河套断陷带主要活动断裂最新地表破裂事件与历史大地震
|
摘要
对于历史记录的公元849年大地震的发震构造尚存在一定争议,公元前7年大地震是否发生在河套断陷带,也没有得到确认。通过影像解译、野外地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,结合14C和单颗粒OSL测年,利用构造地貌分析及古地震手段,对大青山山前断裂、乌拉山山前断裂及狼山山前断裂的最新破裂事件进行了对比研究。为了尽可能降低古地震定年的不确定性,采取了序列采样、重点层位多采样等措施。结合以往研究成果认为,大青山山前断裂应为公元849年大地震的发震构造,而狼山山前断裂最近1次地震破裂事件可能与公元前7年大地震有关。
Hetao fault-depression zone,the largest one of 4 fault-depression zones around the Ordos block,is characterized by intense tectonic activities. According to historical records,2 large earthquakes,occurring in 849 AD and 7BC respectively,were recognized to be located at this zone. However,there is still some dispute about the seismogenic structure of the 849 AD earthquake,and there is no tangible geological evidence to support the view that the 7BC event occurred in Hetao fault-depression. In this paper,based on the image interpretation( from Google Earth),field investigation,trench excavation,and14 C and single grain OSL dating,we analyzed the tectonic landform and paleoseismic events on the Daqingshan piedmont fault,Wulashan piedmont fault and Langshan piedmont fault in the Hetao faultdepression zone. Furthermore,a comparative study of the latest rupture events on the 3 active faults was carried out. In order to lower the uncertainty of paleoseismic event dating,several effective measures,such as sampling according to the stratigraphic sequence,collecting multi samples in important strata,were adopted. Combining the previous achievements, the seismogenic structures of the 849 AD earthquake and the 7BC earthquake were discussed. The results support that the Daqingshan piedmont fault is the seismogenic structure of the 849 AD earthquake,and the latest surface rupture event of the Langshan piedmont fault may be related to the 7BC earthquake.
Hetao fault-depression zone,the largest one of 4 fault-depression zones around the Ordos block,is characterized by intense tectonic activities. According to historical records,2 large earthquakes,occurring in 849 AD and 7BC respectively,were recognized to be located at this zone. However,there is still some dispute about the seismogenic structure of the 849 AD earthquake,and there is no tangible geological evidence to support the view that the 7BC event occurred in Hetao fault-depression. In this paper,based on the image interpretation( from Google Earth),field investigation,trench excavation,and14 C and single grain OSL dating,we analyzed the tectonic landform and paleoseismic events on the Daqingshan piedmont fault,Wulashan piedmont fault and Langshan piedmont fault in the Hetao faultdepression zone. Furthermore,a comparative study of the latest rupture events on the 3 active faults was carried out. In order to lower the uncertainty of paleoseismic event dating,several effective measures,such as sampling according to the stratigraphic sequence,collecting multi samples in important strata,were adopted. Combining the previous achievements, the seismogenic structures of the 849 AD earthquake and the 7BC earthquake were discussed. The results support that the Daqingshan piedmont fault is the seismogenic structure of the 849 AD earthquake,and the latest surface rupture event of the Langshan piedmont fault may be related to the 7BC earthquake.
引文
陈立春.2002.河套断陷带的古地震、强震复发规律和未来可能强震地点[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.CHEN Li-chun.2002.Paleoearthquakes,the law of strong earthquake recurrence and potential sites for the occurrenceof future strong earthquakes in the Hetao fault-depression zone[D].Master dissertation.Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383—392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383—392(in Chinese).
邓起东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等.2007.中国活动构造图(1︰400万)[Z].北京:地震出版社.DENG Qi-dong,RAN Yong-kang,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2007.Active Tectonics Map of China(1︰4000000)[Z].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
方盛明,赵成彬,柴炽章,等.2009.银川断陷盆地地壳结构与构造的地震学证据[J].地球物理学报,52(7):1768—1775.FANG Sheng-ming,ZHAO Cheng-bin,CHAI Chi-zhang,et al.2009.Seismic evidence of crustal structures in theYinchuan faulted basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(7):1768—1775(in Chinese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Ordos Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active FaultSystem around Ordos Massif[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[M].北京:地震出版社.Earthquake Disaster Prevention Department of State Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalogue of Chinese HistoricalStrong Earthquake(from the 23rd Century BC to 1911 AD)[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
江娃利.2002.内蒙古狼山-色尔腾山山前活动断裂古地震事件识别及同震垂直位移[A].见:国家地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(15).北京:地震出版社.45—52.JIANG Wa-li.2002.Paleo-earthquake event and co-seismic vertical deformation recognition along the Langshan—Sertengshan piedmont fault,Inner Monglia[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(15).Seismological Press,Beijing.45—52(in Chinese).
