澳大利亚西北陆架三叠纪三角洲时空演化与物源体系
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摘要
澳大利亚西北陆架盆地是一个长期继承性发育的叠合盆地,三叠纪时期处于稳定克拉通大陆边缘拗陷阶段,沉积区基底构造稳定,坡度平缓,发育大型的浅水三角洲。利用钻井、地震以及古生物资料,明确了当时的古地理、古气候与沉积特征:平面上具有三角洲平原分布广、三角洲前缘欠发育、无前积现象等特征;纵向上具有相漂移、地层厚度大、三角洲平原薄煤层普遍发育等特点;沉积作用以单向水流作用为主,正旋回的分支流水道砂体广泛发育;三角洲砂岩分布广,成分成熟较高,但分选磨圆差—中等,互层泥岩中陆源碎屑有机组分丰富,体现了浅水、快速堆积、远距离搬运的特点。平面上西北陆架North Carnarvon以及Browse主力三角洲砂体位于中晚三叠世卡尼期—诺瑞期;而Bonaparte盆地主力砂体位于中三叠世拉丁期—卡尼期。晚三叠世澳大利亚西北陆架北部普遍发生抬升,导致Browse盆地与Bonaparte盆地三叠系发育不全,三角洲规模较小;而西北陆架西南部North Carnarvon盆地地层发育齐全,厚度大,且发育大型三角洲。Pilbara地块、Yilgarn地块以及Kimberley地块为源区三大古陆,其中Pilbara地块与Yilgarn地块大多出露太古代花岗岩类,Kimberley地块以元古代变质结晶岩和沉积岩为主,为盆地提供了充足的碎屑沉积物。利用岩矿资料、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料探讨了大型三角洲的碎屑物来源:North Carnarvon盆地物源主要来自于Pilbara以及Yilgarn地块,Browse以及Bonaparte盆地物源主要来自于Kimberley地块。研究成果表明,在三叠纪全球温室气候背景条件下,特提斯南缘具有发育大型三角洲的特殊古地理背景;大型三角洲发育的地质条件除充足的降雨与丰富的物源供给外,还必须具有稳定持续沉降的构造背景。
On the Northwest Shelf of Australia,there is a long-term superimposed basin.It was a continent marginal depression of a stable craton in Triassic characterized by stable structures and gentle gradient.Large deltas were developed.Using the data of drilling,seismic and palaeontology,we discussed in this paper the paleogeography,paleoclimate and sedimentation of the deposits.In a plane view,it is a wide deltaic plain with little deltaic front and no progradational reflections are observed.In the vertical sequence,however,there are thick clastic deposits intercalating thin coal seams,denoting rapid facies changes.The sediments are dominated by.unidirectional water flow.Channel-filling sand bodies with positive rhythms and deltaic sandstones are well developed and distributed.The compositional and textural maturities of the sand are rather high with poor to middle sorting and roundness.Terrigenous organic matters are rich in the mudstone.The main sand body in the North Carnarcon and Browse Basins was deposited in the Carnian period to Norrec period of Triassic,while the main sand body in the Bonaparte Basin was formed during the Ladinian Stage to Carnian period of Triassic.The Northwest Shelf of Australia widely uplifted in late Triassic,resulting in stratigraphic hiatus,shrinkage of deltas in the Browse Basin and Bonaparte Basin.However,the Triassic deltaic deposits are complete and thick in the North Carnarvon Basin,southwestern of Northwest Shelf of Auatralia.The Pilbara Block,Yilgarn Block and Kimberley Block are the three terrestrial zones which providet clastic sediments for the basin.The Pilbara and Yilgarn were mostly exposed then with Archean granitoids,but the Kimberley was exposed to air with Proterozoic metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.Provenance of the deltaic deposits are studied upon mineralogy,apatite fission track and other data.The sediments of North Carnarvon came from the Pilbara and Yilgarn lands and the sediments of Browse and Bonaparte from Kimberley.The global greenhouse in Triassic and the tectonic background at the north edge of the Tethys Ocean are specially significant to the development of large deltas,in addition to adequate rainfall and rich source supply.
