南海岩石层及边界构造的地球物理特征
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摘要
南海经历了中生代主动大陆边缘到新生代被动大陆边缘的转换,其岩石层地球物理场具有明显的块、带特征.本文通过综合分析南海地区深地震探测、面波层析成像、重磁异常以及地热与岩石层流变学等各种地质地球物理资料,对南海地壳及岩石层的综合地球物理特征进行了深入总结,发现深地震探测剖面所确定的洋、陆壳转换位置与空间重力异常梯级带位置较为一致,据此拟定了南海洋、陆壳的转换边界;依据多条地壳结构剖面中拉张减薄的程度确定了正常减薄陆壳、洋陆壳过渡带及洋壳等属性特征,并初步圈定了南海下地壳高速层的分布范围.对比分析了南、北陆缘地壳结构及其拉张减薄的变化特征,从综合地球物理特征的相似性上推测了北部陆缘的中西沙陆块与南部陆缘的南沙礼乐滩陆块具有共轭对称性.依据S波速度梯度变化确定了南海岩石层厚度分布情况,揭示出南海北部陆缘存在一条岩石层厚度的减薄带,且该减薄带与高热流带具有较好的一致性.在综合分析的基础上,以深地震探测剖面与重、磁异常变化的对应性为基础,划定了南海边界构造的位置.
The South China Sea(SCS)has experienced a transition from an active continental margin in Mesozoic to a passive continental margin in Cenozoic,and its geophysical field of lithosphere has obvious features of zonation and blocking.In this paper,we make a comprehensive analysis with various geological and geophysical data of deep seismic sounding,surface wave tomography,gravity and magnetic anomalies,geotherm and lithospheric rheology in the SCS,and thoroughly summarize the integrated geophysical characteristics of crust and mantle lithosphere in this region.The results show that the position of the continent-ocean transition zone(COT)determined by deep seismic profiles is consistent with a free-air gravity anomaly gradient zone,and the transform boundary of continental-oceanic crust is proposed accordingly.The attribute features of normal thinned continental crust,the COT and oceanic crust are determined by the degree of thinning in crustal structure profiles.The variation characteristics of crustal structure and its thinning in the southern and northern continental margin are compared and analyzed.It is inferred that the Zhongsha and Xisha blocks in the northern margin is conjugate with the Nansha block in the southern continental margin from the similarities of their comprehensive geophysical features.The distribution of lithospheric thickness in the SCS is determined on the basis of velocity gradients of shear waves,and a lithospheric thinning belt is reveled in the northern margin of the SCS,which has a good consistence with the location of the high heat flow zone.Finally,we demarcate the boundary tectonic position of the SCS according to the correspondence between deep seismic profiles and gravity-magnetic anomalies on the basis of comprehensive analysis.
The South China Sea(SCS)has experienced a transition from an active continental margin in Mesozoic to a passive continental margin in Cenozoic,and its geophysical field of lithosphere has obvious features of zonation and blocking.In this paper,we make a comprehensive analysis with various geological and geophysical data of deep seismic sounding,surface wave tomography,gravity and magnetic anomalies,geotherm and lithospheric rheology in the SCS,and thoroughly summarize the integrated geophysical characteristics of crust and mantle lithosphere in this region.The results show that the position of the continent-ocean transition zone(COT)determined by deep seismic profiles is consistent with a free-air gravity anomaly gradient zone,and the transform boundary of continental-oceanic crust is proposed accordingly.The attribute features of normal thinned continental crust,the COT and oceanic crust are determined by the degree of thinning in crustal structure profiles.The variation characteristics of crustal structure and its thinning in the southern and northern continental margin are compared and analyzed.It is inferred that the Zhongsha and Xisha blocks in the northern margin is conjugate with the Nansha block in the southern continental margin from the similarities of their comprehensive geophysical features.The distribution of lithospheric thickness in the SCS is determined on the basis of velocity gradients of shear waves,and a lithospheric thinning belt is reveled in the northern margin of the SCS,which has a good consistence with the location of the high heat flow zone.Finally,we demarcate the boundary tectonic position of the SCS according to the correspondence between deep seismic profiles and gravity-magnetic anomalies on the basis of comprehensive analysis.
