龙门山晚新生代均衡反弹隆升的定量研究
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摘要
龙门山位于青藏高原东缘与四川盆地的交接部位,是青藏高原周边山脉中地形梯度变化最大的山脉,其隆升过程和机制一直是国际地学界关注的焦点。晚新生代经过大量的滑坡、泥石流等快速剥蚀作用,龙门山的高程却不断升高。讨论了龙门山构造隆升的3种地球动力学机制,即下地壳通道流机制、地壳挤压缩短变形机制、地壳均衡反弹机制。晚新生代龙门山的隆升与剥蚀引起的均衡反弹作用相关,剥蚀作用使得地壳岩石逐步被移去,剥蚀区重力损失,岩石圈或地壳卸载作用导致山脉顶峰的隆升。结合数字高程模型数据研究表明,巨大地震的长期同震构造变形以及滑坡、泥石流等引起的快速剥蚀所导致的地壳均衡反弹,可能是龙门山晚新生代构造隆升的地球动力学新机制。龙门山地区现今高程受构造作用与剥蚀引起的均衡反弹作用的共同影响,其中剥蚀引起的均衡反弹作用对龙门山隆升的影响贡献率约占30%。
Longmen Shan is located at the boundary between the Sichuan Basin and the eastern margin of Tibe-tan Plateau,representing the steepest gradient of any edges of the plateau.Its uplifting process and mechanism are important scientific issues studied by international geologists.Especially after the large amount of denudation such as landslides and debris flows since Late Cenozoic,Longmen Shan did not reduce the elevation,but continually uplifted.This article discussed three popular geodynamic mechanisms about Longmen Shan tectonic uplift in Late Cenozoic,i.e.channel flow in the lower crust,crustal shortening deformation and crustal isostatic rebound.The uplift of Longmen Shan in Late Cenozoic is related to isostatic rebound associated with erosion.The erosion denuded crustal rocks gradually,and the space occupied by the original erosional material was replaced by air,which led the lithosphere or crust to produce negative load and caused uplift of the mountain.Combining with digital elevation model data,this research revealed that the coseismic deformation caused by repeated large seismic events and isostatic rebound induced by rapid surface erosion,such as earthquake,landslide and debris flow,might be a new geodynamic mechanism to drive ongoing mountain building of Longmen Shan.The elevation of Longmen Shan nowadays may be controlled by tectonic and erosion-induced isostatic rebound effects,and the contribution of erosion-induced isostatic rebound on the uplift of Longmen Shan is about 30%.
Longmen Shan is located at the boundary between the Sichuan Basin and the eastern margin of Tibe-tan Plateau,representing the steepest gradient of any edges of the plateau.Its uplifting process and mechanism are important scientific issues studied by international geologists.Especially after the large amount of denudation such as landslides and debris flows since Late Cenozoic,Longmen Shan did not reduce the elevation,but continually uplifted.This article discussed three popular geodynamic mechanisms about Longmen Shan tectonic uplift in Late Cenozoic,i.e.channel flow in the lower crust,crustal shortening deformation and crustal isostatic rebound.The uplift of Longmen Shan in Late Cenozoic is related to isostatic rebound associated with erosion.The erosion denuded crustal rocks gradually,and the space occupied by the original erosional material was replaced by air,which led the lithosphere or crust to produce negative load and caused uplift of the mountain.Combining with digital elevation model data,this research revealed that the coseismic deformation caused by repeated large seismic events and isostatic rebound induced by rapid surface erosion,such as earthquake,landslide and debris flow,might be a new geodynamic mechanism to drive ongoing mountain building of Longmen Shan.The elevation of Longmen Shan nowadays may be controlled by tectonic and erosion-induced isostatic rebound effects,and the contribution of erosion-induced isostatic rebound on the uplift of Longmen Shan is about 30%.
引文
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[14]张赤军.均衡异常与喜马拉雅隆起[J].地壳形变与地震,1997,17(3):16-19.
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[17]王二七,樊春,王刚,等.滇西哀牢山—点苍山形成的构造和地貌过程[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(2):220-227.
[18]石许华,王二七,王刚,等.青藏高原东南缘玉龙雪山(5596 m)晚新生代隆升的侵蚀与构造控制作用[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(2):222-231.
