 1． Searching a parameter space. Geophys. J. Int. ,1999, 138(2) : 479-494
[35] Atakan K. The need for standardized approach for estimating the local site effects based on ambient noise recordings. In:Mucciarelli M, Herak M, Cassidy J, eds. Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data. 2009． 3-15
[36] Mucciarelli M, Gallipoli M R, Di Giacomo D, et al. The influence of wind on measurements of seismic noise. Geophysical J ournal International, 2005, 161(2) : 303-308
[37] Guillier B, Cornou C, Kristek J, et al. Simulation of seismic ambient vibrations: does the H/V provide quantitative information in 2D-3D structures. In: 3rd Int. Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion. Grenoble,France, 2006, Paper 185
[38] Woolery E W, Street R. 3D near-surface soil response from H/V ambient-noise ratios. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2002, 22(9-12) : 865-876
[39] Bard P Y, Tucker B E. Underground and ridge site effects: A comparison of observation and theory. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. , 1985, 75(4) : 905-922
[40] Geli L, Bard P Y, Jullien B. The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1988, 78(1) : 42-63
[41] 张宗祜,刘志刚,孙晓明等.地质调查项目成果报告-华北地下水可持续开发利用前景成果报告.中国地质科学院水文地质环境研究所.2006Zhang Z G, Liu Z G, Sun X M, et al. The Report of potential sustainable development about ground water in Northern China area. The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS. 2006
[42] Delgado J, Lopez Casado C, Giner J, et al. Microtremors as a geophysical exploration tool: applications and limitations.Pure and Applied Geophysics , 2000, 157(9) : 1445-1462
[43] Hobiger M, Bard P Y, Cornou C, et al. Single station determination of Rayleigh wave ellipticity by using the random decrement technique (RayDec). Geophys. Res.Lett. , 2009, 36(14) : 1． 14303, DOI: 10． 1029/2009GL038863
[44] Vallianatos F, Hloupis G. HVSR technique improvement using redundant wavelet transform. In: Mucciarelli M,Herak M, Cassidy J, eds. Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data. 2009． 117-137
[45] Koketsu K, Miyake H, Afnimar, et al. A proposal for a standard procedure of modeling 3-D velocity structures and its application to the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. Tectonophysics ,2009, 472(1-4) : 290-300
[2] Boatwright J, Fletcher J B, Fumal T E. A general inversion scheme for source, site, and propagation characteristics using multiply recorded sets of moderate-sized earthquakes. Bull.Seism. Soc. Am. , 1991, 81(5) : 1754-1782
[3] Nakamura Y. A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Quarterly Report Railway Tech Res Inst, 1989, 30 (1) : 25-30
[4] Nakamura Y. Clear identification of fundamental idea of Nakamura's technique and its applications. Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Auckland, New Zealand, 2000
[5] Bonilla L F, Steidl J H, Lindley G T, et al. Site amplication in the San Ferdinando Valley, California: variability of site-effect estimation using S-wave, coda, and H/V method. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1997, 87(3) : 710-730
[6] Field E, Jacob K. The theoretical response of sedimentary layers to ambient seismic noise. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 1993,20(24) : 2925-2928
[7] Lachet C, Bard P Y. Numerical and theoretical investigations on the possibilities and limitations of Nakamura's technique.Journal of Physics of the Earth , 1994, 42(4) : 377-397
[8] Tokeshi J C, Sugimura Y. On the estimation of the natural period of the ground using simulated microtremors. In:Proceeding of the Second International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion. 1998, 651-664
[9] Nakamura Y. Basic structure of QTS (HVSR) and examples of applications. ln: Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data. 2009,33-51
[10] Nakamura Y. Comment on "Microtremor Measurements in the Nile Delta Basin, Egypt: Response of the Topmost Sedimentary Layer" by E. A. Fergany and S. Bonnefoy-Claudet. Seismological Research Letters, 2010, 81 (2) :241-243
[11] Yamanaka H, Takemura M, Ishida H, et al. Characteristics of long-period microtremors and their applicability in exploration of deep sedimentary layers. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. , 1994, 84(6) :1831-1841
[12] Konno K, Ohmachi T. Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1997,88(1) : 228-241
[13] Fah D, Kind F, Giardini D. A theoretical investigation of average H/V ratios. Geophysical Journal International,2001, 145(2) : 535-549
[14] Bonnefoy-Claudet S, Cornou C, Bard P Y, et al. H/V ratio:a tool for site effects evaluation. Results from 1-D noise simulations. Geophysical Journal International, 2006, 167(2) : 827-837
[15] Bard P Y, SESAME Participants. The SESAME project: an overview and main results. In: Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, 2004,Paper 2207
[16] Bonnefoy-Claudet S, Cotton F, Bard P Y. The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies; A literature review. Earth-Science Reviews, 2006, 79(3-4) :205-227
[17] Chavez-Garcia F J, Sanchez L R, Hatzfeld D. Topographic site effects and HVSR. A comparison between observations and theory. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 1996, 86 (5) : 1559-1573
[18] Phinney R A. Structure of the Earth s Crust from spectral behavior of long-period body waves. J. Geophys. Res. ,1964, 69(14) : 2297-3017
[19] Longston C A. Structure under Mount Rainier, Washington, inferred from teleseismic body waves. J. Geophys. Res. ,1979, 84(B9) : 4749-4762
[20] Parolai S, Bormann P, Milkereit C. New relationships between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for the Cologne area (Germany). Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 2002, 92(6) :2521-2527
