人工震源地下介质变化动态监测
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摘要
成像地球内部介质结构及其动态变化是地球物理学家的主要任务。相对于对地球介质静态结构的认识,对于地下介质性质随时间变化的了解明显不足。近年来随着观测资料的增加,已经开始利用重复地震和噪声等震源研究地下介质变化。受到源位置和时间等因素制约,基于地震和噪声等被动震源的观测结果的时间和空间分辨率有限。利用人工震源主动向地下发射地震波,进行地下介质监测自然成为一个重要的发展方向。系统地介绍了国内外利用人工震源进行不同尺度地下介质变化监测的研究,分析了不同震源的优缺点。根据分析和对比结果,认为在进行地下介质变化研究方面,气枪震源要优于其他震源。还介绍了相关的数据处理方法,包括互相关延时估计,尾波干涉和信号叠加等。目前用于大尺度地下动态监测的震源,接收和数据处理等主要技术已经基本发展成熟,利用人工震源进行地下介质大尺度监测成为可能,相关研究在减轻自然灾害和资源探查等领域具有广阔的应用前景。
To provide images of Earth interior and their temporal variations are main tasks for geophysicists.Comparing to our understanding of the static structure,we are still lacking in the understanding of the temporal variations of the subsurface.Recently,with the accumulation of observation data,repeated earthquakes and ambient noises are used to monitor subsurface changes.The resolutions and precisions of passive source monitoring are limited by the spatial and temporal distributions of sources.Monitoring subsurface changes with seismic wave generated by artificial sources naturally becames another goal to pursue.We systematically describe recent advances in active source monitoring at various scales.In this review,we also introduce cross-correlation based time delay estimation and its precision limitation.The precision of time delay estimation is limited by the repeatability of source,signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of recorded signals.And seismic sources with large capacity and high repeatability are preferred for active monitoring.Advantages and disadvantages of different sources are compared in this review.According to the comparison,we suggest that the airgun source is superior to other sources for the purpose of active monitoring.Techniques as waveform stacking,coda wave interferometry and their application in active monitoring are also introduced.Waveform stacking can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and facilitate the phase identification.Coda wave travels longer and is more sensitive to subsurface changes than direct waves.Therefore,coda wave interferometry technique can be used to detect subtle variations.With the development of techniques for signal excitation,recording and processing,it is now possible to conduct large scale active subsurface monitoring.Relevant researches have broad potential applications to such fields as natural disaster mitigation and resource exploration.
To provide images of Earth interior and their temporal variations are main tasks for geophysicists.Comparing to our understanding of the static structure,we are still lacking in the understanding of the temporal variations of the subsurface.Recently,with the accumulation of observation data,repeated earthquakes and ambient noises are used to monitor subsurface changes.The resolutions and precisions of passive source monitoring are limited by the spatial and temporal distributions of sources.Monitoring subsurface changes with seismic wave generated by artificial sources naturally becames another goal to pursue.We systematically describe recent advances in active source monitoring at various scales.In this review,we also introduce cross-correlation based time delay estimation and its precision limitation.The precision of time delay estimation is limited by the repeatability of source,signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of recorded signals.And seismic sources with large capacity and high repeatability are preferred for active monitoring.Advantages and disadvantages of different sources are compared in this review.According to the comparison,we suggest that the airgun source is superior to other sources for the purpose of active monitoring.Techniques as waveform stacking,coda wave interferometry and their application in active monitoring are also introduced.Waveform stacking can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and facilitate the phase identification.Coda wave travels longer and is more sensitive to subsurface changes than direct waves.Therefore,coda wave interferometry technique can be used to detect subtle variations.With the development of techniques for signal excitation,recording and processing,it is now possible to conduct large scale active subsurface monitoring.Relevant researches have broad potential applications to such fields as natural disaster mitigation and resource exploration.
引文
[1]Zheng Xiufen,Ouyang Biao,Zhang Dongning,et al.Technicalsystem construction of data backup centre for China seismographnetwork and the data support to researches on the Wenchuan earth-quake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(5):1 412-1 417.[郑秀芬,欧阳飚,张东宁,等.“国家数字测震台网数据备份中心”技术系统建设及其对汶川大地震研究的数据支撑[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1 412-1 417.]
