薄煤层AVO响应特征分析
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摘要
预测薄层厚度是精细地震勘探的重要研究目标之一。基于反射率法的正演算法考虑了一次反射波、转换波和多次波等地震波的综合响应,其结果较接近实际地震波的特征。本文采用反射率法对不同顶、底板岩性的薄煤层进行AVO模拟,并对薄煤层AVO振幅、截距/梯度以及频谱等特征进行综合分析,得出了关于单个薄煤层的AVO响应特征和规律:薄层厚度在一定范围内,其AVO振幅与厚度具有正相关关系;在截距/梯度交会图上,薄层AVO截距/梯度呈椭圆状分布,可以明显区分不同的薄层厚度;随着炮检距增加,不同厚度薄层的反射频谱差异也越明显;随着薄层厚度的增加,不同炮检距的反射频谱差异越小。这些特征和规律有助于对薄层厚度的预测。
Thickness prediction of thin bed is one of the most important research objectives of fine reservoirs characterizations in seismic exploration.Modeling algorithm based on reflectivity can simulate the whole responses to thin bed including primary waves,converted waves and multiple waves,so the modeling results are closer to real seismic waves.In this paper,reflectivity method is used to model AVO for thin coalbeds with different top/bottom lithology.After comprehensive analysis of AVO amplitude,intercept/gradient and spectrum,we summarize some rules about AVO attributes with offset and thickness of thin bed:(1) Within a certain range of thin bed thickness,AVO amplitudes have a positive correlation with thin bed thickness;(2) The distribution of AVO intercept/gradient shows an elliptic shape in crossplot,from which we can distinguish thin beds with different thickness;(3) The farther the offset is,the bigger the spectrum differences become for different thickness.However,spectrum differences become smaller with the increase of thin bed thickness.These characteristics and rules are helpful to predict thin bed thickness in practice.
Thickness prediction of thin bed is one of the most important research objectives of fine reservoirs characterizations in seismic exploration.Modeling algorithm based on reflectivity can simulate the whole responses to thin bed including primary waves,converted waves and multiple waves,so the modeling results are closer to real seismic waves.In this paper,reflectivity method is used to model AVO for thin coalbeds with different top/bottom lithology.After comprehensive analysis of AVO amplitude,intercept/gradient and spectrum,we summarize some rules about AVO attributes with offset and thickness of thin bed:(1) Within a certain range of thin bed thickness,AVO amplitudes have a positive correlation with thin bed thickness;(2) The distribution of AVO intercept/gradient shows an elliptic shape in crossplot,from which we can distinguish thin beds with different thickness;(3) The farther the offset is,the bigger the spectrum differences become for different thickness.However,spectrum differences become smaller with the increase of thin bed thickness.These characteristics and rules are helpful to predict thin bed thickness in practice.
引文
[1]Widess M B.How thin is a thin bed?Geophysics,1973,38(6):1176～1180
[2]Chung H M and Lawton D C.Amplitude responsesof thin beds:Sinusoidal approximation versus Rickerapproximation.Geophysics,1995,60(1):223～230
[3]Kallweit R S and Wood L C.The limits of resolutionof zero-phase wavelets.Geophysics,1982,47(7):1035～1046
[4]赵晨光.薄互层地震反射波的特征分析.石油地球物理勘探,1986,21(1):32～46Zhao Chenguang.The analysis of seismic reflectionfrom thin interbedding.OGP,1986,21(1):32～46
[5]柏冠军,吴汉宁,赵希刚等.地震资料预测薄层厚度方法研究与应用.地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):554～558Bai Guanjun,Wu Hanning,Zhao Xigang et al.Re-search on prediction of thin bed thickness using seis-mic data and its application.Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(2):554～558
[6]赵万金,杨午阳,张巧凤等.一种频率域AVO油气检测方法.石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):436～441Zhao Wanjin,Yang Wuyang,Zhang Qiaofeng et al.A frequency AVO method for hydrocarbon detection.OGP,2012,47(3):436～441
[7]轩义华,秦成岗,汪瑞良等.分频AVO技术在珠江口盆地番禺天然气区含气性分析中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(1):79～84Xuan Yihua,Qin Chenggang,Wang Ruiliang et al.Application of frequency division AVO technique ingas bearing analysis in Fanyu natural gas area,PearlRiver Mouth Basin.OGP,2010,45(1):79～84
[8]Nowak E J,Swan H W and Lane D.Quantitativethickness estimates from the spectral response ofAVO measurements.Geophysics,2008,73(1):C1～C6
