金沙江支流冲江河巨型滑坡及其局部复活机理研究
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摘要
中国西南三江活动构造带是大型滑坡的高发区。笔者在滇西北金沙江支流冲江河螺丝湾电站一带发现的巨型滑坡——冲江河滑坡,位于区域性活动断裂带的阶区,属于古地震造成的巨型古滑坡或坐落体,体积可达5.8×108m3。该巨型古滑坡在后期演化中经历了趋稳和局部再复活的过程,其内部存在若干次级滑坡,且表现出级序越低、稳定性越差的特点。在野外调查的基础上,对复活次级滑坡的滑带土进行了环剪试验研究,获得了不同部位滑带土在较大剪切位移条件下的抗剪强度变化规律,认为活动构造带斜坡岩体破碎软弱、坡脚处于应力集中区是冲江河巨型滑坡局部复活的重要因素;在剪切作用下,饱和或近饱和的滑带土因超孔隙水压力而发生液化作用,促进了坡体大变形的发生。试验结果很好地解释了公路坡脚部位,即使少量开挖就可以引起缓慢、持续发生的大变形现象。从滑坡复活机理角度,加强坡面排水和坡前采用抗滑桩技术可以有效控制坡体稳定性。
The Sanjiang active tectonic zone in Southwest China is a large landslide-prone area.A giant landslide,named Chongjianghe landslide,is discovered near Luosiwan Power Station on the Chongjiang River,a branch of Jinsha River,in the northwestern area of Yunnan.The giant landslide is located at the step-fault zone of Zhongdian fault belt,belonging to a giant landslide caused by ancient earthquakes,with a volume of up to 5.8×108m3.The evolution process of the giant ancient landslide experiences a total stabilizing and local reactivations,and is characterized by grading and zoning.i.e.,the giant landslide includes a number of secondary landslides.Generally,the lower its level sequence is,the poorer its stability is.On the basis of field investigation,ring shear tests are completed on the sliding soils from the front edge and the back edge of the secondary reactive landslide respectively,and the shear strengths at different parts of sliding soil under large shear displacement are obtained.The test results show that the breakage and softness of the rock mass in the active tectonic zone,as well as the stress concentration in the slope foot,are important factors for local reactivation of the Chongjianghe giant landslide.Meanwhile,the liquefaction of sliding soil caused by the excess pore water pressure in saturated or nearly saturated soils contributes to the occurrence of large deformation of slope.The test results explain that even a small amount of excavation of the highway slope foot may cause slow,sustained large-deformation phenomenon.At present,such measures as drainage and pile driving should be taken to reinforce the secondary landslide.
The Sanjiang active tectonic zone in Southwest China is a large landslide-prone area.A giant landslide,named Chongjianghe landslide,is discovered near Luosiwan Power Station on the Chongjiang River,a branch of Jinsha River,in the northwestern area of Yunnan.The giant landslide is located at the step-fault zone of Zhongdian fault belt,belonging to a giant landslide caused by ancient earthquakes,with a volume of up to 5.8×108m3.The evolution process of the giant ancient landslide experiences a total stabilizing and local reactivations,and is characterized by grading and zoning.i.e.,the giant landslide includes a number of secondary landslides.Generally,the lower its level sequence is,the poorer its stability is.On the basis of field investigation,ring shear tests are completed on the sliding soils from the front edge and the back edge of the secondary reactive landslide respectively,and the shear strengths at different parts of sliding soil under large shear displacement are obtained.The test results show that the breakage and softness of the rock mass in the active tectonic zone,as well as the stress concentration in the slope foot,are important factors for local reactivation of the Chongjianghe giant landslide.Meanwhile,the liquefaction of sliding soil caused by the excess pore water pressure in saturated or nearly saturated soils contributes to the occurrence of large deformation of slope.The test results explain that even a small amount of excavation of the highway slope foot may cause slow,sustained large-deformation phenomenon.At present,such measures as drainage and pile driving should be taken to reinforce the secondary landslide.
引文
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[16]刘高,李新召,邓建丽,等.岩体力学参数变异性及取值方法[J].西北地震学报,2008,30(1):1–5.(LIU Gao,LIXin-zhao,DENG Jian-li,et al.Variability of mechanicalparameters of rock mass and its selection method[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2008,30(1):1–5.(inChinese))
[17]YILDIZ A,KUSCU M,DUMLUPUNAR I,et al.Thedetermination of the mineralogical alteration index and theinvestigation of the efficiency of the hydrothermal alterationon physico-mechanical properties in volcanic rocks fromKoprulu,Afyonkarahisar,West Turkey[J].Bulletin ofEngineering Geology and the Environment,2009,69(1):51–61.
