复杂场地条件下地震动空间效应研究
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摘要
产生地震动空间效应的主要原因是地质构造的变化会极大地改变复杂场地条件下到达不同观测点的地震波,因此地震波振幅和相位发生明显变化。本文利用有限元和边界元耦合的方法,通过建立雷克子波入射时的非线性响应模型求解复杂场地条件下的波动积分方程,进行复杂近地表构造中地震波场数值模拟,旨在分析复杂场地条件下入射方向不同的地震波的动力响应规律。研究结果显示近地表会极大地改变地震波传播特征,导致地震波传播趋向不一致性的因素是由于复杂场地条件重建了地震波的传播路径,尤其须指出的是非一致性地表位移响应源于软土层中低频子波的传播。在地震响应分析中导致系统不同动力响应的其他原因是主频和地震波速度结构的改变,同时地震波入射角度的改变会引起到达观测点的时间滞后,地表位移响应随着入射角度的增大而增加,地震动的空间效应随着入射角度的减小而愈趋明显。
The main factor to cause the spatially varying ground motions is that the complex of the geological structure can greatly change the propagation of seismic waves at different sites,which will result in the anomalous variation of the amplitude and phase.In this study,a previously developed coupled Boundary Elements-Finite Elements algorithm is employed for simulating the Ricker wave propagation in the complex near surface structure by solving the wave propagation equation with site conditions.The result reveals that the soft site conditions and soft local sites rebuild the propagation routes of the seismic waves,which will result in the tendency of the non-uniform of the propagation.The importance is that the low frequency Ricker waves of the soft local sites will lead to the obvious non-uniform of the ground displacement responses.In the analysis of the seismic responses,the other main factors resulting in different dynamic responses are the dominant frequency and wave velocity.Due to the incident wave angles,the arrival time of the seismic waves will be different.,the ground displacement is increased with an increment of the incident angle;on the other hand,with a decrement of the incident angle,the non-uniformity will be more obvious.
The main factor to cause the spatially varying ground motions is that the complex of the geological structure can greatly change the propagation of seismic waves at different sites,which will result in the anomalous variation of the amplitude and phase.In this study,a previously developed coupled Boundary Elements-Finite Elements algorithm is employed for simulating the Ricker wave propagation in the complex near surface structure by solving the wave propagation equation with site conditions.The result reveals that the soft site conditions and soft local sites rebuild the propagation routes of the seismic waves,which will result in the tendency of the non-uniform of the propagation.The importance is that the low frequency Ricker waves of the soft local sites will lead to the obvious non-uniform of the ground displacement responses.In the analysis of the seismic responses,the other main factors resulting in different dynamic responses are the dominant frequency and wave velocity.Due to the incident wave angles,the arrival time of the seismic waves will be different.,the ground displacement is increased with an increment of the incident angle;on the other hand,with a decrement of the incident angle,the non-uniformity will be more obvious.
引文
[1]蒋海昆.5.12汶川8.0级地震序列震后早期趋势判定及有关问题讨论.地球物理学进展,2010,25(5):1528-1538.Jang H K.Review of tendency judgement of the 5.12Wenchuan M8earthquake and discussion on some problems.Progress in Geophys(in Chinese).2010,25(5):1528-1538.
[2]杜晨晓,谢富仁,张扬等.1976年MS7.8唐山地震断层动态破裂及近断层强地面运动特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):280-304.Du C Xie F R.,Zhang Yet al.3Dmodeling of dynamic faultrupture and strong ground motion of the 1976 MS 7.8Tangshang earthquake.Progress in Geophys(in Chinese).2010,53(2):290-304.
[3]邵志刚,周龙泉,蒋长胜等.2008年汶川MS8.0地震对周边断层地震活动的影响.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1784-1795.Shao Z G,Zhou L Q,Jiang C S et al.The impact ofWenchuan MS 8.0earthquake on the seismic activity ofsurrounding faults.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1784-1795.
