含油气盆地油气藏破坏的油气显示及其地质意义
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摘要
油气显示可以为发现与其相关的残留油气藏或次生油气藏提供重要的线索。通过野外调查、地质分析和文献调研,系统研究了各类油气显示在中国各盆地或地区的分布,探讨了油气显示的成因机制,并分析了其石油地质意义。研究表明,按油气藏破坏的程度,油气显示可分为轻度破坏型、严重破坏型和完全破坏型3类。这3类油气显示在中国各盆地或地区广泛分布。其中,油苗、气苗和泥火山等轻度破坏型油气显示主要分布在中国西部和南方;稠油等严重破坏型油气显示主要分布在中国西部和东部;天然沥青、沥青砂和地蜡等完全破坏型油气显示主要分布在中国西部和南方。按照油气藏破坏的次数和程度,油气显示可分为直接破坏成因和二次破坏成因。直接破坏成因的油气显示包括地表油苗、气苗和泥火山,它们的形成主要受强烈构造运动、频繁地震和快速沉积等因素影响,按照出露地表的方式可细分为断裂通天型、隆升剥蚀型、底辟刺穿型和不整合面露地型4种类型。二次破坏成因的油气显示包括地表和地下的稠油、天然沥青、沥青砂和地蜡,其显著特征是油气发生直接破坏后又发生了水洗、氧化、生物降解等稠变作用,它们常具有共生或过渡的关系。在勘探早期,轻度破坏型或位于活动冲断带和底辟构造上的油气显示对地下油气藏的指导意义更大。各种破坏作用在破坏油气藏形成各种油气显示的同时,有时也可对油气的再分配和保存起到一定的积极作用。因此,保存条件是在油气显示发育区寻找油气藏的关键因素。
Oil-gas shows can provide much important information to explore the related residual or secondary reservoirs.Based on field survey,geological analysis and literature investigation,this paper systematically studied the distribution of oil-gas shows in different basins / regions in China,discussed their genetic mechanisms and analyzed their petroleum geological significance.According to the degree of destruction of reservoirs,oil-gas shows can be classified into three types: partial destruction,strong destruction,and complete destruction.All these three types of oil-gas shows are widely distributed in each basin / region in China.The partial-destruction type of oil-gas shows,including oil seepage,gas seepage and mud volcano,is mainly distributed in the western and southern China.The strong-destruction type of oil-gas shows such as heavy oil is mainly distributed in the western and eastern China.The complete-destruction type of oil-gas shows,such as natural bitumen,tar sand and mineral wax,mainly occurs in the western and southern China.On the other hand,in terms of the times and extent of destruction of reservoirs,the genetic mechanism of oil-gas shows can be categorized into two types: primary-destruction and secondary-destruction.The former type of oil-gas shows include surface oil seepage,gas seepage and volcano and their formation are influenced by the intense tectonic movements,frequent earthquakes and rapid deposition.It can be further divided into four kinds according to their ways of out-flowing the surface of earth: surface-cutting fault,uplifting-denudation,diapir penetrating,unconformity outcropping.The secondary-destruction type of oil-gas shows include heavy oil,natural bitumen,tar sand and mineral wax on the surface and underground,and features in water washing oxidation and biodegradation after destroyed directly and they are usually paragenic and transitional.In the early stage of petroleum exploration,the oil-gas shows of partial-destruction type or that on thrust belt and diaper structure have greater guiding significance to discover underground reservoirs.On the one hand,although all kinds of destructive effects can destroy reservoirs to form oil-gas shows,they could also have positive influences on the redistribution and preservation of hydrocarbons.Therefore,preservation condition is the key factor to find reservoirs in areas with oil-gas shows.
Oil-gas shows can provide much important information to explore the related residual or secondary reservoirs.Based on field survey,geological analysis and literature investigation,this paper systematically studied the distribution of oil-gas shows in different basins / regions in China,discussed their genetic mechanisms and analyzed their petroleum geological significance.According to the degree of destruction of reservoirs,oil-gas shows can be classified into three types: partial destruction,strong destruction,and complete destruction.All these three types of oil-gas shows are widely distributed in each basin / region in China.The partial-destruction type of oil-gas shows,including oil seepage,gas seepage and mud volcano,is mainly distributed in the western and southern China.The strong-destruction type of oil-gas shows such as heavy oil is mainly distributed in the western and eastern China.The complete-destruction type of oil-gas shows,such as natural bitumen,tar sand and mineral wax,mainly occurs in the western and southern China.On the other hand,in terms of the times and extent of destruction of reservoirs,the genetic mechanism of oil-gas shows can be categorized into two types: primary-destruction and secondary-destruction.The former type of oil-gas shows include surface oil seepage,gas seepage and volcano and their formation are influenced by the intense tectonic movements,frequent earthquakes and rapid deposition.It can be further divided into four kinds according to their ways of out-flowing the surface of earth: surface-cutting fault,uplifting-denudation,diapir penetrating,unconformity outcropping.The secondary-destruction type of oil-gas shows include heavy oil,natural bitumen,tar sand and mineral wax on the surface and underground,and features in water washing oxidation and biodegradation after destroyed directly and they are usually paragenic and transitional.In the early stage of petroleum exploration,the oil-gas shows of partial-destruction type or that on thrust belt and diaper structure have greater guiding significance to discover underground reservoirs.On the one hand,although all kinds of destructive effects can destroy reservoirs to form oil-gas shows,they could also have positive influences on the redistribution and preservation of hydrocarbons.Therefore,preservation condition is the key factor to find reservoirs in areas with oil-gas shows.