[18]杨燕,付小敏.某工程蚀变岩抗剪强度特性的影响因素[J].实验室研究与探索,2009,28(1):42–44,107.(YANGYan,FU Xiao-min.Study on project altered rock shearstrength characteristics factors[J].Research and Explorationin Laboratory,2009,28(1):42–44,107.(in Chinese))
[19]张永双,胡道功,吴中海,等.滇藏铁路滇藏铁路沿线地壳稳定性及重大工程地质问题[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.(ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong,WU Zhong-hai,et al.Research on the crustal stability and key engineeringgeological problems along the Yunnan-Tibet railway[M].Beijing:Geosciences Press,2009.(in Chinese))
[20]SKEMPTON A W.Residual strength of clays in landslides,folded strata and the laboratory[J].Géotechnique,1986,35(1):3–18.
[21]SASSA K,FUKUOKA H,WANG G H,et al.Undraineddynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and its application tolandslide dynamics[J].Landslides,2004(1):7–19.
[22]SASSA Kyoji,FUKUOKA Hiroshi,WANG Gonghui,et al.Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and itsapplication to landslide dynamics[J].Landslides,2004,1(1):7–19.
[23]杨志双,许清涛,刘正华,等.大型高速环剪试验机及其在滑坡研究中的应用[J].长春科技大学学报,2001,31(2):163–167.(YANG Zhi-shuang,XU Qing-tao,LIUZheng-hua,et al.The large-scale and high-speed ring-sheartest apparatus and application of studying the landslide[J].Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology,2001,31(2):163–167.(in Chinese))
[24]戴福初,王思敬,李焯芬.香港大屿山残坡积土的残余强度试验研究[J].工程地质学报,1998,6(3):223–229.(DAIFu-chu,WANG Si-jing,LEE C F.The drained residualstrength of volcanics derived soil sampled on Lantau island,Hong Kong[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1998,6(3):223–229.(in Chinese))
[25]ZHANG Ming,YIN Yue-ping,HU Rui-lin,et al.Ring sheartest for transform mechanism of slide-debris flow[J].Engineering Geology,2011,118(3/4):55–62.
[26]胡明鉴,汪发武,程谦恭.基于高速环剪试验易贡巨型滑坡形成原因试验探索[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(10):1602–1606.(HU Ming-jian,WANG Fa-wu,CHENGQian-gong.Formation of tremendous Yigong landslide basedon high-speed shear tests[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2009,31(10):1602–1606.(in Chinese))
[2]WEIDINGER J T.Landslide dams in the high mountains ofIndia,Nepal and China-stability and life span of theirdammed lakes[J].Italian Journal of Engineering Geology andEnvironment,2006,1:67–80.(special issue)
[3]HUANG Run-qiu.Some catastrophic landslides since thetwentieth century in the southwest of China[J].Landslides,2009,6(1):69–81.
[4]刘彬,聂德新.断层泥强度参数与含水率关系研究.岩土工程学报,2006,28(12):2164–2167.(LIU Bin,NIEDe-xin.Study on relation between strength parameter andwater content of gouge[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2006,28(12):2164–2167.(in Chinese))
[5]ZHANG Yong-shuang,GUO Chang-bao,QU Yong-xin,et al.Engineering geological properties of altered rocks andimplications for railway construction in the Sanjiang orogenicbelt,Southwest China[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geologyand the Environment,2011,70(1):143–152.
[6]郑世华,刘延文,王涛,等.巴迪滑坡滑带土力学参数取值方法及稳定性分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2006,17(4):43–46.(ZHENG Shi-hua,LIU Yan-wen,WANG Tao,et al.Method of mechanical parameter choose on slip bandsoil&its stability analysis for the analysis for the Badilandslide[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and EnvironmentPreservation,2006,17(4):43–46.(in Chinese))
[7]张永双,张加桂,雷伟志,等.中国西南泛亚大通道环境工程地质问题概论[J].地学前缘,2007,14(6):24–30.(ZHANG Yong-shuang,ZHANG Jia-gui,LEI Wei-zhi,et al.Discussion on environmental geological problems in theareas from Southwest China to Southeast Asia[J].EarthScience Frontiers,2007,14(6):24–30.(in Chinese))
[8]MARTEL S J.Mechanics of landslide initiation as a shearfracture phenomenon[J].Marine Geology,2004,203(3/4):319–339.