[9]Sulistyoati T W A,Novitasari L and Winardhi S.Thickness estimation using gradient of spectral ampli-tude from spectral decomposition.SEG TechnicalProgram Expanded Abstracts,2011,30:1923～1927
[10]苏盛甫.薄储集层的反射特征和定量解释方法.石油地球物理勘探,1988,23(4):387～402Su Shengfu.Thin-reservoir reflection and the quanti-tative interpretation method.OGP,1988,23(4):387～402
[11]孙鲁平,郑晓东,首皓等.薄层地震峰值频率与厚度关系研究.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(2):254～259Sun Luping,Zheng Xiaodong,Shou Hao et al.Thestudies on relationship between thin layer seismicpeak frequency and its thickness.OGP,2010,45(2):254～259
[12]李国发,岳英,国春香等.基于模型的薄互层地震属性分析及其应用.石油物探,2011,50(2):144～149Li Guofa,Yue Ying,Guo Chunxiang et al.Seismicattributes analysis based on model in thin interbeddedlayers and its application.GPP,2011,50(2):144～149
[13]黄捍东,赵迪,任敦占等.基于贝叶斯理论的薄层反演方法.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(6):919～924Huang Handong,Zhao Di,Ren Dunzhan et al.Athin bed inversion method based on Bayes theory.OGP,2011,46(6):919～924
[14]Swan H W.Amplitude-versus-offset measurementerrors in a finely layered medium.Geophysics,1991,56(1):41～49
[15]Juhlin C and Young R.Implications of thin layers foramplitude variation with offset(AVO)studies.Geo-physics,1993,58(8):1200～1204
[16]Lin T L and Phair R.AVO tuning.SEG TechnicalProgram Expanded Abstracts,1993,12:727～730
[17]Castoro A,White R E and Thomas R D.Thin bedAVO:The effect of NMO and NMO correction on re-flectivity sequences.SEG Technical Program Ex-panded Abstracts,1998,17:240～243
[18]Chung H M and Lawton D C.A quantitative study ofthe effects of tuning on AVO effects for thin beds.Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics,1999,35(12):36～42
[19]Liu Y and Schmitt D R.Amplitude and AVO respon-ses of a single thin bed.Geophysics,2003,68(4):1161～1168
[20]彭苏萍,高云峰,杨瑞召等.AVO探测煤层瓦斯富集的理论探讨和初步实践——以淮南煤田为例.地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1475～1486Peng Suping,Gao Yunfeng,Yang Ruizhao et al.Theory and application of AVO for detection of coal-bed methane:A case from the Huainan coalfield.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(6):1475～1486
[21]蔡希玲,刁文川,周兴元等.薄层反射波非零炮检距的属性特征.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(3):277～282Cai Xiling,Diao Wenchuan,Zhou Xingyuan et al.Attribute features of reflection on non-zero offsets inthin layers.OGP,2007,42(3):277～282
[22]孙夕平,张研,张永清等.地震拓频技术在薄层油藏开发动态分析中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(5):695～699Sun Xiping,Zhang Yan,Zhang Yongqing et al.Ap-plication of seismic frequency expanding technique indynamic analysis of thin reservoir development.OGP,2010,45(5):695～699
[23]黄文锋,姚逢昌,李宏兵.薄互层调谐规律研究与净厚度估算.石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(4):584～591Huang Wenfeng,Yao Fengchang and Li Hongbing.Regularities of tuning effects of thin interbeddedlayers and their net thickness determination.OGP,2012,47(4):584～591
[24]Kennett B L N.Seismic Wave Propagation in Stra-tified Media.Cambridge University Press,1983
[25]Mallick S and Frazer L N.Practical aspects of reflec-tivity modeling.Geophysics,1987,52(10):1355～1364
[26]Ma Y,Loures L and Margrave G F.Seismic modelingwith the reflectivity method.CREWES Research Re-port,2004,16:1～7
[27]Ryan H.Ricker,Ormsby,Klander,Butterworth—Achoice of wavelets.CSEG Recorder,1994,8～9
[28]Al-Otaibi M.Thinbed AVO[D].University ofHouston,Houston,US,2002
[2]Chung H M and Lawton D C.Amplitude responsesof thin beds:Sinusoidal approximation versus Rickerapproximation.Geophysics,1995,60(1):223～230
[3]Kallweit R S and Wood L C.The limits of resolutionof zero-phase wavelets.Geophysics,1982,47(7):1035～1046
[4]赵晨光.薄互层地震反射波的特征分析.石油地球物理勘探,1986,21(1):32～46Zhao Chenguang.The analysis of seismic reflectionfrom thin interbedding.OGP,1986,21(1):32～46
[5]柏冠军,吴汉宁,赵希刚等.地震资料预测薄层厚度方法研究与应用.地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):554～558Bai Guanjun,Wu Hanning,Zhao Xigang et al.Re-search on prediction of thin bed thickness using seis-mic data and its application.Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(2):554～558