江娃利,肖振敏,王焕贞,等.2001.内蒙古大青山山前活动断裂带的地震破裂分段特征[J].地震地质,23(1):24—34.JIANG Wa-li,XIAO Zhen-min.WANG Huan-zhen,et al.2001.Segmentation character of seismic surface ruptures ofthe piedmont active fault of Mt.Daqingshan,Inner Mongolia[J].Seismology and Geology,23(1):24—34(inChinese).
李克,吴卫民,杨发.1994.大青山山前活动断裂分段性研究[A].见:中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会编.中国活动断层研究.北京:地震出版社.102—113.LI Ke,WU Wei-min,YANG Fa.1994.A study on segmentation of Daqingshan piedmont active fault[A].In:Seismo-Geological Committee of Chinese Seismological Society(ed).Research on Active Faults in China.Seismological Press,Beijing.102—113(in Chinese).
李善邦.1981.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社.LI Shan-bang.1981.Chinese Earthquakes[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
马保起,盛小青,张守仁,等.1998.乌拉山山前断裂晚第四纪活动研究[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(15).北京:地震出版社.22—27.MA Bao-qi,SHENG Xiao-qing,ZHANG Shou-ren,et al.1998.Late Quaternary activities of the Wulashan piedmontfault[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Earthquake Administration(ed).Crustal Tectonics andCrustal Stress(15).Seismological Press,Beijing.22—27(in Chinese).
聂宗笙,江娃利,吴卫民.1996.内蒙古大青山山前断裂带西段全新世古地震的大探槽研究[A].见:中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(5).北京:地震出版社.125—135.NIE Zong-sheng,JIANG Wa-li,WU Wei-min.1996.Study on Holocene paleoearthquakes in large trenches on thewestern segment of Daqingshan piedmont fault zone,Inner Mongolia[A].In:Institute of Geology,ChinaEarthquake Administration(ed).Research on Active Faults(5).Seismological Press,Beijing.125—135(inChinese).
聂宗笙,吴卫民,马保起.2010.公元849年内蒙古包头东地震地表破裂带及地震参数讨论[J].地震学报,32(1):94—107.NIE Zong-sheng,WU Wei-min,MA Bao-qi.2010.Surface rupture of the AD 849 earthquake occurred to the east ofBaotou City,China,and discussion on its parameters[J].Acta Seismologica Sinca,32(1):94—107(inChinese).
冉勇康,陈立春,杨晓平,等.2003.鄂尔多斯地块北缘主要活动断裂晚第四纪强震复发特征[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):135—143.RAN Yong-kang,CHEN Li-chun,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2003.Recurrence characteristics of late-Quaternary strongearthquakes on the major faults along the northern border of Ordos block[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(2suppl):189—200.
孙加林.1985.鄂尔多斯块体北部边缘发生强震的危险性[J].西北地震学报,(增刊):13—23.SUN Jia-lin.1985.Strong earthquake assessment in the north edge of Ordos[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,(Suppl):13—23(in Chinese).
吴卫民,李克,马保起,等.1995.大青山山前断裂带大型组合探槽的全新世古地震研究[A].见:中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社.123—132.WU Wei-min,LI Ke,MA Bao-qi,et al.1995.Research on Holocene paleoearthquakes using large combinated trenchalong the Daqingshan piedmont fault,Inner Mongolia[A].In:Institute of Geology,China EarthquakeAdministration(ed).Research on Active Faults(4).Seismological Press,Beijing.123—132(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and itsseismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
杨晓平,冉勇康,胡博,等.2003.内蒙古色尔腾山山前断裂带乌加河段古地震活动[J].地震学报,25(1):62—71.YANG Xiao-ping,RAN Yong-kang,HU bo,et al.2003.Paleoseismic activity on Wujiahe segment of Sertengpiedmont fault,Inner Monglia[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,25(1):62—71(in Chinese).
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1066—1073.ZHANG Pei-zhen,XU Xi-wei,Wen Xue-ze,et al.2008.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshanactive fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(4):1066—1073(in Chinese).
Aochi H,Ide S.2011.Conceptual multi-scale dynamic rupture model for the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohokuearthquake[J].Earth Planets Space,63(7):761—765.