引文
Ao W,Zhao M H,Qiu X L,et al.2012.Crustal structure of theNorthwest Sub-basin of the South China Sea and its tectonicimplication.Earth Science(Journal of China University ofGeosciences)(in Chinese),37(4):779-790.
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Barber A J.2000.The origin of the Woyla Terranes in Sumatra andthe Late Mesozoic evolution of the Sundaland margin.Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,18(6):713-738.
Biq C C.1971.A fossil subduction zone in Taiwan.Proc.Geol.Soc.China,14:146-154.
Dai Q F.1997.Analysis of magnetic field of China seas and adjacentregions.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),17(2):63-72.
Gao J Y,Wu Z C,Wang J,et al.2009.Review of researches on themagnetic quiet zone at the northern continental margin of theSouth China Sea and its comparison with those in the globaloceans.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),24(6):577-587.
Hayes D E,Nissen S S,Buhl P,et al.1995.Throughgoing crustalfaults along the northern margin of the South China Sea andtheir role in crustal extension.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),100(B11):22435-22446.
Holloway N H.1982.North Palawan block,Philippines:itsrelation to Asian mainland and role in evolution of South ChinaSea.Am.Assoc.Petrol.Geol.Bull.,66(9):1355-1383.
Huang C J,Zhou D,Chen C M,et al.2005.The deep-crustalstructures of Baiyun Sag revealed by deep seismic reflectionprofile.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),50(10):1024-1031.
Huang Z X,Xu Y.2011.S-wave velocity structure of South ChinaSea and surrounding regions from surface wave tomography.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3089-3097.
Kizaki K.1990.Pre-Cretaceous rocks in the Ryukyus.//Ichikawa,et al.Pre-Cretaceous Terranes of Japan.IGCP 224,217-224.
Li C F,Song T R.2012.Magnetic recording of the Cenozoic oceaniccrustal accretion and evolution of the South China Sea Basin.Chinese Science Bulletin,57(20):1879-1895.
Li J B.2011.Dynamics of the continental margins of South ChinaSea:scientific experiments and research progresses.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):2993-3003.
Li Z W.1984.A discussion on the crustal nature of the central andnorthern parts of South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),27(2):153-166.
Li Z X,Li X H.2007.Formation of the 1300-km-wideintracontinental orogen and postorogenic magmatic province inMesozoic South China:A flat-slab subduction model.Geology,35(2):179-182.
Liu G D.1993.Geological and Geophysical Maps of China Sea andAdjacent Regions(in Chinsee).Beijing:Science Press.
Ludwig W J,Kumar N,Houtz R E.1979.Profiler-sonobuoymeasurements in the South China Sea Basin.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),84(B7):3505-3518.
Mizutani S,Yao A.1991.Radiolarians and terranes:Mesozoicgeology of Japan.Episodes,14(3):213-216.
Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Buhl P,et al.1995.Deep penetrationseismic soundings across the northern margin of the SouthChina Sea.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),100(B11):22407-22433.
Qiu X L,Ye S Y,Wu S M,et al.2001.Crustal structure across theXisha Trough,northwestern South China Sea.Tectonophysics,341(1-4):179-193.
Qiu X L,Shi X B,Yan P,et al.2003.Recent progress of deepseismic experiments and studies of crustal structure innorthern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,13(3):231-236.
Qiu X L,Zhao M H,Ao W,et al.2011.OBS survey and crustalstructure of the Southwest Sub-basin and Nansha Block,South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3117-3128.
Ruan A G,Niu X W,Qiu X L,et al.2011.A wide angle OceanBottom Seismometer profile across Liyue Bank,the southernmargin of South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3139-3149.