[4]朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川MS8.0地震发生过程的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):418-427.Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.A study on the dynamical mechanisms ofthe Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake,Chinese J.Geophys(inChinese),2009,52(2):418-427.
[5]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):379-389.Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Spatio-temporal variation of thesource mechanism of the 2008great Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinses),2009,53(2):379-389.
[6]谢俊举,温增平,高孟潭等.2008年汶川地震近断层竖向与水平向地震动特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1796-1805.Xie J J,Wen Z P,Gao M Tet al.Characteristics of near faultvertical and horizontal ground motion from the 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1796-1805.
[7]王海云.2010年4月14日玉树MS7.1地震加速度场预测.地球物理学报,2010,53(10):2345-2354.Wang H Y.Prediction of acceleration field of the 14April2010Yushu earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10):2345-2354.
[8]张桂芳,屈春燕,单新建等.2010年青海玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):121-127.Zhang G F,Qu C Y,Shan X J et al.The surface rupture andseismic deformation characteristics of the MS7.1earthquake atQinghai Yushu in 2010.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):121-127.
[9]常利军,丁志峰,王椿镛.2010年玉树7.1级地震震源区横波分裂的变化特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2613-2619.Chang L J,Ding Z F,Wang C Y.Variation of shear wavesplitting variations of shear wave splitting in the 2010YushuMS7.1earthquake region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2010,53(11):2613-2619.
[10]周红,高孟潭,俞言祥.SH波地形效应特征的研究.地球物理学进展,2010,25(3):775-782.Zhou H,Gao MT,YuYx.A study of topographical effect onSH waves.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(3):775-782.
[11]马淑芳,韩大匡,甘利灯等.地震岩石物理模型综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):460-471.Ma SF,Han,DK,Gan LDet al.The view of seismic rockphysics model.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(2):460-471.
[12]张怀,周元泽,吴忠良等.福州盆地强地面运动特征的有限元数值模拟.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1270-1279.Zhang H,Zhou Y Z,Wu Z,et al.Finite element analysis ofseismic wave propagatiao characteristics in Fuzhou basin.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2009,52(5):1270-1279.
[13]皮红梅,蒋先艺,刘财等.波动方程数值模拟的三种方法及对比.地球物理学进展,2009,24(4):391-397.Pi H M,Jiang X Y,Liu C et al.Three methods of waveequation forward modeling and comparisons.Progress inGeophys(in Chinese).2009,24(4):391-397.
[14]王海云,谢礼立.近断层强地震动场预测.地球物理学报,2009,52(3):703-711.Wang H Y,Xie L L.Prediction of near faut strong groundmotion field.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2009,52(3):703-711.
[15]刘静伟,王振明,谢富仁.京津唐地区地震灾害和危险性评估.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):318-325.Liu J W,Wang Z M,Xie F R.Seismic hazardand riskassessments for Beijing Tianjin Tangshan area,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2010,53(2):318-325.
[16]王海云.渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):137-150.Wang H Y,Amplification effect of soil sites on groundmotion in the WeiHe basin.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese).2011,54(1):137-150.
[17]杜义,谢富仁,张效亮等.汶川MS8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):464-473.Du Y,Xie F R,Zhang X L,et al.The mechanics of faultslip so MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2009,52(2):464-473.
[18]刁桂苓,徐锡伟,陈于高等.汶川Mw7.9和集集Mw7.6地震前应力场转换现象及其可能的前兆意义.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):128-136.Diao G L,Xu X W,Chen Y G,et al.The precursorysignificance of tectonic stress field transformation before thewen chuan Mw7.9 Earthquake and the chi-chi Mw7.6Earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):128-136.
[19]张继锋,汤井田,王烨等.有限元模拟中边界条件对计算结果的影响.地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1905-1911.Zhang J F,Tang J T,Wang Y,et al.Effects of boundaryconditions on calculation result in finite element simulation,Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(5):1905-1911.
