五台山北麓南峪口段晚第四纪洪积作用与影响因素分析
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摘要
山前洪积作用受控于构造活动、气候变化与基准面变化等因素,区分各因素的贡献是河流地貌学的研究热点。山西地堑系五台山北麓地区,山前断裂活动强烈,晚第四纪垂直滑动速率不小于1mm/a;另外,研究区为半干旱地区,第四纪黄土地层中黄土与古土壤颜色反差大,反映该地区第四纪气候波动显著,为开展研究热点提供了理想的条件。本研究通过野外调查与探槽建立了五台山北麓晚第四纪洪积台地与全新世洪积扇的地层层序,并通过碳同位素测年对沉积地层进行精细断代,发现距今3.5万年以来山前洪积作用具有强弱交替的特征,较强的洪积作用发生在距今32ka至29ka之间、距今7.5ka至4.7ka之间和距今1ka以来,在山前形成了粗碎屑堆积,沉积速率高;其他时间段为弱洪积期,在山前形成了细粒堆积,沉积速率低,地层土壤化程度高。与中国北方高分辨率晚第四纪气候记录的对比表明,这3个较强的洪积期在时间上对应于气候从温暖期到寒冷期的快速转变阶段或温暖气候鼎盛期后的剧烈波动阶段,其共同特点是气候波动剧烈,波动幅度远大于其他时期。根据前人对五台山北麓断裂全新世古地震研究,2次地震在时间上对应强洪积期,1次地震在时间上对应弱洪积期。尽管地震可能导致崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害,增加山区河床碎屑物源,有助于山前洪积作用,但根据目前有限的古地震研究资料尚看不出大地震对山前洪积作用的显著影响。初步认为,断层活动为山前洪积作用提供了空间与河床坡降,气候变化则是控制山前洪积作用强弱交替的主导因素。进入气候波动最剧烈的时期,地表植被退化严重,物理风化强烈,在暴雨作用下易发山洪,有利于山区的侵蚀作用和山前的洪积作用。该项研究深化了对半干旱地区山前洪积作用影响因素的认识。
The alluvial processes in the piedmont may be controlled by tectonics,climate fluctuations and base level of erosion,etc.To distinguish the contributions of each factors is a hot field in fluvial geomorphology.The north piedmont of Wutai Mountain in Shanxi graben is an ideal area for this kind of study.The piedmont fault is very active with a slip rate of no less than 1mm/a in Late Quaternary.This semiarid region experienced significant climatic fluctuations in Quaternary time which is indicated by striking contrast in colors between loess and paleosoils in loess strata. The stratigraphic sequence of alluvial fans in Late Pleistocene and Holocene is established through field surveying and trenching.Ages of the strata have been well constrained by the method of radiocarbon dating.It is discovered that the alluvial processes in front of the mountain were strong and weak alternately.The strong periods were from 32kaB.P.to 29kaB.P.,from 7.5kaB.P.to 4.7kaB.P.,and since 1.0kaB.P.,when coarse-grained sediments deposited and the sediment rate is relatively high.The other times are weak periods when fine-grained sediments deposited and the sediment rate is much lower.The three strong periods correspond either with the transform stages from warm to cool climates,or with the intense fluctuation stage after the maximum of warm climate.These three periods share a common feature of intense fluctuations of weather whose amplitudes are larger than other periods.According to former studies on Holocene paleoearthquakes about Wutai Mountain piedmont fault,two events happened in strong periods of alluvial processes,one event in weak period.Strong earthquakes may lead to landslides and rock-falls in mountain area,which increment the clastic provenance and contribute to alluvial processes,but the limited information of paleoearthquakes cannot support a salient effect of big earthquakes on alluvial processes in front of mountain. As our preliminary view,fault slips provided the space for deposition and slope of river bed,and climatic changes controlled the alternations of strong or weak alluvial processes.In the strongest fluctuations stage of climates,the vegetation degraded,physical weathering strengthened and storms easily led to flood,which contributed to erosions in mountain area and diluvium in front of mountain.This research deepen our understanding on the influencing factors of alluvial processes in semiarid area.