[19]贾营营,付碧宏,王岩,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带晚新生代构造地貌生长及水系响应[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):825-836.
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[22]Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Science,2001,294:1671-1677.
[23]Enkelmann E,Ratschbacher L,Jonckheere R,et al.Cenozoic exhumation and deformation of Northeastern Tibet and the Qin-ling:Is Tibetan lower crustal flow diverging around the Sichuan Basin?[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2006,118(5/6):651-671.
[24]England P C,Houseman G A.Finite strain calculations of conti-nental deformation:Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91:3664-3676.
[25]Jia D,Wei G Q,Chen Z X,et al.Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt and its relation to the Western Sichuan Basin in Central China:New insights from hydrocarbon exploration[J].American Asso-ciation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2006,90:1425-1447.
[26]Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseismic reverse-and ob-lique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008Mw7.9Wen-chuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[27]付碧宏,时丕龙,张之武.四川汶川Ms8.0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1679-1687.
[28]李勇,Densmore A L,周荣军,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代剥蚀厚度与弹性挠曲模拟[J].地质学报,2005,79(5):608-614.
[29]Densmore A L,Li Y,Ellis M A,et al.Active tectonics and ero-sional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,2(2):146-154.
[30]王毛毛,贾东,李一泉,等.龙门山褶皱冲断带南北分段性与汶川地震的关系[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(7):711-720.
[31]Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P.Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implication[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B07307.
[32]Molnar P,England P.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate changes:Chicken or egg?[J]Nature,1990,346:29-34.
[33]Montgomery D R.Valley incision and the uplift of mountain peaks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99:13913-13921.
[34]Ollier C D,Pain C F.The Origin of Mountains[M].London:Routledge Press,2000:1-347.
[35]刘树根,罗志立,赵锡奎,等.中国西部盆山系统的耦合关系及其动力学模式:以龙门山造山带—川西前陆盆地系统为例[J].地质学报,2003,77(3):204-214.
[36]张世民,丁锐,毛昌伟,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山山系构造隆起的地貌表现[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):791-802.
[37]Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,et al.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:Implications for mechanisms driving quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geological Society America Bulletin,2000,112(3):375-393.
[38]Clark M K,Royden L H,Whipple K X,et al.Use of a regional,relict landscape to measure vertical deformation of the eastern Ti-betan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:1-23.
[39]Zhang Z J,Wang Y H,Chen Y,et al.Crustal structure across Longmenshan fault belt from passive source seismic profiling[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:1-4.
[40]龙锋,倪四道,闻学泽.用远震接收函数研究龙门山断裂带与其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布[J].地球学报,2011,32(4):438-446.
[41]Turcotte D L,Schubert G.Geodynamics:Application of Continu-um Physics to Geological Problems[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1982:450.
[42]Angevine C L,Heller P L,Paola C.Quantitative sedimentary ba-sin modeling[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Shortcourse Note,1990,32:247.
[2]Clark M K,Bush J W M,Royden L H.Dynamic topography pro-duced by lower crustal flow against rheological strength heteroge-neities bordering the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Journal International,2005,162:575-590.
[3]Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow[J].Geology,2000,28:703-706.
[4]Clark M K.The significance of paleotopography[J].Reviews in Mineralogy&Geochemistry,2007,66:1-21.
[5]Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A,et al.Late Cenozoic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:Inferences from 40 Ar/39 Ar and(U-Th)/He thermochronology[J].Tectonics,2002,21(1):1-20.
[6]Kirby E,Whipple K,Harkins N.Topography reveals seismic hazard[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1:485-487.
[7]Liu-Zeng J,Tapponnier P,Gaudemer Y,et al.Quantifying land-scape differences across the Tibetan plateau:Implications for topo-graphic relief evolution[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:1-26.
[8]Liu-Zeng J,Zhang Z,Wen L,et al.Co-seismic ruptures of the 12May2008,Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan:East-west crustal shortening on oblique,parallel thrusts along the east-ern edge of Tibet[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,286(3/4):355-370.
[9]Fu B H,Shi P L,Guo H D,et al.Surface deformation related to the2008Wenchuan earthquake,and mountain building of the Longmen Shan,eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40:805-824.
[10]Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.Surface deforma-tion and lower crustal flow in Eastern Tibet[J].Science,1997,276:788-790.