Shao L,You H Q,Hao L J,et al.2007.Petrology and Depositionalenvironments of Mesozoic strata in the northeastern South ChinaSea.Geological Review(in Chinese),53(2):164-169.
Shi X B,Qiu X L,Xia K Y,et al.2003.Characteristics of surfaceheat flow in the South China Sea.Journalof Asian EarthSciences,22(3):265-277.
Shi X B,Zhou D,Zhang Y X.2000.Lithosphere′s thermalrheological structure in the northern Margin of South ChinaSea.Chinese Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),45(15):1660-1665.
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy ofSciences.2000.Research report of tectonic evolution anddynamics in Nansha region(in Chinese).60-73.
Tang Q S,Zheng C.2013.Crust and upper mantle structure and itstectonic implications in the South China Sea and adjacentregions.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,62:510-525.
Taylor B,Hayes D E.1980.The tectonic evolution of the SouthChina Basin.//Hayes D E.The Tectonic and GeologicEvolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands.AGUGeophysical Monograph,Washington,D.C.,23:89-104.
Wakita K.2000.Cretaceous accretionary-collision complexes incentral Indonesia.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,18(6):739-749.
Wang T K,Chen M K,Lee C S,et al.2006.Seismic imaging of thetransitional crust across the northeastern margin of the SouthChina Sea.Tectonophysics,412(3-4):237-254.
Wei X D,Ruan A G,Zhao M H,et al.2011.A wide-angle OBSprofile across Dongsha Uplift and Chaoshan Depression in themid-northern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3325-3335.
Wu Z C,Gao J Y,Li J B,et al.2011.The characteristics ofmagnetic anomalies:Implications for Pre-Cenozoic tectonics ofthe northern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3292-3302.
Wu Z L,Li J B,Ruan A G,et al.2011.Crust structure of theNorthwestern sub-Basin,South China Sea:Results fromwide-angle seismic experiment.Science in China:EarthScience(in Chinese),41(10):1463-1476.
Xia K Y,Huang C L,Huang Z M.2004.Deep structurecharacteristics of the southwest Taiwan crust in northeastSouth China Sea.//Chen Y T ed.Advances in Seismologyand Physics of Earth′s Interior in China———In Honor ofAcademician Zeng Rongsheng′s 80thBirthday(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismology Press,135-145.
Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S.2001.A crustal structure profile acrossthe northern continental margin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,338(1):1-21.
Yan T P.1963.The metamorphic belts within Tanan′ao schiststerrane of Taiwan.Proc.Geol.Soc.China,6:72-74.
Yao B C,Zeng W J,Chen Y Z,et al.1994.The crustal structure inthe eastern part of the northerh margin of the South ChinaSea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),37(1):27-35.
Yao B C,Zeng W J,Chen Y Z,et al.1995.Seismic reflectlvecharacteristics of Mesonoic sediments on the eastern continentalmargin in the north of the South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),15(1):81-90.
Yeh Y C,Sibuet J C,Hsu S K,et al.2010.Tectonic evolution ofthe Northeastern South China Sea from seismic interpretation.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),115(B6):B06103,doi:10.1029/2009JB006354.
Zhou D,Wang W Y,Pang X,et al.2006.Mesozoic subductionaccretion zone in northeastern South China Sea inferred fromgeophysical interpretations.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences)(in Chinese),36(3):209-218.
Zhu J S,Cao J M,Cai X L,et al.2002.High resolution surfacewave tomography in East Asia and west Pacific marginal seas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),45(5):646-664.
敖威,赵明辉,丘学林等.2012.南海西北次海盆及其邻区地壳结
构和构造意义.地球科学(中国地质大学学报),37(4):779-790.
戴勤奋.1997.中国海区及邻域的地磁场分析.海洋地质与第四纪地质,17(2):63-72.
高金耀,吴招才,王健等.2009.南海北部陆缘磁静区及与全球大洋磁静区对比的研究评述.地球科学进展,24(6):577-587.