On the Northwest Shelf of Australia,there is a long-term superimposed basin.It was a continent marginal depression of a stable craton in Triassic characterized by stable structures and gentle gradient.Large deltas were developed.Using the data of drilling,seismic and palaeontology,we discussed in this paper the paleogeography,paleoclimate and sedimentation of the deposits.In a plane view,it is a wide deltaic plain with little deltaic front and no progradational reflections are observed.In the vertical sequence,however,there are thick clastic deposits intercalating thin coal seams,denoting rapid facies changes.The sediments are dominated by.unidirectional water flow.Channel-filling sand bodies with positive rhythms and deltaic sandstones are well developed and distributed.The compositional and textural maturities of the sand are rather high with poor to middle sorting and roundness.Terrigenous organic matters are rich in the mudstone.The main sand body in the North Carnarcon and Browse Basins was deposited in the Carnian period to Norrec period of Triassic,while the main sand body in the Bonaparte Basin was formed during the Ladinian Stage to Carnian period of Triassic.The Northwest Shelf of Australia widely uplifted in late Triassic,resulting in stratigraphic hiatus,shrinkage of deltas in the Browse Basin and Bonaparte Basin.However,the Triassic deltaic deposits are complete and thick in the North Carnarvon Basin,southwestern of Northwest Shelf of Auatralia.The Pilbara Block,Yilgarn Block and Kimberley Block are the three terrestrial zones which providet clastic sediments for the basin.The Pilbara and Yilgarn were mostly exposed then with Archean granitoids,but the Kimberley was exposed to air with Proterozoic metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.Provenance of the deltaic deposits are studied upon mineralogy,apatite fission track and other data.The sediments of North Carnarvon came from the Pilbara and Yilgarn lands and the sediments of Browse and Bonaparte from Kimberley.The global greenhouse in Triassic and the tectonic background at the north edge of the Tethys Ocean are specially significant to the development of large deltas,in addition to adequate rainfall and rich source supply.
引文
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[11]Nicoletta Buratti,Simonetta Cirilli.Microfloristic provincialism in the Upper Triassic Circum-Mediterranean area and palaeogeographic implication[J].Geobios,2007,40(2):133-142.
[12]李丹,杨香华,朱光辉,等.澳大利亚西北大陆架中晚三叠世沉积序列与古气候-古地理[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(6):61-70.[LI Dan,YANG Xianghua,ZHU Guanghui,et al.Paleoclimatic and paleogeographic of sedimentary sequence at Late Triassic in northwest shelf Australia[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2013,33(6):61-70.]
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[18]薛良清,Galloway W E.扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲与三角洲体系的分类[J].地质学报,1991,65(2):141-153.[XUE Liangqing,Galloway W E.Classification of fan delta,braided river delta and delta system[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1991,65(2):141-153.]
[19]朱筱敏,邓秀芹,刘自亮,等.大型坳陷湖盆浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征及模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组为例[J].地学前缘,2013,20(2):19-28.[ZHU Xiaomin,DENG Xiuqin,LIU Ziliang,et al.Lake shallow braided river delta sedimentary characteristics and model of large depression:depression of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin as an example[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(2):19-28.]
[20]郭巧珍,陈锋,杨香华,等.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷恩平组浅水辫状河三角洲沉积平[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(1):28.[GUO Qiaozhen,CHEN Feng,YANG Xianghua,et al.Huizhou sag in Zhujiangl River Mouth Basin of Enping group of shallow braided river delta sedimentary[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2013,33(1):21-28.]
[21]Direen N G,Crawford A J.The Tasman Line:where is it,what is it,and is it Australia's Rodinian breakup boundary?[J].Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,2003,50(4):491-502.