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[3]Aggarwal Y P,Sykes L R,Armbruster J,et al.Premonitory chan-ges in seismic velocities and prediction of earthquakes[J].Nature,1973,241:101-104.
[4]Niu Fenglin,Silver Paul G,Daley Thomas M,et al.Preseismicvelocity changes observed from active source monitoring at theParkfield SAFOD drill site[J].Nature,2008,454:204-208.
[5]Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilo-bars,Part 1[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1960,65:1 083-1 102.
[6]Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilo-bars,Part 2[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1961,66:2 199-2 224.
[7]Nur A.Effects of stress on velocity anisotropy in rocks with cracks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1971,76:2 022-2 034.
[8]Simmons G.Velocity of shear waves in rocks to10 kilobars1[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1964,69:1 123-1 130.
[9]Lumley D E.Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring[J].Geo-physics,2001,66(1):50-53.
[10]Song X D,Richards P G.Seismological evidence for differentialrotation of the Earth's inner core[J].Nature,1996,382:221-224.
[11]Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolution sur-face-wave tomography from Ambient seismic noise[J].Science,2005,307:1 615-1 618.
[12]Sens-Schnfelder C,Wegler U.Passive image interferometry andseasonal variations of seismic velocities at merapi volcano,Indo-nesia[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2006,33:L21302,doi:10.1029/2006GL027797.
[13]Chen Yong,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Proposed oftransmitted seismic stations[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(5):441-446.[陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.建立地震发射台的建议[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(5):441-446.]
[14]Furumoto M,Yuko Ichimori,Nobunhiko Hayashi,et al.Seismicwave velocity changes and stress build-up in the crust of the Kan-to-Tokai region[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2001,28(19):3 737-3 740.
[15]YukutakeH,NakajimaT,Doi K.In situ measurementsof elasticwave velocity in a mine,and the effects of water and stress ontheir variation[J].Tectonophysics,1988,149:165-175.
[16]Sano O,Mizuta Y,Murakami T,et al.Sound velocity as ameasure of small stress change[C]∥Sugawara K,Obara Y,eds.Rock Stress:Proceedings of the International Symposium onRock Stress.Kumamoto:A A Balkema,Brookfield,Vt.,1997:241-246.
[17]Yamamura K,Sano O,Utada H,et al.Long-term observation ofin situ seismic velocity and attenuation[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2003,108(B6):2 317.
[18]Silver PG,DaleyTM,Niu F,et al.Activesourcemonitoringofcross-well seismic traveltime for stress-induced changes[J].Bul-letin Seismological Society of America,2007,97:281-293.
[19]Li Yijin,Xin Wei,WangBaoshan,et al.Implementation of highprecision measurement of seismic velocity change using high sam-ple rate data-acquisition system[J].Seismological and Geomag-netic Observation and Research,2011,in press.[李宜晋,辛维,王宝善,等.利用高采样率数采实现地震波速变化高精度测量[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2011,待刊.]
[20]Baeten G,Ziolkowski A.The Vibroseis Source[M].Oxford:Elsevier,1990.
[21]Yamaoka K,Kunitomo T,Miyakawa K,et al.A trial for monito-ring temporal vaiation of seismic velocity using and ACROSS sys-tem[J].The Island Arc,2001,10:336-347.
[22]Ikuta R,YamaokaK,MiyakawaK,et al.Continuousmonitoringof propagation velocity of seismic wave using ACROSS[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2002,29(13):1 627.
[23]Wang Hongti,Zhuang Cantao,Xue Bing,et al.Precisely andactively seismic monitoring[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysical,2009,52(7):1 805-1 815.[王洪体,庄灿涛,薛兵,等.精密主动地震监测[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7):1 808-1 815.]
[24]Yang Wei,Ge Hongkui,Wang Baoshan,et al.Velocity changesobserved by the precisely controlled active source fro the MianzhuMs5.6 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysical,2010,53(5):1 149-1 157.[杨微,葛洪魁,王宝善,等.由精密控制人工震源观测到的绵竹5.6级地震前后波速变化[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(5):1 149-1 157.]