[20]王海云,谢礼立.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响.地球物理学报,2010.53(7):1631-1638.Wang H Y,Xie L L.Effects of topography on ground motionin the Xishan park ZiGong city.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010.53(7):1631-1638.
[21]Hao H.Arch response to correlated multiple excitation,Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1993,22:389-404.
[22]Amin M,Ang A H.Nonstationary stochastic model ofearthquakemotions,Journal of Engineering Mechanics,ASCE,1968,94(2):213-228.
[23]Adam M.,Pflanz G.,and Schmid G.,Two-and three-dimensional modelling of half-space and train-trackembankment under dynamic loading,Journal of Soil Dynamicand Earthquake Engineering,2000,Vol(19):559-573.
[24]Scanlan R H.,Sachs K.Earthquake Time Histories andResponse Spectra,Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1974.100(EM4):635-655.
[25]Chouw N.,Hao H.,Su H.Multi-sided pounding response ofbridge structures with nonlinear bearings to spatially varyingground excitation,Journal of Advanced In StructuralEngineerin,200,Vol9):55-66.
[26]Su H.,Hao H.,Chouw N.Assessment of non-uniform groundmotion effect on non-linear multi-span bridge poundingresponses,JSCE Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2005,CDROM.
[27]管西竹,符力耘,陶毅,于更新.复杂地表边界元-体积元波动方程数值模拟.地球物理学报,2011,54(9):2357-2367.Guan X Z Fu Li Y Tao Y Yu G X.Boundary-volume integralequation numerical modeling for complex near surface.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(9):2357-2367.
[2]杜晨晓,谢富仁,张扬等.1976年MS7.8唐山地震断层动态破裂及近断层强地面运动特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):280-304.Du C Xie F R.,Zhang Yet al.3Dmodeling of dynamic faultrupture and strong ground motion of the 1976 MS 7.8Tangshang earthquake.Progress in Geophys(in Chinese).2010,53(2):290-304.
[3]邵志刚,周龙泉,蒋长胜等.2008年汶川MS8.0地震对周边断层地震活动的影响.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1784-1795.Shao Z G,Zhou L Q,Jiang C S et al.The impact ofWenchuan MS 8.0earthquake on the seismic activity ofsurrounding faults.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1784-1795.
[4]朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川MS8.0地震发生过程的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):418-427.Zhu S B,Zhang P Z.A study on the dynamical mechanisms ofthe Wenchuan MS8.0earthquake,Chinese J.Geophys(inChinese),2009,52(2):418-427.
[5]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):379-389.Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Spatio-temporal variation of thesource mechanism of the 2008great Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinses),2009,53(2):379-389.
[6]谢俊举,温增平,高孟潭等.2008年汶川地震近断层竖向与水平向地震动特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1796-1805.Xie J J,Wen Z P,Gao M Tet al.Characteristics of near faultvertical and horizontal ground motion from the 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(8):1796-1805.
[7]王海云.2010年4月14日玉树MS7.1地震加速度场预测.地球物理学报,2010,53(10):2345-2354.Wang H Y.Prediction of acceleration field of the 14April2010Yushu earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10):2345-2354.
[8]张桂芳,屈春燕,单新建等.2010年青海玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):121-127.Zhang G F,Qu C Y,Shan X J et al.The surface rupture andseismic deformation characteristics of the MS7.1earthquake atQinghai Yushu in 2010.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):121-127.
[9]常利军,丁志峰,王椿镛.2010年玉树7.1级地震震源区横波分裂的变化特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2613-2619.Chang L J,Ding Z F,Wang C Y.Variation of shear wavesplitting variations of shear wave splitting in the 2010YushuMS7.1earthquake region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2010,53(11):2613-2619.
[10]周红,高孟潭,俞言祥.SH波地形效应特征的研究.地球物理学进展,2010,25(3):775-782.Zhou H,Gao MT,YuYx.A study of topographical effect onSH waves.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(3):775-782.
