汶川地震灾区泥石流启动机制及其动力学特征——以北川县五星沟为例
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摘要
2008年5月12日,四川汶川发生8.0级特大地震,地震造成了大量山体滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等次生地质灾害,给北川县带来了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。受降雨影响,位于北川县擂鼓镇的五星沟分别于2008年9月24日及2009年7月17日发生特大型泥石流,造成了五星沟沟内五星村、大田村和南竹村等多处居民点被冲毁,沟谷两侧房屋倒塌或被掩埋。根据已有资料,通过分析五星沟泥石流的分布和形成特征,从泥石流形成的物源条件和动力条件两方面探讨了该泥石流启动机制与物源转化机制,推算不同设计频率下泥石流的特征值,包括该泥石流的运动及动力特征。分析表明:五星沟大部分支沟属中频泥石流沟,发展阶段均属发展期;五星沟具备再次发生泥石流的基本条件,建议尽快对其实施应急治理。开展五星沟泥石流启动机制的研究,对于监测与治理汶川地震造成的次生泥石流灾害,具有指导意义。
A major earthquake measuring 8.0 Richter scale jolted Wenchuan County of Sichuan Province on May 12th,2008,which induced a number of geological disasters including the landslides,collapse,and debris flows that caused severe losses of property and life.Wuxing Gully originates from Leigu Town of Beichuan County,and two extremely huge debris flows occurred due to precipitation on September 24th 2008 and July 17th 2009.The debris flows destroyed lots of residential area in Wuxing,Datian,and Nanzhu villages located in Wuxing Gully,and many houses collapsed or were buried.In this paper,the distribution of debris flow in Wuxing Gully was analyzed and its formation characteristics were investigated based on amount of data and information.Additionally,the initiation mechanism and material source mechanism of the debris flow were analyzed from the aspects of the material source condition and dynamic condition,and the characteristic values of the debris flow under different design frequencies were derived including the movement and dynamic characteristics of the debris flow.The results showed that most of the sub-branches in Wuxing Gully are intermediate frequency debris flow gullies and they are still developing,thus Wuxing Gully needs urgent prevention and control since it meets the basic conditions for future debris flow.The research on the initiation mechanism of debris flow has instructive significance for the monitoring and treatment of debris flows caused by Wenchuan earthquake.
A major earthquake measuring 8.0 Richter scale jolted Wenchuan County of Sichuan Province on May 12th,2008,which induced a number of geological disasters including the landslides,collapse,and debris flows that caused severe losses of property and life.Wuxing Gully originates from Leigu Town of Beichuan County,and two extremely huge debris flows occurred due to precipitation on September 24th 2008 and July 17th 2009.The debris flows destroyed lots of residential area in Wuxing,Datian,and Nanzhu villages located in Wuxing Gully,and many houses collapsed or were buried.In this paper,the distribution of debris flow in Wuxing Gully was analyzed and its formation characteristics were investigated based on amount of data and information.Additionally,the initiation mechanism and material source mechanism of the debris flow were analyzed from the aspects of the material source condition and dynamic condition,and the characteristic values of the debris flow under different design frequencies were derived including the movement and dynamic characteristics of the debris flow.The results showed that most of the sub-branches in Wuxing Gully are intermediate frequency debris flow gullies and they are still developing,thus Wuxing Gully needs urgent prevention and control since it meets the basic conditions for future debris flow.The research on the initiation mechanism of debris flow has instructive significance for the monitoring and treatment of debris flows caused by Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
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[9]王治华,郭兆成.震源区牛眠沟暴雨滑坡泥石流预测模型[J].地学前缘,2012,(1):232-242.(WANG Zhi-hua,GUO Zhao-cheng.Model Study of Predicting Rainstorm Induced Landslideand Debris Flow at Niumian Gully,the Focal Area of 2008-05-12Earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,(1):232-242.(in Chinese))
[10]苏鹏程,韦方强,程尊兰.5.12汶川地震对磨子沟的影响及震后泥石流活动状况[J].长江科学院院报,2012,(2):20-27.(SU Peng-cheng,WEI Fang-qiang,CHENG Zun-lan.DebrisFlow Activity of Mozi Gully after Wenchuan Earthquake onMay 12[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Insti-tute,2012,(2):20-27.(in Chinese))
[11]韩征,徐林荣,苏志满.基于流域形态完整系数的泥石流容重计算方法[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,(2):105-110.(HANZheng,XU Lin-rong,SU Zhi-man.Research on the Method forCalculating the Bulk Density of Debris Flow Based on the In-tegrity Coefficient of Watershed Morphology[J].Hydrogeolo-gy&Engineering Geology,2012,(2):105-110.(in Chinese))
[12]李建林,张洪云,李振林.矿山泥石流沟谷形态的分形分维[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2012,(1):4-8.(LI Jian-lin,ZHANG Hong-yun,LI Zhen-lin.Fractal Analysis on Mor-phology of Mine Debris Flow Gully[J].The Chinese Journalof Geological Hazard and Control,2012,(1):4-8.(in Chi-nese))