[25]Alekseev A S,Chichinin I S,Korneev V A.Powerful low-fre-quency vibrators for active seismology[J].Bulletin SeismologicalSociety of America,2005,95:1-17.
[26]Wang Baoshan,Sun Daoyuan,Li Shengjie,et al.The effect ofheterogeneity on rock's ultrasonic attenuation and its correction[J].Earthquake Research in China,2001,17(1):1-7.[王宝善,孙道远,李生杰,等.岩石非均匀性对超声衰减的影响及其修正[J].中国地震,2001,17(1):1-7.]
[27]De Fazio T L,Aki K,Alba J.Solid earth tide and observedchange in the in situ seismic velocity[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1973,78(8):1 319-1 322.
[28]Reasenberg P,Aki K.A precise,continuous measurement ofseismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1974,79:399-406.
[29]Li Y G,Vidale J E,Oglesby D D,et al.Multiple-fault ruptureof the M7.1 Hector Mine California,earthquake from fault zonetrapped waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(B3):2165,doi:10.1029/2001JB001456.
[30]Grêt A A,Snieder R,Zbay U.Monitoring in situ stress changesin a mining environment with coda wave interferometry[J].Geo-physical Journal International,2006,167(2):504-508.
[31]Wang Baoshan,Zhu Ping,Chen Yong,et al.Continuous sub-surface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:B12313,doi:10.1029/2007JB005023.
[32]Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Using activesource to monitor velocity variation in shallow sediment caused bythe Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in China,2009,25(3):223-233.[王伟涛,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化[J].中国地震,2009,25(3):223-233.]
[33]Wang Baoshan,Yang Wei,Yuan Songyong,et al.An experi-mental study on the excitation of large volume airgun in small vol-ume water body[J].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2010,7:388-394.
[34]Okaya D,Henrys S,Stem T.Double-side onshore-offshore seis-mic imaging of a plate boundary:“Super-gathers”across southisland,New Zealand[J].Tectonophysics,2002,255:247-263.
[35]Qiu Xuelin,Chen Yong,Zhu Rixiang,et al.The application oflarge volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic sur-veys:Implication from the experimental results in South ChinaSea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(4):463-469.[丘学林,陈颙,朱日祥,等.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析[J].科学通报,2007,52(4):463-469.]
[36]Leary P C,Malin P E,Phinny R A,et al.Systematic monitoringof millisecond travel time variations near Palmdale,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1979,84:659-666.
[37]LearyPC,Malin PE.Millisecond accuratemonitoringof seismictravel times over 13-and 18-kilometer baselines[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1982,87:6 919-6 930.
[38]Chen Yong,Zhang Xiankang,Qiu Xuelin,et al.A new way togenerate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(11):1 317-1 321.[陈颙,张先康,丘学林,等.陆地人工激发地震波的一种新方法[J].科学通报,2007,52(11):1 317-1 321.]
[39]Lin Jianmin,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Study on largevolume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Gophysics,2008,51(1):206-212.[林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源特征及深部介质中传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(1):206-212.]
[40]Lin Jianmin,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Characters oflarge volume airgun source excitation[J].Chinese Journal of Go-physics,2010,53(2):342-349.[林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源子波激发特性分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(2):342-349.]
[41]Quazi A.An overview on the time delay estimate in active andpassive systems for target localization[J].IEEE Transaltions A-coustics,Speech and Signal Processing,1981,29(3):527-533.
[42]Carter G C.Coherence and time delay estimation[J].Proceed-ings of the IEEE,1987,75(2):236-255.
[43]Snieder R.The theory of coda wave interferometry[J].Pure andApplied Geophysics,2006,163:455-473.
[44]Zhang Wei,Dai Hengchang,Li Xiangyang,et al.Shear wavegenerated by airguns in a reservoir and its splitting[J].Seismolo-gy and Geology,2009,31(1):22-33.[张尉,戴恒昌,李向阳,等.水库气枪震源产生的S波分裂[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):22-33.]
[2]Guo Mengqiu,Fu Liyun.Review of methods for studying sourcezone stress changes from seismic data[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(2):375-383.[郭梦秋,符力耘.利用地震观测资料预测震源区应力变化研究进展综述[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2):375-383.]