[11]马淑芳,韩大匡,甘利灯等.地震岩石物理模型综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):460-471.Ma SF,Han,DK,Gan LDet al.The view of seismic rockphysics model.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(2):460-471.
[12]张怀,周元泽,吴忠良等.福州盆地强地面运动特征的有限元数值模拟.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1270-1279.Zhang H,Zhou Y Z,Wu Z,et al.Finite element analysis ofseismic wave propagatiao characteristics in Fuzhou basin.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2009,52(5):1270-1279.
[13]皮红梅,蒋先艺,刘财等.波动方程数值模拟的三种方法及对比.地球物理学进展,2009,24(4):391-397.Pi H M,Jiang X Y,Liu C et al.Three methods of waveequation forward modeling and comparisons.Progress inGeophys(in Chinese).2009,24(4):391-397.
[14]王海云,谢礼立.近断层强地震动场预测.地球物理学报,2009,52(3):703-711.Wang H Y,Xie L L.Prediction of near faut strong groundmotion field.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2009,52(3):703-711.
[15]刘静伟,王振明,谢富仁.京津唐地区地震灾害和危险性评估.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):318-325.Liu J W,Wang Z M,Xie F R.Seismic hazardand riskassessments for Beijing Tianjin Tangshan area,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2010,53(2):318-325.
[16]王海云.渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):137-150.Wang H Y,Amplification effect of soil sites on groundmotion in the WeiHe basin.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese).2011,54(1):137-150.
[17]杜义,谢富仁,张效亮等.汶川MS8.0级地震断层滑动机制研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):464-473.Du Y,Xie F R,Zhang X L,et al.The mechanics of faultslip so MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese).2009,52(2):464-473.
[18]刁桂苓,徐锡伟,陈于高等.汶川Mw7.9和集集Mw7.6地震前应力场转换现象及其可能的前兆意义.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):128-136.Diao G L,Xu X W,Chen Y G,et al.The precursorysignificance of tectonic stress field transformation before thewen chuan Mw7.9 Earthquake and the chi-chi Mw7.6Earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):128-136.
[19]张继锋,汤井田,王烨等.有限元模拟中边界条件对计算结果的影响.地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1905-1911.Zhang J F,Tang J T,Wang Y,et al.Effects of boundaryconditions on calculation result in finite element simulation,Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(5):1905-1911.
[20]王海云,谢礼立.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响.地球物理学报,2010.53(7):1631-1638.Wang H Y,Xie L L.Effects of topography on ground motionin the Xishan park ZiGong city.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010.53(7):1631-1638.
[21]Hao H.Arch response to correlated multiple excitation,Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1993,22:389-404.
[22]Amin M,Ang A H.Nonstationary stochastic model ofearthquakemotions,Journal of Engineering Mechanics,ASCE,1968,94(2):213-228.
[23]Adam M.,Pflanz G.,and Schmid G.,Two-and three-dimensional modelling of half-space and train-trackembankment under dynamic loading,Journal of Soil Dynamicand Earthquake Engineering,2000,Vol(19):559-573.
[24]Scanlan R H.,Sachs K.Earthquake Time Histories andResponse Spectra,Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1974.100(EM4):635-655.
[25]Chouw N.,Hao H.,Su H.Multi-sided pounding response ofbridge structures with nonlinear bearings to spatially varyingground excitation,Journal of Advanced In StructuralEngineerin,200,Vol9):55-66.
[26]Su H.,Hao H.,Chouw N.Assessment of non-uniform groundmotion effect on non-linear multi-span bridge poundingresponses,JSCE Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2005,CDROM.
[27]管西竹,符力耘,陶毅,于更新.复杂地表边界元-体积元波动方程数值模拟.地球物理学报,2011,54(9):2357-2367.Guan X Z Fu Li Y Tao Y Yu G X.Boundary-volume integralequation numerical modeling for complex near surface.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(9):2357-2367.
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