Berger G,Doran P,Thomsen K J.2010.Single-grain and multigrain luminescence dating of on-ice and lake-bottomdeposits at Lake Hoare,Taylor Valley,Antarctica[J].Quaternary Geochronology,5(6):679—690.
Crone A J,Machette M N,Bonilla M G,et al.1987.Surface faulting accompanying the Borah Peak earthquake andsegmentation of the Lost River Fault,central Idaho[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,77(3):739—770.
Duller G A.2006.Single grain optical dating of glacigenic deposits[J].Quaternary Geochronology,1(4):296—304.
Finzi Y,Langer S.2012.Damage in step-overs may enable large cascading earthquakes[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,39:L16303.
Harris R A,Day S M.1999.Dynamic 3D simulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,26(14):2089—2092.
Liu-Zeng J,Klinger Y,Sieh K,et al.2006.Serial ruptures of the San Andreas Fault,Carrizo Plain,California,revealed by three-dimensional excavations[J].J Geophys Res,111:B02306.doi:10.1029/2004JB003601.
McC alpin J.1996.Paleoseismology(2ndEdition)[M].Academic Press.
Ramsey C B.1998.Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy:The OxC al program[J].Radiocarbon,37:425—430.
Sieh K,Stuiver M,Brillinger D.1989.A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas Faultin southern California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),94(B1):603—623.
Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.1984.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:Examples from the Wasatch andSan Andreas Fault zones[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),89(B7):5681—5698.
Thomsen K J,Murray A,Btter-Jensen L,et al.2007.Determination of burial dose in incompletely bleached fluviasamples using single grains of quartz[J].Radiation Measurements,42(3):370—379.
Wallace R E.1987.A perspective of paleoseismologyt[A].In:Crone A J et al.(eds).Directions iPaleoseismology.U S Geological Survey Open-File Report,87—673.
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383—392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383—392(in Chinese).
邓起东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等.2007.中国活动构造图(1︰400万)[Z].北京:地震出版社.DENG Qi-dong,RAN Yong-kang,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2007.Active Tectonics Map of China(1︰4000000)[Z].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
方盛明,赵成彬,柴炽章,等.2009.银川断陷盆地地壳结构与构造的地震学证据[J].地球物理学报,52(7):1768—1775.FANG Sheng-ming,ZHAO Cheng-bin,CHAI Chi-zhang,et al.2009.Seismic evidence of crustal structures in theYinchuan faulted basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(7):1768—1775(in Chinese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Ordos Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active FaultSystem around Ordos Massif[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[M].北京:地震出版社.Earthquake Disaster Prevention Department of State Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalogue of Chinese HistoricalStrong Earthquake(from the 23rd Century BC to 1911 AD)[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
江娃利.2002.内蒙古狼山-色尔腾山山前活动断裂古地震事件识别及同震垂直位移[A].见:国家地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(15).北京:地震出版社.45—52.JIANG Wa-li.2002.Paleo-earthquake event and co-seismic vertical deformation recognition along the Langshan—Sertengshan piedmont fault,Inner Monglia[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,State Seismological Bureau(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(15).Seismological Press,Beijing.45—52(in Chinese).
江娃利,肖振敏,王焕贞,等.2001.内蒙古大青山山前活动断裂带的地震破裂分段特征[J].地震地质,23(1):24—34.JIANG Wa-li,XIAO Zhen-min.WANG Huan-zhen,et al.2001.Segmentation character of seismic surface ruptures ofthe piedmont active fault of Mt.Daqingshan,Inner Mongolia[J].Seismology and Geology,23(1):24—34(inChinese).
李克,吴卫民,杨发.1994.大青山山前活动断裂分段性研究[A].见:中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会编.中国活动断层研究.北京:地震出版社.102—113.LI Ke,WU Wei-min,YANG Fa.1994.A study on segmentation of Daqingshan piedmont active fault[A].In:Seismo-Geological Committee of Chinese Seismological Society(ed).Research on Active Faults in China.Seismological Press,Beijing.102—113(in Chinese).
李善邦.1981.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社.LI Shan-bang.1981.Chinese Earthquakes[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
马保起,盛小青,张守仁,等.1998.乌拉山山前断裂晚第四纪活动研究[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力文集(15).北京:地震出版社.22—27.MA Bao-qi,SHENG Xiao-qing,ZHANG Shou-ren,et al.1998.Late Quaternary activities of the Wulashan piedmontfault[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Earthquake Administration(ed).Crustal Tectonics andCrustal Stress(15).Seismological Press,Beijing.22—27(in Chinese).