[3]Aggarwal Y P,Sykes L R,Armbruster J,et al.Premonitory chan-ges in seismic velocities and prediction of earthquakes[J].Nature,1973,241:101-104.
[4]Niu Fenglin,Silver Paul G,Daley Thomas M,et al.Preseismicvelocity changes observed from active source monitoring at theParkfield SAFOD drill site[J].Nature,2008,454:204-208.
[5]Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilo-bars,Part 1[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1960,65:1 083-1 102.
[6]Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilo-bars,Part 2[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1961,66:2 199-2 224.
[7]Nur A.Effects of stress on velocity anisotropy in rocks with cracks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1971,76:2 022-2 034.
[8]Simmons G.Velocity of shear waves in rocks to10 kilobars1[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1964,69:1 123-1 130.
[9]Lumley D E.Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring[J].Geo-physics,2001,66(1):50-53.
[10]Song X D,Richards P G.Seismological evidence for differentialrotation of the Earth's inner core[J].Nature,1996,382:221-224.
[11]Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolution sur-face-wave tomography from Ambient seismic noise[J].Science,2005,307:1 615-1 618.
[12]Sens-Schnfelder C,Wegler U.Passive image interferometry andseasonal variations of seismic velocities at merapi volcano,Indo-nesia[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2006,33:L21302,doi:10.1029/2006GL027797.
[13]Chen Yong,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Proposed oftransmitted seismic stations[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(5):441-446.[陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.建立地震发射台的建议[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(5):441-446.]
[14]Furumoto M,Yuko Ichimori,Nobunhiko Hayashi,et al.Seismicwave velocity changes and stress build-up in the crust of the Kan-to-Tokai region[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2001,28(19):3 737-3 740.
[15]YukutakeH,NakajimaT,Doi K.In situ measurementsof elasticwave velocity in a mine,and the effects of water and stress ontheir variation[J].Tectonophysics,1988,149:165-175.
[16]Sano O,Mizuta Y,Murakami T,et al.Sound velocity as ameasure of small stress change[C]∥Sugawara K,Obara Y,eds.Rock Stress:Proceedings of the International Symposium onRock Stress.Kumamoto:A A Balkema,Brookfield,Vt.,1997:241-246.
[17]Yamamura K,Sano O,Utada H,et al.Long-term observation ofin situ seismic velocity and attenuation[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2003,108(B6):2 317.
[18]Silver PG,DaleyTM,Niu F,et al.Activesourcemonitoringofcross-well seismic traveltime for stress-induced changes[J].Bul-letin Seismological Society of America,2007,97:281-293.
[19]Li Yijin,Xin Wei,WangBaoshan,et al.Implementation of highprecision measurement of seismic velocity change using high sam-ple rate data-acquisition system[J].Seismological and Geomag-netic Observation and Research,2011,in press.[李宜晋,辛维,王宝善,等.利用高采样率数采实现地震波速变化高精度测量[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2011,待刊.]
[20]Baeten G,Ziolkowski A.The Vibroseis Source[M].Oxford:Elsevier,1990.
[21]Yamaoka K,Kunitomo T,Miyakawa K,et al.A trial for monito-ring temporal vaiation of seismic velocity using and ACROSS sys-tem[J].The Island Arc,2001,10:336-347.
[22]Ikuta R,YamaokaK,MiyakawaK,et al.Continuousmonitoringof propagation velocity of seismic wave using ACROSS[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2002,29(13):1 627.
[23]Wang Hongti,Zhuang Cantao,Xue Bing,et al.Precisely andactively seismic monitoring[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysical,2009,52(7):1 805-1 815.[王洪体,庄灿涛,薛兵,等.精密主动地震监测[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7):1 808-1 815.]
[24]Yang Wei,Ge Hongkui,Wang Baoshan,et al.Velocity changesobserved by the precisely controlled active source fro the MianzhuMs5.6 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysical,2010,53(5):1 149-1 157.[杨微,葛洪魁,王宝善,等.由精密控制人工震源观测到的绵竹5.6级地震前后波速变化[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(5):1 149-1 157.]