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Areshev E G,Dong T L,San N T,et al.1992.Reservoirs infractured basement on the continental shelf of southernVietnam.J.Petrol.Geol.,15(4):451-464.
Barber A J.2000.The origin of the Woyla Terranes in Sumatra andthe Late Mesozoic evolution of the Sundaland margin.Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,18(6):713-738.
Biq C C.1971.A fossil subduction zone in Taiwan.Proc.Geol.Soc.China,14:146-154.
Dai Q F.1997.Analysis of magnetic field of China seas and adjacentregions.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),17(2):63-72.
Gao J Y,Wu Z C,Wang J,et al.2009.Review of researches on themagnetic quiet zone at the northern continental margin of theSouth China Sea and its comparison with those in the globaloceans.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),24(6):577-587.
Hayes D E,Nissen S S,Buhl P,et al.1995.Throughgoing crustalfaults along the northern margin of the South China Sea andtheir role in crustal extension.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),100(B11):22435-22446.
Holloway N H.1982.North Palawan block,Philippines:itsrelation to Asian mainland and role in evolution of South ChinaSea.Am.Assoc.Petrol.Geol.Bull.,66(9):1355-1383.
Huang C J,Zhou D,Chen C M,et al.2005.The deep-crustalstructures of Baiyun Sag revealed by deep seismic reflectionprofile.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),50(10):1024-1031.
Huang Z X,Xu Y.2011.S-wave velocity structure of South ChinaSea and surrounding regions from surface wave tomography.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3089-3097.
Kizaki K.1990.Pre-Cretaceous rocks in the Ryukyus.//Ichikawa,et al.Pre-Cretaceous Terranes of Japan.IGCP 224,217-224.
Li C F,Song T R.2012.Magnetic recording of the Cenozoic oceaniccrustal accretion and evolution of the South China Sea Basin.Chinese Science Bulletin,57(20):1879-1895.
Li J B.2011.Dynamics of the continental margins of South ChinaSea:scientific experiments and research progresses.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):2993-3003.
Li Z W.1984.A discussion on the crustal nature of the central andnorthern parts of South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),27(2):153-166.
Li Z X,Li X H.2007.Formation of the 1300-km-wideintracontinental orogen and postorogenic magmatic province inMesozoic South China:A flat-slab subduction model.Geology,35(2):179-182.
Liu G D.1993.Geological and Geophysical Maps of China Sea andAdjacent Regions(in Chinsee).Beijing:Science Press.
Ludwig W J,Kumar N,Houtz R E.1979.Profiler-sonobuoymeasurements in the South China Sea Basin.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),84(B7):3505-3518.
Mizutani S,Yao A.1991.Radiolarians and terranes:Mesozoicgeology of Japan.Episodes,14(3):213-216.
Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Buhl P,et al.1995.Deep penetrationseismic soundings across the northern margin of the SouthChina Sea.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),100(B11):22407-22433.
Qiu X L,Ye S Y,Wu S M,et al.2001.Crustal structure across theXisha Trough,northwestern South China Sea.Tectonophysics,341(1-4):179-193.
Qiu X L,Shi X B,Yan P,et al.2003.Recent progress of deepseismic experiments and studies of crustal structure innorthern South China Sea.Progress in Natural Science,13(3):231-236.
Qiu X L,Zhao M H,Ao W,et al.2011.OBS survey and crustalstructure of the Southwest Sub-basin and Nansha Block,South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3117-3128.
Ruan A G,Niu X W,Qiu X L,et al.2011.A wide angle OceanBottom Seismometer profile across Liyue Bank,the southernmargin of South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3139-3149.
Shao L,You H Q,Hao L J,et al.2007.Petrology and Depositionalenvironments of Mesozoic strata in the northeastern South ChinaSea.Geological Review(in Chinese),53(2):164-169.
Shi X B,Qiu X L,Xia K Y,et al.2003.Characteristics of surfaceheat flow in the South China Sea.Journalof Asian EarthSciences,22(3):265-277.