[21] Ibs-von Seht M, Wohlenberg J. Microtremor measurements used to map thickness of soft sediments. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. , 1999, 89(1) : 250-259
[22] Wang W J, Liu L B, Chen Q F, et al. Site responses and sediment structures along the NW and NE profiles in Beijing area revealed by microtremor H/V spectral ratio studies. The 14~(th) World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China, Paper No. 09-01-0059
[23] 陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君等.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应.科学通报,2008,53(18) :2229～2235Chen Q F, Liu L B, Wang W J, et al. Site effects on earthquake ground motion based on microtremor measurements for metropolitan Beijing. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese),2009, S4(2) :280～287, DOI: 10． 1007/sll434-008-0422-2
[24] Chavez-Garcia F J, Stephenson W R, Rodriguez M. Lateral propagation effects observed at Parkway, New Zealand. A case history to compare 1D versus 2D site effects. Bull.Seism. Soc. Am. , 1999, 89(3) :718～732
[25] Gueguen P, Cornou C, Garambois S, et al. On the limitation of the H/V spectral ratio using seismic noise as an exploration tool: application to the Grenoble valley (France) ,a small apex ratio basin. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007, 164(1) :115～134
[26] 徐杰,高占武,宋长青等.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征.地震地质,2000,22(2) :111～1 22Xu J, Gao Z W, Song C Q, et al. The structural characters of the piedmont fault zone of Taihang Mountain. Seismulogical Geology (in Chinese), 2000, 22(2) : 111-122
[27] 河北省地质局区域地质测量大队.中华人民共和国地质图保定幅.1964Geological Team of Hebei Geological Bureau. Geological Map of P. R. C-Baoding Region. 1964
[28] 刘桂梅.保定市活断层控制性浅层地震勘探.《河北省城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目》专题报告.2010Liu G M. The report of shallow seismic reflection exploration controlling lines that target to the active fault in Baoding.Project of Active faults detections and seismic hazard assessments of Hebei Province. 2010
[29] Withers M, Aster R, Young C, et al. A comparison of select trigger algorithms for automated global seismic phase and event detection. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1998, 88(1) : 95-106
[30] Capon J. High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis. Proc. IEEE, 1969, 57(8) : 1408-1418
[31] Wathelet M, Jongmans D, Ohrnberger M, et al. Array performances for ambient vibrations on a shallow structure and consequences over V_s inversion. Journal of Seismology ,2008, 12(1) : 1-19
[32] Wathelet M, Jongmana D, Ohrnberger M. Surface-wave inversion using a direct search algorithm and its application to ambient vibration measurements. Near Surface Geophysics ,2004, 2(4) : 211-221
[33] 王伟君,刘澜波,陈棋福等.应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构.地球物理学报,2009,52Wang W J, Liu L B, Chen Q F, et al. Applications of microtremor H/V spectral ratio and array techniques in assessing the site effect and near surface velocity structure. ChineseJ. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2009, 52(6) : 1515-1525, DOI: 10． 3969/j. issn. 0001-5733． 2009． 06． 013
[34] Sambridge M. Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm 1． Searching a parameter space. Geophys. J. Int. ,1999, 138(2) : 479-494
[35] Atakan K. The need for standardized approach for estimating the local site effects based on ambient noise recordings. In:Mucciarelli M, Herak M, Cassidy J, eds. Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data. 2009． 3-15
[36] Mucciarelli M, Gallipoli M R, Di Giacomo D, et al. The influence of wind on measurements of seismic noise. Geophysical J ournal International, 2005, 161(2) : 303-308
[37] Guillier B, Cornou C, Kristek J, et al. Simulation of seismic ambient vibrations: does the H/V provide quantitative information in 2D-3D structures. In: 3rd Int. Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion. Grenoble,France, 2006, Paper 185
[38] Woolery E W, Street R. 3D near-surface soil response from H/V ambient-noise ratios. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2002, 22(9-12) : 865-876
[39] Bard P Y, Tucker B E. Underground and ridge site effects: A comparison of observation and theory. Bull. Seism. Soc.Am. , 1985, 75(4) : 905-922
[40] Geli L, Bard P Y, Jullien B. The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion: A review and new results. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. , 1988, 78(1) : 42-63
[41] 张宗祜,刘志刚,孙晓明等.地质调查项目成果报告-华北地下水可持续开发利用前景成果报告.中国地质科学院水文地质环境研究所.2006Zhang Z G, Liu Z G, Sun X M, et al. The Report of potential sustainable development about ground water in Northern China area. The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS. 2006
[42] Delgado J, Lopez Casado C, Giner J, et al. Microtremors as a geophysical exploration tool: applications and limitations.Pure and Applied Geophysics , 2000, 157(9) : 1445-1462
[43] Hobiger M, Bard P Y, Cornou C, et al. Single station determination of Rayleigh wave ellipticity by using the random decrement technique (RayDec). Geophys. Res.Lett. , 2009, 36(14) : 1． 14303, DOI: 10． 1029/2009GL038863
[44] Vallianatos F, Hloupis G. HVSR technique improvement using redundant wavelet transform. In: Mucciarelli M,Herak M, Cassidy J, eds. Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data. 2009． 117-137
[45] Koketsu K, Miyake H, Afnimar, et al. A proposal for a standard procedure of modeling 3-D velocity structures and its application to the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. Tectonophysics ,2009, 472(1-4) : 290-300
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