[25]Alekseev A S,Chichinin I S,Korneev V A.Powerful low-fre-quency vibrators for active seismology[J].Bulletin SeismologicalSociety of America,2005,95:1-17.
[26]Wang Baoshan,Sun Daoyuan,Li Shengjie,et al.The effect ofheterogeneity on rock's ultrasonic attenuation and its correction[J].Earthquake Research in China,2001,17(1):1-7.[王宝善,孙道远,李生杰,等.岩石非均匀性对超声衰减的影响及其修正[J].中国地震,2001,17(1):1-7.]
[27]De Fazio T L,Aki K,Alba J.Solid earth tide and observedchange in the in situ seismic velocity[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1973,78(8):1 319-1 322.
[28]Reasenberg P,Aki K.A precise,continuous measurement ofseismic velocity for monitoring in situ stress[J].Journal of Geo-physical Research,1974,79:399-406.
[29]Li Y G,Vidale J E,Oglesby D D,et al.Multiple-fault ruptureof the M7.1 Hector Mine California,earthquake from fault zonetrapped waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(B3):2165,doi:10.1029/2001JB001456.
[30]Grêt A A,Snieder R,Zbay U.Monitoring in situ stress changesin a mining environment with coda wave interferometry[J].Geo-physical Journal International,2006,167(2):504-508.
[31]Wang Baoshan,Zhu Ping,Chen Yong,et al.Continuous sub-surface velocity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:B12313,doi:10.1029/2007JB005023.
[32]Wang Weitao,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Using activesource to monitor velocity variation in shallow sediment caused bythe Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in China,2009,25(3):223-233.[王伟涛,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.利用主动震源检测汶川地震余震引起的浅层波速变化[J].中国地震,2009,25(3):223-233.]
[33]Wang Baoshan,Yang Wei,Yuan Songyong,et al.An experi-mental study on the excitation of large volume airgun in small vol-ume water body[J].Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2010,7:388-394.
[34]Okaya D,Henrys S,Stem T.Double-side onshore-offshore seis-mic imaging of a plate boundary:“Super-gathers”across southisland,New Zealand[J].Tectonophysics,2002,255:247-263.
[35]Qiu Xuelin,Chen Yong,Zhu Rixiang,et al.The application oflarge volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic sur-veys:Implication from the experimental results in South ChinaSea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(4):463-469.[丘学林,陈颙,朱日祥,等.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析[J].科学通报,2007,52(4):463-469.]
[36]Leary P C,Malin P E,Phinny R A,et al.Systematic monitoringof millisecond travel time variations near Palmdale,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1979,84:659-666.
[37]LearyPC,Malin PE.Millisecond accuratemonitoringof seismictravel times over 13-and 18-kilometer baselines[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1982,87:6 919-6 930.
[38]Chen Yong,Zhang Xiankang,Qiu Xuelin,et al.A new way togenerate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(11):1 317-1 321.[陈颙,张先康,丘学林,等.陆地人工激发地震波的一种新方法[J].科学通报,2007,52(11):1 317-1 321.]
[39]Lin Jianmin,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Study on largevolume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Gophysics,2008,51(1):206-212.[林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源特征及深部介质中传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(1):206-212.]
[40]Lin Jianmin,Wang Baoshan,Ge Hongkui,et al.Characters oflarge volume airgun source excitation[J].Chinese Journal of Go-physics,2010,53(2):342-349.[林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.大容量气枪震源子波激发特性分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(2):342-349.]
[41]Quazi A.An overview on the time delay estimate in active andpassive systems for target localization[J].IEEE Transaltions A-coustics,Speech and Signal Processing,1981,29(3):527-533.
[42]Carter G C.Coherence and time delay estimation[J].Proceed-ings of the IEEE,1987,75(2):236-255.
[43]Snieder R.The theory of coda wave interferometry[J].Pure andApplied Geophysics,2006,163:455-473.
[44]Zhang Wei,Dai Hengchang,Li Xiangyang,et al.Shear wavegenerated by airguns in a reservoir and its splitting[J].Seismolo-gy and Geology,2009,31(1):22-33.[张尉,戴恒昌,李向阳,等.水库气枪震源产生的S波分裂[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):22-33.]
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