[13]黄海,马东涛,王显林.“东川型”排导槽结构对泥石流流速影响的实验研究[J].山地学报,2009,(5):41-46.(HUANGHai,MA Dong-tao,WANG Xian-lin.Experimental Study onthe Relationships between the Velocity of Debris Flow andStructure of the Dongchuan Debris Flow Channel[J].Journalof Mountain Science,2009,(5):41-46.(in Chinese))
[14]王小群,沈军辉,游敏.工程地质分析思路在泥石流评价中的应用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,(4):57-64.(WANG Xiao-qun,SHEN Jun-hui,YOU Min.Application ofEngineering Geological Analysis Method to the Debris FlowResearch[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2011,(4):57-64.(in Chi-nese))
[15]韩林,余斌,鲁科.泥石流暴发频率与其形成区块石粒径的关系[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,(9):124-131.(HAN Lin,YU Bin,LU Ke.Relationship of Frequency of Debris Flowsand the Particle Size in the Channel[J].Resources and Envi-ronment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,(9):124-131.(in Chi-nese))
[2]蒋树,文宝萍.国内外泥石流活动关键指标估算方法之比较[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,(3):92-102.(JIANG Shu,WENBao-ping.Comparison of Methods Used at Home and Abroad toEstimate the Key Parameters of a Debris Flow[J].Hydrogeolo-gy&Engineering Geology,2012,(3):92-102.(in Chinese))
[3]王磊,沈娜.5.12地震引发潜在泥石流灾害的调查评价—以四川省德阳绵竹市龙形沟泥石为例[J].地下空间与工程学报,2010,(6):200-205.(WANG Lei1,SHEN Na.Investigation ofPotential Debris Flow Caused by the May 12 Earthquake—Taking Longxing Gully debris flow in Mianzhu city,Sichuan,China as Example[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Spaceand Engineering,2010,(6):200-205.(in Chinese))
[4]文联勇,谢宇.“水石分离”在泥石流灾害防治工程中的应用[J].长江科学院院报,2012,(5):24-28.(WEN Lian-yong,XIEYu.Separation of Stone and Water to Prevent Debris Flow[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2012,(5):24-28.(in Chinese))
[5]尚亚军,杨照国,卢笋.[J].重庆市北碚区醪糟坪泥石流稳定性分析,2010,(S2):57-59.(SHANG Ya-jun,YANG Zhao-guo,LU Sun.Stability Analysis of Laozaoping Debris Flow in BeibeiDistrict,Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Spaceand Engineering,2010,(Supp.2):57-59.(in Chinese))
[6]张金山,崔鹏.泥石流泥沙输移比的概念与计算方法探讨[J].泥沙研究,2012,(3):38-43.(ZHANG Jin-shan,CUI Peng.Dis-cussion on Concept and Calculation Method of Sediment Deliv-ery Ratio(SDR)of Debris Flows[J].Journal of Sediment Re-search,2012,(3):38-43.(in Chinese))
[7]蔡强国,范昊明.泥沙输移比影响因子及其关系模型研究现状与评述[J].地理科学进展,2004,(5):3-11.(CAI Qiang-guo,FAN Hao-ming.On the Factors and Prediction Models of SDR[J].Progress In Geography,2004,(5):3-11.(in Chinese))
[8]甘建军,孙海燕.汶川县映秀镇红椿沟特大型泥石流形成机制及堵江机理研究[J].灾害学,2012,(1):7-11.(GAN Jian-jun,SUN Hai-yan.Study on Mechanism of Formation and RiverBlocking of Hongchuangou Giant Debris Flow at Yingxiu ofWenchuan County[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2012,(1):7-11.(in Chinese))
[9]王治华,郭兆成.震源区牛眠沟暴雨滑坡泥石流预测模型[J].地学前缘,2012,(1):232-242.(WANG Zhi-hua,GUO Zhao-cheng.Model Study of Predicting Rainstorm Induced Landslideand Debris Flow at Niumian Gully,the Focal Area of 2008-05-12Earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,(1):232-242.(in Chinese))
[10]苏鹏程,韦方强,程尊兰.5.12汶川地震对磨子沟的影响及震后泥石流活动状况[J].长江科学院院报,2012,(2):20-27.(SU Peng-cheng,WEI Fang-qiang,CHENG Zun-lan.DebrisFlow Activity of Mozi Gully after Wenchuan Earthquake onMay 12[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Insti-tute,2012,(2):20-27.(in Chinese))
[11]韩征,徐林荣,苏志满.基于流域形态完整系数的泥石流容重计算方法[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,(2):105-110.(HANZheng,XU Lin-rong,SU Zhi-man.Research on the Method forCalculating the Bulk Density of Debris Flow Based on the In-tegrity Coefficient of Watershed Morphology[J].Hydrogeolo-gy&Engineering Geology,2012,(2):105-110.(in Chinese))
[12]李建林,张洪云,李振林.矿山泥石流沟谷形态的分形分维[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2012,(1):4-8.(LI Jian-lin,ZHANG Hong-yun,LI Zhen-lin.Fractal Analysis on Mor-phology of Mine Debris Flow Gully[J].The Chinese Journalof Geological Hazard and Control,2012,(1):4-8.(in Chi-nese))
[13]黄海,马东涛,王显林.“东川型”排导槽结构对泥石流流速影响的实验研究[J].山地学报,2009,(5):41-46.(HUANGHai,MA Dong-tao,WANG Xian-lin.Experimental Study onthe Relationships between the Velocity of Debris Flow andStructure of the Dongchuan Debris Flow Channel[J].Journalof Mountain Science,2009,(5):41-46.(in Chinese))
[14]王小群,沈军辉,游敏.工程地质分析思路在泥石流评价中的应用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,(4):57-64.(WANG Xiao-qun,SHEN Jun-hui,YOU Min.Application ofEngineering Geological Analysis Method to the Debris FlowResearch[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science&Technology Edition),2011,(4):57-64.(in Chi-nese))
[15]韩林,余斌,鲁科.泥石流暴发频率与其形成区块石粒径的关系[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,(9):124-131.(HAN Lin,YU Bin,LU Ke.Relationship of Frequency of Debris Flowsand the Particle Size in the Channel[J].Resources and Envi-ronment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,(9):124-131.(in Chi-nese))
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