[11]Hubbard J,Shaw J H.Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan Plateau,and the2008Wenchuan(M=7.9)earthquake[J].Nature,2009,458:194-197.
[12]Kono M.Gravity anomalies in east Nepal and their implication to crustal structure of Himalaya[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1974,39:283-299.
[13]Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision[J].Science,1975,189:419-426.
[14]张赤军.均衡异常与喜马拉雅隆起[J].地壳形变与地震,1997,17(3):16-19.
[15]肖序常.谈谈世界屋脊——青藏高原的隆升问题[J].百科知识,1994(12):4-7.
[16]李廷栋.青藏高原隆升的过程和机制[J].地球学报,1995,17(1):1-9.
[17]王二七,樊春,王刚,等.滇西哀牢山—点苍山形成的构造和地貌过程[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(2):220-227.
[18]石许华,王二七,王刚,等.青藏高原东南缘玉龙雪山(5596 m)晚新生代隆升的侵蚀与构造控制作用[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(2):222-231.
[19]贾营营,付碧宏,王岩,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带晚新生代构造地貌生长及水系响应[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):825-836.
[20]方剑,张赤军.利用均衡重力异常反演中国西部构造应力场[M]//中国地球物理学会.中国地球物理学会第22届年会论文集.北京:中国地球物理学会,2006:736.
[21]Meng Q R,Hu J M,Wang E,et al.Late Cenozoic denudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,243(1/2):252-267.
[22]Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Science,2001,294:1671-1677.
[23]Enkelmann E,Ratschbacher L,Jonckheere R,et al.Cenozoic exhumation and deformation of Northeastern Tibet and the Qin-ling:Is Tibetan lower crustal flow diverging around the Sichuan Basin?[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2006,118(5/6):651-671.
[24]England P C,Houseman G A.Finite strain calculations of conti-nental deformation:Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91:3664-3676.
[25]Jia D,Wei G Q,Chen Z X,et al.Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt and its relation to the Western Sichuan Basin in Central China:New insights from hydrocarbon exploration[J].American Asso-ciation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,2006,90:1425-1447.
[26]Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseismic reverse-and ob-lique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008Mw7.9Wen-chuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[27]付碧宏,时丕龙,张之武.四川汶川Ms8.0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1679-1687.
[28]李勇,Densmore A L,周荣军,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代剥蚀厚度与弹性挠曲模拟[J].地质学报,2005,79(5):608-614.
[29]Densmore A L,Li Y,Ellis M A,et al.Active tectonics and ero-sional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,2(2):146-154.
[30]王毛毛,贾东,李一泉,等.龙门山褶皱冲断带南北分段性与汶川地震的关系[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(7):711-720.
[31]Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P.Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implication[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112:B07307.
[32]Molnar P,England P.Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate changes:Chicken or egg?[J]Nature,1990,346:29-34.
[33]Montgomery D R.Valley incision and the uplift of mountain peaks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99:13913-13921.
[34]Ollier C D,Pain C F.The Origin of Mountains[M].London:Routledge Press,2000:1-347.
[35]刘树根,罗志立,赵锡奎,等.中国西部盆山系统的耦合关系及其动力学模式:以龙门山造山带—川西前陆盆地系统为例[J].地质学报,2003,77(3):204-214.
[36]张世民,丁锐,毛昌伟,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山山系构造隆起的地貌表现[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):791-802.
[37]Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,et al.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:Implications for mechanisms driving quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geological Society America Bulletin,2000,112(3):375-393.
[38]Clark M K,Royden L H,Whipple K X,et al.Use of a regional,relict landscape to measure vertical deformation of the eastern Ti-betan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:1-23.
[39]Zhang Z J,Wang Y H,Chen Y,et al.Crustal structure across Longmenshan fault belt from passive source seismic profiling[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:1-4.
[40]龙锋,倪四道,闻学泽.用远震接收函数研究龙门山断裂带与其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布[J].地球学报,2011,32(4):438-446.
[41]Turcotte D L,Schubert G.Geodynamics:Application of Continu-um Physics to Geological Problems[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1982:450.
[42]Angevine C L,Heller P L,Paola C.Quantitative sedimentary ba-sin modeling[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Shortcourse Note,1990,32:247.
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