裂谷盆地盐构造形成演化及油气成藏地质意义——以苏丹红海裂谷盆地为例
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摘要
在裂谷盆地油气构造圈闭研究中,盐岩的沉积使得构造圈闭类型复杂多样化,同时也增加了油气勘探的难度,尤其是盐下油气勘探的难度。以苏丹红海裂谷盆地作为研究实例,利用比例化物理模拟实验探讨含盐裂谷盆地盐相关构造演化机制和影响因素,并结合研究区地震剖面和地层岩性特征讨论其对油气构造圈闭形成和油气成藏的影响。模拟实验结果表明,同裂谷沉积及基底断裂作用是影响苏丹红海盆地内盐构造演化的2个主要控制因素。同时,原始盐岩沉积厚度对盐构造演化及样式也有重要的影响。综合实验模拟结果和研究区地震剖面分析认为苏丹红海裂谷盆地盐上构造圈闭主要类型有盐构造相关的遮挡圈闭、滚动背斜圈闭和披覆构造圈闭;盐下构造圈闭主要为断背斜等基底断块相关的构造圈闭。此外,受地层岩性特征和盐岩沉积及构造分布等影响,盆地形成盐上自生自储、盐下下生上储2套油气成藏模式。对比分析显示盐上、盐下储集层性能相当,但盐下油源条件较盐上好,且存在致密的盐岩层盖层和丰富的基底断裂油气运移通道。因此,综合分析认为苏丹红海裂谷盆地盐下断块油气成藏具有巨大的潜力,可以作为未来油气勘探的重点领域。
In rift basins,salt rock deposition leads to the formation of complex and diverse types of oil-and gas-bearing structural traps,greatly increasing the difficulty in oil and gas exploration,especially in subsalt strata.Taking as an example the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin,this study explored the evolutionary mechanism and influencing factors of salt-related structures in rift basins through scaled physical modeling.Combined with seismic profiles and stratigraphic lithology,this paper discussed the significance of salt-related structures to the formation of oil-and gas-bearing structural traps and associated hydrocarbon accumulation.The results from physical modeling indicate that syn-tectonic deposition and basement faulting are two major factors influencing the evolution of salt-related structures in the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin.Additionally,the initial thickness of salt rocks has a significant impact on the evolution of salt-related structures.Combined with the interpretation of seismic profiles,it is considered that in the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin include,the major types of supra-salt structural traps include salt-related barrier trap,rolling anticline trap and drape fold trap,whereas the sub-salt structural traps mainly include basement-fault-block-related structural traps such as fault-related anticlines.Due to the influence of stratigraphic lithology,salt rock deposition and salt structure distribution,two oil-and-gas-accumulation systems are developed in the rift basin:the self-generating and self-preserving reservoir in the supra-salt strata,and the lower-generating and upper-preserving reservoir in the subsalt strata.Comparison analysisshows that the supra-and sub-salt reservoirs have comparable properties.However,the sub-salt reservoir has better hydrocarbon source rocks,which contains a dense salt rock cover and abundant pathways for hydrocarbon migration through the basement faults.Hence,it is believed that the sub-salt basement fault blocks have huge potential for oil and gas accumulation and provide an important area for future oil and gas exploration in the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin.
In rift basins,salt rock deposition leads to the formation of complex and diverse types of oil-and gas-bearing structural traps,greatly increasing the difficulty in oil and gas exploration,especially in subsalt strata.Taking as an example the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin,this study explored the evolutionary mechanism and influencing factors of salt-related structures in rift basins through scaled physical modeling.Combined with seismic profiles and stratigraphic lithology,this paper discussed the significance of salt-related structures to the formation of oil-and gas-bearing structural traps and associated hydrocarbon accumulation.The results from physical modeling indicate that syn-tectonic deposition and basement faulting are two major factors influencing the evolution of salt-related structures in the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin.Additionally,the initial thickness of salt rocks has a significant impact on the evolution of salt-related structures.Combined with the interpretation of seismic profiles,it is considered that in the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin include,the major types of supra-salt structural traps include salt-related barrier trap,rolling anticline trap and drape fold trap,whereas the sub-salt structural traps mainly include basement-fault-block-related structural traps such as fault-related anticlines.Due to the influence of stratigraphic lithology,salt rock deposition and salt structure distribution,two oil-and-gas-accumulation systems are developed in the rift basin:the self-generating and self-preserving reservoir in the supra-salt strata,and the lower-generating and upper-preserving reservoir in the subsalt strata.Comparison analysisshows that the supra-and sub-salt reservoirs have comparable properties.However,the sub-salt reservoir has better hydrocarbon source rocks,which contains a dense salt rock cover and abundant pathways for hydrocarbon migration through the basement faults.Hence,it is believed that the sub-salt basement fault blocks have huge potential for oil and gas accumulation and provide an important area for future oil and gas exploration in the Sudanese Red Sea rift basin.
引文
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[2]童崇光.中国东部裂谷系盆地的石油地质特征[J].石油学报,1980,1(4):19-26.Tong Chongguang.Some characteristics of petroleum geology of the rift system in eastern China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,1980,1(4):19-26.
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[4]张功成,徐宏,刘和浦,等.松辽盆地反转构造与油气田分布[J].石油学报,1996,17(2):8-14.Zhang Gongcheng,Xu Hong,Liu Hefu,et al.Inversion structures in relation to oil and gas field distribution in Songliao basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,1996,17(2):8-14.
[5]陆克政,漆家福,戴俊生,等.渤海湾新生代含油气盆地构造模式[M].北京:地质出版社,1997.Lu Kezheng,Qi Jiafu,Dai Junsheng,et al.The structural model of Cenozoic hydrocarbon basin in Bohai bay[M].Beijing:Geolog-ical Publishing House,1997.