[22]Kohn B P,Gleadow A J W,Brown R W,et al.Shaping the Australian crust over the last 300million years:insights from fission track thermotectonic imaging anddenudation studies of key terranes[J].Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,2002,49(4):697-717.
[23]Gallagher K,Brown R,Johnson C.Fission track analysis and its applications togeological problems[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1998,26(1):519-572.
[24]王世成,荆贵如,康铁笙.基于磷灰石裂变径迹数据的热史反演.科学通报,1994,39(6):816-819.[WANG Shicheng,JING Guiru,KANG Tiesheng.Inversion of thermal history based on apatite fission track data[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1994,39(6):816-819.]
[25]王世成,康铁笙,冯石.磷灰石裂变径迹在地质时期退火规律的研究[J].地质科学,1992:373-377.[WANG Shicheng,KANG Tiesheng,FENG Shi.Research on geological period of apatite fission track[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1992,(3):373-377.]
[26]Gleadow A J W,Kohn B P,Brown R W,et al.Fission track thermotectonicimaging of the Australian continent[J].Tectonophysics,2002,349(1):5-21.
[27]徐田武,宋海强,况昊,等.物源分析方法的综合运用[J].地球学报,30(1):114-115.[XU Tianwu,SONG Haiqiang,KUANG Hao,et al.The integrated use of provenance analysis method[J].Journal of Earth Science,30(1):114-115.]
[2]冯杨伟,屈红军,张功成,等.澳大利亚西北陆架中生界生储盖组合特征[J].海洋地质动态,2010,26(6):16-22.[FENG Yangwei,QU Hongjun,ZHANG Gongcheng,et al.Sourcereservoir-seal assemblage characteristics of Mesozoic in the northwest shelf of Australia[J].Marine Geology Letters,2010,26(6):16-22.]
[3]Mory A J.Regional geology of the offshore Bonaparte Basin[C]//The North West Shelf,Australia.Proceedings of the PESA Symposium,Perth.1988:30.
[4]Hocking R M.Regional geology of the northern Carnarvon Basin[C]//The North West Shelf,Australia.Proceedings of PESA Symposium,Perth,WA.1988:4,27.
[5]Cadman S J,Temple P R.Bonaparte Basin,Northern Territory(NT),Western Australia(WA),Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands Adjacent Area(AC),Joint Petroleum Development Area(JPDA)[J].Geoscience Australia,Australian Petroleum Accumulations Report Series,2004,5:22-23,96.
[6]Borel G D,Stampfli G M.Geohistory of the North West Shelf:a tool to assess the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic motion of the Australian Plate[C]//Proceeding of Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium,The sedimentary basins of Western Australia.2002,3:7-8.
[7]刘本培,冯庆来,Chonglakmani C,et al.滇西古特提斯多岛洋的结构及其南北延伸[J].地学前缘,2002,9(3):161-170.[LIU Benpei,FENG Qinglai,Chonglakmani C,et al.Structure and its extension of north and south in Tethys[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(3):161-170.]
[8]李朋武,高锐,管烨,等.古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的闭合时代[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2009:39(3).[LI Pengwu,GAO Rui,GUAN Ye,et al.The age of closing of Paleo-Asian Ocean and Paleo-Tethys[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2009,39(3):56-63.]
[9]Frakes L A,Francis J E.A guide to Phanerozoic polar climates from high-latitudeice-rafting in the Cretaceous[J].Nature,1988,333(6173):547-549.
[10]Rubeen Cunneo N,Edith L,Taylor T N,et al.In situ fossil forest from the upperFremouw Formation(Triassic)of Antarctica:paleoenvironmental setting andpaleoclimate analysis[J].Paleogeography,Paleoclimatology,Paleoecology,2003,197(3):239-261.
[11]Nicoletta Buratti,Simonetta Cirilli.Microfloristic provincialism in the Upper Triassic Circum-Mediterranean area and palaeogeographic implication[J].Geobios,2007,40(2):133-142.