[6]赵万金,杨午阳,张巧凤等.一种频率域AVO油气检测方法.石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):436～441Zhao Wanjin,Yang Wuyang,Zhang Qiaofeng et al.A frequency AVO method for hydrocarbon detection.OGP,2012,47(3):436～441
[7]轩义华,秦成岗,汪瑞良等.分频AVO技术在珠江口盆地番禺天然气区含气性分析中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(1):79～84Xuan Yihua,Qin Chenggang,Wang Ruiliang et al.Application of frequency division AVO technique ingas bearing analysis in Fanyu natural gas area,PearlRiver Mouth Basin.OGP,2010,45(1):79～84
[8]Nowak E J,Swan H W and Lane D.Quantitativethickness estimates from the spectral response ofAVO measurements.Geophysics,2008,73(1):C1～C6
[9]Sulistyoati T W A,Novitasari L and Winardhi S.Thickness estimation using gradient of spectral ampli-tude from spectral decomposition.SEG TechnicalProgram Expanded Abstracts,2011,30:1923～1927
[10]苏盛甫.薄储集层的反射特征和定量解释方法.石油地球物理勘探,1988,23(4):387～402Su Shengfu.Thin-reservoir reflection and the quanti-tative interpretation method.OGP,1988,23(4):387～402
[11]孙鲁平,郑晓东,首皓等.薄层地震峰值频率与厚度关系研究.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(2):254～259Sun Luping,Zheng Xiaodong,Shou Hao et al.Thestudies on relationship between thin layer seismicpeak frequency and its thickness.OGP,2010,45(2):254～259
[12]李国发,岳英,国春香等.基于模型的薄互层地震属性分析及其应用.石油物探,2011,50(2):144～149Li Guofa,Yue Ying,Guo Chunxiang et al.Seismicattributes analysis based on model in thin interbeddedlayers and its application.GPP,2011,50(2):144～149
[13]黄捍东,赵迪,任敦占等.基于贝叶斯理论的薄层反演方法.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(6):919～924Huang Handong,Zhao Di,Ren Dunzhan et al.Athin bed inversion method based on Bayes theory.OGP,2011,46(6):919～924
[14]Swan H W.Amplitude-versus-offset measurementerrors in a finely layered medium.Geophysics,1991,56(1):41～49
[15]Juhlin C and Young R.Implications of thin layers foramplitude variation with offset(AVO)studies.Geo-physics,1993,58(8):1200～1204
[16]Lin T L and Phair R.AVO tuning.SEG TechnicalProgram Expanded Abstracts,1993,12:727～730
[17]Castoro A,White R E and Thomas R D.Thin bedAVO:The effect of NMO and NMO correction on re-flectivity sequences.SEG Technical Program Ex-panded Abstracts,1998,17:240～243
[18]Chung H M and Lawton D C.A quantitative study ofthe effects of tuning on AVO effects for thin beds.Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics,1999,35(12):36～42
[19]Liu Y and Schmitt D R.Amplitude and AVO respon-ses of a single thin bed.Geophysics,2003,68(4):1161～1168
[20]彭苏萍,高云峰,杨瑞召等.AVO探测煤层瓦斯富集的理论探讨和初步实践——以淮南煤田为例.地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1475～1486Peng Suping,Gao Yunfeng,Yang Ruizhao et al.Theory and application of AVO for detection of coal-bed methane:A case from the Huainan coalfield.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(6):1475～1486
[21]蔡希玲,刁文川,周兴元等.薄层反射波非零炮检距的属性特征.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(3):277～282Cai Xiling,Diao Wenchuan,Zhou Xingyuan et al.Attribute features of reflection on non-zero offsets inthin layers.OGP,2007,42(3):277～282
[22]孙夕平,张研,张永清等.地震拓频技术在薄层油藏开发动态分析中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(5):695～699Sun Xiping,Zhang Yan,Zhang Yongqing et al.Ap-plication of seismic frequency expanding technique indynamic analysis of thin reservoir development.OGP,2010,45(5):695～699
[23]黄文锋,姚逢昌,李宏兵.薄互层调谐规律研究与净厚度估算.石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(4):584～591Huang Wenfeng,Yao Fengchang and Li Hongbing.Regularities of tuning effects of thin interbeddedlayers and their net thickness determination.OGP,2012,47(4):584～591
[24]Kennett B L N.Seismic Wave Propagation in Stra-tified Media.Cambridge University Press,1983
[25]Mallick S and Frazer L N.Practical aspects of reflec-tivity modeling.Geophysics,1987,52(10):1355～1364
[26]Ma Y,Loures L and Margrave G F.Seismic modelingwith the reflectivity method.CREWES Research Re-port,2004,16:1～7
[27]Ryan H.Ricker,Ormsby,Klander,Butterworth—Achoice of wavelets.CSEG Recorder,1994,8～9
[28]Al-Otaibi M.Thinbed AVO[D].University ofHouston,Houston,US,2002
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