聂宗笙,江娃利,吴卫民.1996.内蒙古大青山山前断裂带西段全新世古地震的大探槽研究[A].见:中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(5).北京:地震出版社.125—135.NIE Zong-sheng,JIANG Wa-li,WU Wei-min.1996.Study on Holocene paleoearthquakes in large trenches on thewestern segment of Daqingshan piedmont fault zone,Inner Mongolia[A].In:Institute of Geology,ChinaEarthquake Administration(ed).Research on Active Faults(5).Seismological Press,Beijing.125—135(inChinese).
聂宗笙,吴卫民,马保起.2010.公元849年内蒙古包头东地震地表破裂带及地震参数讨论[J].地震学报,32(1):94—107.NIE Zong-sheng,WU Wei-min,MA Bao-qi.2010.Surface rupture of the AD 849 earthquake occurred to the east ofBaotou City,China,and discussion on its parameters[J].Acta Seismologica Sinca,32(1):94—107(inChinese).
冉勇康,陈立春,杨晓平,等.2003.鄂尔多斯地块北缘主要活动断裂晚第四纪强震复发特征[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):135—143.RAN Yong-kang,CHEN Li-chun,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.2003.Recurrence characteristics of late-Quaternary strongearthquakes on the major faults along the northern border of Ordos block[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(2suppl):189—200.
孙加林.1985.鄂尔多斯块体北部边缘发生强震的危险性[J].西北地震学报,(增刊):13—23.SUN Jia-lin.1985.Strong earthquake assessment in the north edge of Ordos[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,(Suppl):13—23(in Chinese).
吴卫民,李克,马保起,等.1995.大青山山前断裂带大型组合探槽的全新世古地震研究[A].见:中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社.123—132.WU Wei-min,LI Ke,MA Bao-qi,et al.1995.Research on Holocene paleoearthquakes using large combinated trenchalong the Daqingshan piedmont fault,Inner Mongolia[A].In:Institute of Geology,China EarthquakeAdministration(ed).Research on Active Faults(4).Seismological Press,Beijing.123—132(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and itsseismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
杨晓平,冉勇康,胡博,等.2003.内蒙古色尔腾山山前断裂带乌加河段古地震活动[J].地震学报,25(1):62—71.YANG Xiao-ping,RAN Yong-kang,HU bo,et al.2003.Paleoseismic activity on Wujiahe segment of Sertengpiedmont fault,Inner Monglia[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,25(1):62—71(in Chinese).
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1066—1073.ZHANG Pei-zhen,XU Xi-wei,Wen Xue-ze,et al.2008.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshanactive fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(4):1066—1073(in Chinese).
Aochi H,Ide S.2011.Conceptual multi-scale dynamic rupture model for the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohokuearthquake[J].Earth Planets Space,63(7):761—765.
Berger G,Doran P,Thomsen K J.2010.Single-grain and multigrain luminescence dating of on-ice and lake-bottomdeposits at Lake Hoare,Taylor Valley,Antarctica[J].Quaternary Geochronology,5(6):679—690.
Crone A J,Machette M N,Bonilla M G,et al.1987.Surface faulting accompanying the Borah Peak earthquake andsegmentation of the Lost River Fault,central Idaho[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,77(3):739—770.
Duller G A.2006.Single grain optical dating of glacigenic deposits[J].Quaternary Geochronology,1(4):296—304.
Finzi Y,Langer S.2012.Damage in step-overs may enable large cascading earthquakes[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,39:L16303.
Harris R A,Day S M.1999.Dynamic 3D simulations of earthquakes on en echelon faults[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,26(14):2089—2092.
Liu-Zeng J,Klinger Y,Sieh K,et al.2006.Serial ruptures of the San Andreas Fault,Carrizo Plain,California,revealed by three-dimensional excavations[J].J Geophys Res,111:B02306.doi:10.1029/2004JB003601.
McC alpin J.1996.Paleoseismology(2ndEdition)[M].Academic Press.
Ramsey C B.1998.Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy:The OxC al program[J].Radiocarbon,37:425—430.
Sieh K,Stuiver M,Brillinger D.1989.A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas Faultin southern California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),94(B1):603—623.
Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.1984.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:Examples from the Wasatch andSan Andreas Fault zones[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),89(B7):5681—5698.
Thomsen K J,Murray A,Btter-Jensen L,et al.2007.Determination of burial dose in incompletely bleached fluviasamples using single grains of quartz[J].Radiation Measurements,42(3):370—379.
Wallace R E.1987.A perspective of paleoseismologyt[A].In:Crone A J et al.(eds).Directions iPaleoseismology.U S Geological Survey Open-File Report,87—673.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心