引文
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[1]刘池洋,孙海山.改造型盆地类型划分[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(2):79-82.Liu Chiyang,Sun Haishan.Classification of reformed basin[J].Xin-jiang Petroleum Geology,1999,20(2):79-82.
[2]庞雄奇,金之钧,姜振学,等.叠合盆地油气资源评价问题及其研究意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2002,29(1):9-13.Pang Xiongqi,Jin Zhijun,Jiang Zhenxie,et al.Evaluation of hydro-carbon resources of superimposed basin and its significance[J].Pe-troleum Exploration and Development,2002,29(1):9-13.
[3]庞雄奇,高剑波,孟庆洋.塔里木盆地台盆区构造变动与油气聚散关系[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(5):594-603.Pang Xiongqi,Gao Jianbo,Meng Qingyang.A discussion on the rela-tionship between tectonization and hydrocarbon accumulation and dissipation in the platform-basin transitional area of Tarim basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2006,27(5):594-603.
[4]Hunt J M.Petroleum geochemistry and geology(1st Edition)[M].New York:W H Freeman and Company,1979:261-273.
[5]Macgregor D S.Relationships between seepage,tectonics and subsur-face petroleum reserves[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,1993,10(6):606-619.
[6]何家雄,李明兴,黄保家.莺歌海盆地北部斜坡带油气苗分布与油气勘探前景剖析[J].天然气地球科学,2000,11(2):1-9.He Jiaxiong,Li Mingxing,Huang Jiabao.The analysis of the oil and gas exploration prospect and the distribution of outflow of oil and gas in the northern slope of the Yinggehai Basin[J].Nature Gas Geo-science,2000,11(2):1-9.
[7]范卫平,郑雷清,龚建华,等.泥火山的形成及其与油气的关系[J].吐哈油气,2007,(1):43-47.Fan Weiping,Zheng Leiqing,Gong Jianhua,et al.Forming of mud volcano and relation with hydrocarbon[J].Tuha Oil and Gas,2007,(1):43-47.
[8]郑宽勤.贵州寒武系油苗、气苗、沥青显示特征及其油气地质意义[J].贵州地质,1994,11(4):303-310.Zheng Kuangqin.Indication of gas-and oil-seepags and asphalt in Cambrian and its geologic significance in Guizhou Province[J].Guizhuo Geology,1994,11(4):303-310.
[9]吴元燕,平俊彪,吕修祥,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘油气藏保存及破坏定量研究[J].石油学报,2002,23(6):24-28.Wu Yuanyan,Ping Junbiao,LüXiuxiang,et al.Quantitative research on preservation and destruction of hydrocarbon accumulation in the northwest edge of Junggar Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2002,23(6):24-28.
[10]潘钟祥.石油地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,1988:35-43.Pan Zhongxiang.Petroleum geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publish-ing House,1988:35-43.
[11]张学玉,李国建.中国南方天然沥青、油气苗分布与找油气关系[J].西南石油学院学报,1999,21(2):36-40.Zhang Xueyu,Li Guojian.The relationship between distribution of natural asphalt,oil and gas seepage and exploration in south China[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,1999,21(2):36-40.
[12]彭金宁,刘光祥,吕俊祥.楚雄盆地洒芷古油藏成藏与破坏主控因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2009,30(6):769-772.Peng Jinning,Liu Guangxiang,LüJunxiang.Major controlling factors for oil accumulation and destruction in paleo-reservoirs,Sazhi area,Chuxiong Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2009,30(6):769-772.
[13]Pang Xiongqi,Zhou Xinyuan,Lin Changsong,et al.Classification of complex reservoirs in superimposed basins of western China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2010,84(5):1011-1034.
[14]周希云.贵州天然气苗的油气地质意义[J].贵州地质,1994,11(1):146-154.Zhou Xiyun.Geological significance for prospecting oil-gas of the na-tural gas shows in Guizhou[J].Guizhou Geology,1994,11(1):146-154.
[15]王道,李茂伟,李锰,等.新疆独山子泥火山喷发的初步研究[J].地震地质,1997,19(1):14-16.Wang Dao,Li Maowei,Li Meng,et al.A preliminary study on erup-tion of the mud volcano in Dushanzi,Xinjiang[J].Seismology and Geology,1997,19(1):14-16.
[16]黄华谷,邸鹏飞,陈多福.泥火山的全球分布和研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2011,30(2):189-197.Huang Huagu,Di Pengfei,Chen Duofu.Global distribution and re-search progress of mud volcanoes[J].Mineralogy,Petrology and Geo-chemistry,2011,30(2):189-197.
[17]胡见义,牛嘉玉.中国重油沥青资源的形成与分布[J].石油与天然气地质,1994,15(2):105-112.Hu Jianyi,Niu Jiayu.Formation and distribution of heavy oil bitumen resources in China[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1994,15(2):105-112.
[18]牛嘉玉,洪峰.我国非常规油气资源的勘探远景[J].石油勘探与开发,2002,2(5):5-7.Niu Yujia,Hong Feng.Exploratory prospects of unconventional oil-gas resources in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2002,2(5):5-7.
[19]赵群,王红岩,刘人和,等.准噶尔盆地黑油山地区油砂成矿模式及分布[J].天然气工业,2008,28(12):117-120.Zhao Qun,Wang Hongyan,Liu Renhe,et al.Oil sand mineralization mode and distribution features in Heiyoushan area,Junggar Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(12):117-120.
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