The alluvial processes in the piedmont may be controlled by tectonics,climate fluctuations and base level of erosion,etc.To distinguish the contributions of each factors is a hot field in fluvial geomorphology.The north piedmont of Wutai Mountain in Shanxi graben is an ideal area for this kind of study.The piedmont fault is very active with a slip rate of no less than 1mm/a in Late Quaternary.This semiarid region experienced significant climatic fluctuations in Quaternary time which is indicated by striking contrast in colors between loess and paleosoils in loess strata. The stratigraphic sequence of alluvial fans in Late Pleistocene and Holocene is established through field surveying and trenching.Ages of the strata have been well constrained by the method of radiocarbon dating.It is discovered that the alluvial processes in front of the mountain were strong and weak alternately.The strong periods were from 32kaB.P.to 29kaB.P.,from 7.5kaB.P.to 4.7kaB.P.,and since 1.0kaB.P.,when coarse-grained sediments deposited and the sediment rate is relatively high.The other times are weak periods when fine-grained sediments deposited and the sediment rate is much lower.The three strong periods correspond either with the transform stages from warm to cool climates,or with the intense fluctuation stage after the maximum of warm climate.These three periods share a common feature of intense fluctuations of weather whose amplitudes are larger than other periods.According to former studies on Holocene paleoearthquakes about Wutai Mountain piedmont fault,two events happened in strong periods of alluvial processes,one event in weak period.Strong earthquakes may lead to landslides and rock-falls in mountain area,which increment the clastic provenance and contribute to alluvial processes,but the limited information of paleoearthquakes cannot support a salient effect of big earthquakes on alluvial processes in front of mountain. As our preliminary view,fault slips provided the space for deposition and slope of river bed,and climatic changes controlled the alternations of strong or weak alluvial processes.In the strongest fluctuations stage of climates,the vegetation degraded,physical weathering strengthened and storms easily led to flood,which contributed to erosions in mountain area and diluvium in front of mountain.This research deepen our understanding on the influencing factors of alluvial processes in semiarid area.
引文
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2 Harvey A M.The role of base-level change in the dissection of alluvial fans:Case studies from south East Spain and Nevada. Geomorphology,2002,45(1 - 2 ):67 - 87
3 Bull W B.Tectonic Geomorphology of Mountains;A New Approach to Paleoseismology.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2007.1-87
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5刘光勋,于慎谔,张世民等.山西五台山北麓活动断裂带.见:邓起东编.活动断裂研究(1).北京:地震出版社,1991.118-130 Liu Guangxun,Yu Shen'e,Zhang Shimin et al.The north Wutaishan piedmont fault zone in Shanxi.In;Deng Qidong ed.Research on Active Fault(1).Beijing:Seismological Press,1991.118-130
6丁锐,任俊杰,张世民.五台山北麓断裂南峪口段晚第四纪活动与古地震.中国地震,2009,25(1):41-53 Ding Rui,Ren Junjie,Zhang Shimin.Late Quaternary activity and paleoearthquakes along the Nanyukou segment of the northern piedmont fault of the Wutai Mountain.Earthquake Research in China,2009,25(1):41 -53
7张世民,任俊杰,聂高众.五台山北麓第四纪麓原面与河流阶地的共生关系.科学通报,2007,52(2):215-222 Zhang Shimin,Ren Junjie,Nie Gaozhong.Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains.Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(4);521 -530
8刘东生.黄土与环境.北京:科学出版社,1985.44-61 Liu Dongsheng.Loess and Environment.Beijing;Science Press, ??1985.44-61
9郭正堂,刘东生,吴乃琴等.最后两个冰期黄土中记录的Heinrich型气侯节拍.第四纪研究,1996,(1):21-30 Guo Zhengtang,Liu Tungsheng,Wu Naiqin et al.Heinrich-rhythm pulses of climates recorded in loess of the last two glaciations. Quaternary Sciences,1996,(1 );21 - 30
10丁仲礼,孙继敏,于志伟等.黄土高原过去130ka来古气候事件年表.科学通报,1998,43(6):567-574 Ding Zhongli,Sun Jimin,Yu Zhiwei et al.Chronology of environmental events over East Asia during the past 130ka.Chinese Science Bulletin,1998,43(21):1761 -1769
11姚檀栋,Thompson L G,施雅风等.古里雅冰芯中术次冰期以来气候变化记录研究.中国科学(D辑),1997,27(5):447-452 Yao Tandong,Thompson L G,Shi Yafeng el al.Climate variation since the Last lnlerglaciation recorded in the Guliya ice core.Science in China(Series D),1997,40(6):662 -668
12 Thompson L G,Yao T,Davis M E.Tropical climate instability;The last glacial cycle from a Qinghai Tibetan ice core.Science,1997, 276:1821 - 1825
13姚檀栋.末次冰期青藏高原的气候突变——古里雅冰芯与格陵兰GRIP冰芯对比研究中国科学(D辑),1999,9(2):75-184 Yao Tandong.Abrupt climatic changes on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Ice Age——Comparative study of the Guliya ice core with the Greenland GRIP ice core.Science in China{ Series D),1999,42 (2):358 -368
14安芷生,吴锡浩,卢演畴等.二万年来中国环境变化的初步研究.见:刘东生编.黄土·第四纪地质·全球变化(第二集).北京:科学出版社,1990.1-26 An Zhisheng,Wu Xihao,Lu Yanchou et al.A preliminary study on the environmental change in China since 20ka.In;Liu Dongsheng ed.Loess,Quaternary Geology,Global Change(2).Beijing;Science Press,1990.1 -26
15周昆叔,陈硕民,叶永英等.中国北方全新统花粉分析与占环境.见:第四纪花粉分析与古环境.北京:科学出版社,1984.25-53 Zhou Kunshu,Chen Shuomin,Ye Yongying et al.Pollen analysis in the Holocene stratigraphy and relative paleoenvironments in northern China.In;The Quaternary Pollen Analysis and Relative Paleoenvironments.Beijing;Science Press,1984.25 -53
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