[9]黄润秋.中国西南岩石高边坡的主要特征及其演化[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3):292–297.(HUANG Run-qiu.Main characteristics of high rock slopes in southwesternChina and their dynamic evolution[J].Advance in EarthSciences,2005,20(3):292–297.(in Chinese))
[10]李进华,邓丽君,王俊晖,等.香港的新构造断裂活动与天然山体滑坡关系的初步研究[J].华南地震,2008,28(2):108–118.(LI Jin-hua,DENG Li-jun,WANG Jun-hui,et al.Preliminary study of neotectonic fault movement and itseffect on natural terrain landslides in Hong Kong[J].SouthChina Journal of Seismology,2008,28(2):108–118.(inChinese))
[11]ZHANG Y S,ZHAO X T,LAN H X,et al.A Pleistocenelandslide-dammed lake,Jinsha River,Yunnan,China[J].Quaternary International,2011,233(1):72–80.
[12]PASCAL C,ROBERTS D,GABRIELSEN R H.Quantification of neotectonic stress orientations andmagnitudes from field observations in Finnmark,northernNorway[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(5):859–870.
[13]FUTALAN K M,BISCARO J R D,Saturay Jr R M,et al.Assessment of potential slope failure sites at Mt.Can-abag,Guinsaugon,Philippines,based on stratigraphy and rockstrength[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and theEnvironment,2010,69(4):517–521.
[14]罗先启,葛修润.滑坡模型试验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.(LUO Xian-qi,GE Xiu-run.Theory and application of model test on landslide[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2008.(in Chinese))
[15]李晓,李守定,陈剑,等.地质灾害形成的内外动力耦合作用机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(9):1792–1801.(LI Xiao,LI Shou-ding,CHEN Jian,et al.Couplingeffect mechanism of endogenic and exogenic geologicalprocesses of geological hazards evolution[J].Chinese Journalof Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(9):1792–1801.(in Chinese))
[16]刘高,李新召,邓建丽,等.岩体力学参数变异性及取值方法[J].西北地震学报,2008,30(1):1–5.(LIU Gao,LIXin-zhao,DENG Jian-li,et al.Variability of mechanicalparameters of rock mass and its selection method[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2008,30(1):1–5.(inChinese))
[17]YILDIZ A,KUSCU M,DUMLUPUNAR I,et al.Thedetermination of the mineralogical alteration index and theinvestigation of the efficiency of the hydrothermal alterationon physico-mechanical properties in volcanic rocks fromKoprulu,Afyonkarahisar,West Turkey[J].Bulletin ofEngineering Geology and the Environment,2009,69(1):51–61.
[18]杨燕,付小敏.某工程蚀变岩抗剪强度特性的影响因素[J].实验室研究与探索,2009,28(1):42–44,107.(YANGYan,FU Xiao-min.Study on project altered rock shearstrength characteristics factors[J].Research and Explorationin Laboratory,2009,28(1):42–44,107.(in Chinese))
[19]张永双,胡道功,吴中海,等.滇藏铁路滇藏铁路沿线地壳稳定性及重大工程地质问题[M].北京:地质出版社,2009.(ZHANG Yong-shuang,HU Dao-gong,WU Zhong-hai,et al.Research on the crustal stability and key engineeringgeological problems along the Yunnan-Tibet railway[M].Beijing:Geosciences Press,2009.(in Chinese))
[20]SKEMPTON A W.Residual strength of clays in landslides,folded strata and the laboratory[J].Géotechnique,1986,35(1):3–18.
[21]SASSA K,FUKUOKA H,WANG G H,et al.Undraineddynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and its application tolandslide dynamics[J].Landslides,2004(1):7–19.
[22]SASSA Kyoji,FUKUOKA Hiroshi,WANG Gonghui,et al.Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and itsapplication to landslide dynamics[J].Landslides,2004,1(1):7–19.
[23]杨志双,许清涛,刘正华,等.大型高速环剪试验机及其在滑坡研究中的应用[J].长春科技大学学报,2001,31(2):163–167.(YANG Zhi-shuang,XU Qing-tao,LIUZheng-hua,et al.The large-scale and high-speed ring-sheartest apparatus and application of studying the landslide[J].Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology,2001,31(2):163–167.(in Chinese))
[24]戴福初,王思敬,李焯芬.香港大屿山残坡积土的残余强度试验研究[J].工程地质学报,1998,6(3):223–229.(DAIFu-chu,WANG Si-jing,LEE C F.The drained residualstrength of volcanics derived soil sampled on Lantau island,Hong Kong[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1998,6(3):223–229.(in Chinese))
[25]ZHANG Ming,YIN Yue-ping,HU Rui-lin,et al.Ring sheartest for transform mechanism of slide-debris flow[J].Engineering Geology,2011,118(3/4):55–62.
[26]胡明鉴,汪发武,程谦恭.基于高速环剪试验易贡巨型滑坡形成原因试验探索[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(10):1602–1606.(HU Ming-jian,WANG Fa-wu,CHENGQian-gong.Formation of tremendous Yigong landslide basedon high-speed shear tests[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2009,31(10):1602–1606.(in Chinese))
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