[6]陈振岩,陈永成,仇劲涛,等.辽河盆地新生代断裂与油气关系[J].石油实验地质,2002,24(5):407-412.Chen Zhenyan,Chen Yongcheng,Qiu Jingtao,et al.Relationship between the Cenozoic faults and hydrocarbon in the Liaohe Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2002,24(5):407-412.
[7]窦立荣.陆内裂谷盆地的油气成藏风格[J].石油勘探与开发,2004,31(2):29-31.Dou Lirong.Formation style of pertroleum accumulations in interior rift basins[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2004,31(2):29-31.
[8]窦立荣,潘校华,田作基,等.苏丹裂谷盆地油气藏的形成与分布——兼与中国东部裂谷盆地对比分析[J].石油勘探与开发,2006,33(3):255-261.Dou Lirong,Pan Xiaohua,Tian Zuoji,et al.Hydrocarbon formation and distribution of rift basins in Sudan:A comparative analysis of them with rift basins in East China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2006,33(3):255-261.
[9]刘和甫,李晓清,刘立群,等.伸展构造与裂谷盆地成藏区带[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,26(5):537-552.Liu Hefu,Li Xiaoqing,Liu Liqun,et al.Petroleum plays in rift basins and extensional structures[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2006,26(5):537-552.
[10]张庆龙,葛荣峰,赵立文,等.辽河盆地中部构造演化与古潜山油气成藏模式[J].石油实验地质,2010,32(3):211-217.Zhang Qinglong,Ge Rongfeng,Zhao Liwen,et al.Structural evolution and model of hydrocarbon accumulation in buried hills in the central Liaohe Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2010,32(3):211-217.
[11]Weijermars R,Jackson M P A,Vendeville B.Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces[J].Tectonophysics,1993,217(1):143-174.
[12]戈红星,Jackson M.盐构造与油气圈闭及其综合利用[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,1996,32(4):640-649.Ge Hongxing,Jackson M.Salt structural,hydrocarbon traps and mineral deposits[J].Journal of Nanjing University:Natural Sciences,1996,32(4):640-649.
[13]Warren J K.Evaporites:sediments,resources and hydrocarbons:sediments,resources,and hydrocarbons[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2006.
[14]Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Terra infirma:understanding salt tectonics[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2007,82(1/2):1-28.
[15]Kane K E,Jackson C A L,Larsen E.Normal fault growth and fault-related folding in a salt-influenced rift basin:South Viking Graben,offshore Norway[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2010,32(4):490-506.
[16]Mohriak W U,Szatmari P,Anjos S.Salt:geology and tectonics of selected Brazilian basins in their global context[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2012,363(1):131-158.
[17]Rowan M G,Lawton T F,Giles K A.Anatomy of an exposed vertical salt weld and flanking strata,La Popa Basin,Mexico[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2012,363(1):33-57.
[18]王国林.苏丹红海水域石油地质特征与勘探策略[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(1):128-130.Wang Guolin.Petroleum geology and exploration strategy in Sudanese Red Sea Area[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2008,29(1):128-130.
[19]贾承造.关于中国当前油气勘探的几个重要问题[J].石油学报,2012,33(增刊1):6-13.Jia Chengzao.Several important issues about current oil and gas exploration in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(Supplement1):6-13.
[20]Bunter M A G,Abdel Magid A E M.The Sudanese red sea:1.new developments in stratigraphy and petroleum-geological evolution[J].Journal of Petroleum Geology,1989,12(2):145-166.
[21]Schultz K I.Structure and stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez,Egypt[G]∥Landon S M,ed.Interior rift basin:Tulsa,OK,American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir,1994,59:57-96.
[22]Bosworth W,Huchon P,McClay K R.The red sea and Gulf of Aden Basins[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2005,43:334-378.
[23]王国林.红海盆地Tokar地区构造成因与圈闭样式[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(4):475-479.Wang Guolin.Tectonic origin and structural styles in Tokar area,Red Sea Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2009,36(4):475-479.
[24]苏传国,姜振学,郭新峰,等.苏丹红海中部地区盐构造特征及油气勘探潜力分析[J].大庆石油学院学报,2011,35(4):1-7.Su Chuanguo,Jiang Zhenxue,Guo Xinfeng,et al.Structural property and exploration potential in the middle of Sudanese Red Sea Area[J].Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute,2011,35(4):1-7.
[25]张勇刚,庄锡进,吕福亮,等.红海盆地盐区速度建模技术研究与应用[J].新疆石油地质,2013,34(5):614-617.Zhang Yonggang,Zhuang Xijin,LüFuliang,et al.The seismic velocity modeling technology in the salt region,Red Sea Basin:study and application[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):614-617.
[26]Weijermars R.Estimation of paleostress orientation within deformation zones between two mobile plates[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1993,105(11):1491-1510.
[27]Cotton J T,Koyi H A.Modeling of thrust fronts above ductile and frictional detachments:application to structures in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau,Pakistan[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2000,112(3):351-363.
[28]尹宏伟,王哲,汪新,等.库车前陆盆地新生代盐构造特征及形成机制:物理模拟和讨论[J].高校地质学报,2011,17(2):308-317.Yin Hongwei,Wang Zhe,Wang Xin,et al.Characteristics and mechanics of cenozoic Salt-Related structures in Kuqa Foreland Basins:insights from physical modeling and discussion[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2011,17(2):308-317.
[29]Wu Zhenyun,Yin Hongwei,Wang Xin,et al.Characteristics and deformation mechanism of salt-related structures in the western Kuqa depression,Tarim Basin:insights from scaled sandbox modeling[J].Tectonophysics,2014,612:81-96.
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