[12]李丹,杨香华,朱光辉,等.澳大利亚西北大陆架中晚三叠世沉积序列与古气候-古地理[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(6):61-70.[LI Dan,YANG Xianghua,ZHU Guanghui,et al.Paleoclimatic and paleogeographic of sedimentary sequence at Late Triassic in northwest shelf Australia[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2013,33(6):61-70.]
[13]钱利军.川西地区晚三叠世沉积物的古气候意义研究[D].成都理工大学,2010.[QIAN Lijun.The significance of the paleoclimate at Late Triassic sediments in the Western Sichuan[D].Chengdu University of Technology,2010.]
[14]Jancis Hdolby,Balme B E.Triassic palynology of the Carnarvon basin,Western Australia[J].Review of Paleobotany and Palynology,1976,22(2):105-168.
[15]Visscher H,van OEA C J,Zwan Utrecht.Palynology of the Circum-Meditcrranean Triassic:Phytopographical and Palaeoclimatological Implications[J].Geologische Rundachau,70(2):625-634.
[16]Gilbert G K.The topographic features of lake shores[M].1885.
[17]Fisk H N,Kolb C R,McFarlan E,et al.Sedimentary framework of the modern Mississippi Delta[Louisiana][J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1954,24(2):76-99.
[18]薛良清,Galloway W E.扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲与三角洲体系的分类[J].地质学报,1991,65(2):141-153.[XUE Liangqing,Galloway W E.Classification of fan delta,braided river delta and delta system[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1991,65(2):141-153.]
[19]朱筱敏,邓秀芹,刘自亮,等.大型坳陷湖盆浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征及模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组为例[J].地学前缘,2013,20(2):19-28.[ZHU Xiaomin,DENG Xiuqin,LIU Ziliang,et al.Lake shallow braided river delta sedimentary characteristics and model of large depression:depression of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin as an example[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(2):19-28.]
[20]郭巧珍,陈锋,杨香华,等.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷恩平组浅水辫状河三角洲沉积平[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(1):28.[GUO Qiaozhen,CHEN Feng,YANG Xianghua,et al.Huizhou sag in Zhujiangl River Mouth Basin of Enping group of shallow braided river delta sedimentary[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2013,33(1):21-28.]
[21]Direen N G,Crawford A J.The Tasman Line:where is it,what is it,and is it Australia's Rodinian breakup boundary?[J].Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,2003,50(4):491-502.
[22]Kohn B P,Gleadow A J W,Brown R W,et al.Shaping the Australian crust over the last 300million years:insights from fission track thermotectonic imaging anddenudation studies of key terranes[J].Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,2002,49(4):697-717.
[23]Gallagher K,Brown R,Johnson C.Fission track analysis and its applications togeological problems[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1998,26(1):519-572.
[24]王世成,荆贵如,康铁笙.基于磷灰石裂变径迹数据的热史反演.科学通报,1994,39(6):816-819.[WANG Shicheng,JING Guiru,KANG Tiesheng.Inversion of thermal history based on apatite fission track data[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1994,39(6):816-819.]
[25]王世成,康铁笙,冯石.磷灰石裂变径迹在地质时期退火规律的研究[J].地质科学,1992:373-377.[WANG Shicheng,KANG Tiesheng,FENG Shi.Research on geological period of apatite fission track[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1992,(3):373-377.]
[26]Gleadow A J W,Kohn B P,Brown R W,et al.Fission track thermotectonicimaging of the Australian continent[J].Tectonophysics,2002,349(1):5-21.
[27]徐田武,宋海强,况昊,等.物源分析方法的综合运用[J].地球学报,30(1):114-115.[XU Tianwu,SONG Haiqiang,KUANG Hao,et al.The integrated use of provenance analysis method[J].Journal of Earth Science,30(1):114-115.]
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