Shi X B,Zhou D,Zhang Y X.2000.Lithosphere′s thermalrheological structure in the northern Margin of South ChinaSea.Chinese Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),45(15):1660-1665.
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy ofSciences.2000.Research report of tectonic evolution anddynamics in Nansha region(in Chinese).60-73.
Tang Q S,Zheng C.2013.Crust and upper mantle structure and itstectonic implications in the South China Sea and adjacentregions.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,62:510-525.
Taylor B,Hayes D E.1980.The tectonic evolution of the SouthChina Basin.//Hayes D E.The Tectonic and GeologicEvolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands.AGUGeophysical Monograph,Washington,D.C.,23:89-104.
Wakita K.2000.Cretaceous accretionary-collision complexes incentral Indonesia.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,18(6):739-749.
Wang T K,Chen M K,Lee C S,et al.2006.Seismic imaging of thetransitional crust across the northeastern margin of the SouthChina Sea.Tectonophysics,412(3-4):237-254.
Wei X D,Ruan A G,Zhao M H,et al.2011.A wide-angle OBSprofile across Dongsha Uplift and Chaoshan Depression in themid-northern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3325-3335.
Wu Z C,Gao J Y,Li J B,et al.2011.The characteristics ofmagnetic anomalies:Implications for Pre-Cenozoic tectonics ofthe northern South China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3292-3302.
Wu Z L,Li J B,Ruan A G,et al.2011.Crust structure of theNorthwestern sub-Basin,South China Sea:Results fromwide-angle seismic experiment.Science in China:EarthScience(in Chinese),41(10):1463-1476.
Xia K Y,Huang C L,Huang Z M.2004.Deep structurecharacteristics of the southwest Taiwan crust in northeastSouth China Sea.//Chen Y T ed.Advances in Seismologyand Physics of Earth′s Interior in China———In Honor ofAcademician Zeng Rongsheng′s 80thBirthday(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismology Press,135-145.
Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S.2001.A crustal structure profile acrossthe northern continental margin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,338(1):1-21.
Yan T P.1963.The metamorphic belts within Tanan′ao schiststerrane of Taiwan.Proc.Geol.Soc.China,6:72-74.
Yao B C,Zeng W J,Chen Y Z,et al.1994.The crustal structure inthe eastern part of the northerh margin of the South ChinaSea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),37(1):27-35.
Yao B C,Zeng W J,Chen Y Z,et al.1995.Seismic reflectlvecharacteristics of Mesonoic sediments on the eastern continentalmargin in the north of the South China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),15(1):81-90.
Yeh Y C,Sibuet J C,Hsu S K,et al.2010.Tectonic evolution ofthe Northeastern South China Sea from seismic interpretation.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),115(B6):B06103,doi:10.1029/2009JB006354.
Zhou D,Wang W Y,Pang X,et al.2006.Mesozoic subductionaccretion zone in northeastern South China Sea inferred fromgeophysical interpretations.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences)(in Chinese),36(3):209-218.
Zhu J S,Cao J M,Cai X L,et al.2002.High resolution surfacewave tomography in East Asia and west Pacific marginal seas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),45(5):646-664.
敖威,赵明辉,丘学林等.2012.南海西北次海盆及其邻区地壳结
构和构造意义.地球科学(中国地质大学学报),37(4):779-790.
戴勤奋.1997.中国海区及邻域的地磁场分析.海洋地质与第四纪地质,17(2):63-72.
高金耀,吴招才,王健等.2009.南海北部陆缘磁静区及与全球大洋磁静区对比的研究评述.地球科学进展,24(6):577-587.
黄春菊,周蒂,陈长民等.2005.深反射地震剖面所揭示的白云凹陷的深部地壳结构.科学通报,50(10):1024-1031.
黄忠贤,胥颐.2011.南海及邻近地区面波层析成像和S波速度结构.地球物理学报,54(12):3089-3097.
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