金沙江上游雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积体的发现及其环境与灾害意义
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摘要
西藏芒康县金沙江上游雪隆囊河谷史前时期(全新世晚期)发生了一次明显的堰塞事件,形成了一个湖水体积约3.1×108m3的大型堰塞湖。该堰塞湖形成后期发生溃决并引发异常大洪水,这一溃决事件发生在大约1 117A.D.。地震诱发山体滑坡可能是金沙江发生堰塞的直接原因。在雪隆囊古堰塞坝体的下游一侧到其下游3.5 km的范围内,发现大量由砾石、砂和少量黏土组成的混杂堆积体,判定其为滑坡堰塞湖的溃坝堆积,是滑坡坝体及上游河床物质在坝体溃决后快速堆积形成。整套溃坝堆积体具有支撑—叠置构造、叠瓦构造和杂基构造等沉积特征,还具有一种特殊的沉积构造:即在垂向剖面上发育粗砾石层与细砂砾层的韵律互层,但剖面中缺少砾或砂的透镜体。这种沉积构造("互层构造")是溃坝堆积相区别于冲—洪积相、泥石流相等的一种重要判别标志。采用水力学模型反演确定雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水的平均流速为7.48 m/s,最大洪峰流量为10 786 m3/s。雪隆囊溃坝堆积体沉积特征及其环境的研究,不但有助于揭示古洪水事件发生的过程和机制,同时对于认识金沙江上游地区的环境演变也具有重要意义。
A distinct damming incident occurred at the prehistoric period(Late Holocene) in the upper Jinsha River in the Mangkang County,Xizang province,China.The volume of the dammed lake is about 3.1×108m3.The dammed lake breached and caused a big outburst flood at about 1 117 A.D.We can infer that the paleoseismics induced major landslide may be the direct cause triggering the river damming.In the range between the downstream side of the ancient dam body to its downstream 3.5 km,abundance of diamicton consisting of gravels,sands and minor silts and clays was discovered.The sedimental structure of the dam break-outburst sediments includes gravel support-stacked structure,gravel imbricate structure and matrix structure,and so on.Besides,it has a special sedimental structure:rhythmites interbedded structure composed of coarser gravel layer and finer sand and gravel layer,no sand lens are formed in the layers.This special structure can be an important origin criteria of the dam break-outburst sediments.Based on back analysis using the hydraulic model,the average flow rate velocity of the outburst flood is 7.48 m / s and the maximum peak discharge is 10 786 m3/ s.The research on the sedimentary features and its environment of the dam break-outburst sediments can not only be served to help revealing the process and mechanism of ancient flood incidents,but also be significant of knowing the environmetal evolution in the upper Jinsha River area.
A distinct damming incident occurred at the prehistoric period(Late Holocene) in the upper Jinsha River in the Mangkang County,Xizang province,China.The volume of the dammed lake is about 3.1×108m3.The dammed lake breached and caused a big outburst flood at about 1 117 A.D.We can infer that the paleoseismics induced major landslide may be the direct cause triggering the river damming.In the range between the downstream side of the ancient dam body to its downstream 3.5 km,abundance of diamicton consisting of gravels,sands and minor silts and clays was discovered.The sedimental structure of the dam break-outburst sediments includes gravel support-stacked structure,gravel imbricate structure and matrix structure,and so on.Besides,it has a special sedimental structure:rhythmites interbedded structure composed of coarser gravel layer and finer sand and gravel layer,no sand lens are formed in the layers.This special structure can be an important origin criteria of the dam break-outburst sediments.Based on back analysis using the hydraulic model,the average flow rate velocity of the outburst flood is 7.48 m / s and the maximum peak discharge is 10 786 m3/ s.The research on the sedimentary features and its environment of the dam break-outburst sediments can not only be served to help revealing the process and mechanism of ancient flood incidents,but also be significant of knowing the environmetal evolution in the upper Jinsha River area.
引文
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6 崔之久,刘耕年,王晓辉,等.泥石流沉积与环境[M].北京:海洋出版社,1996:1-192.[Cui Zhijiu,Liu Gengnian,Wang Xiaohui,et al.Debris-Flow Deposits and Their Environment[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1996:1-192.]
7 崔之久,熊黑钢,刘耕年,等.中天山冰冻圈地貌过程与沉积特征[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,1998:1-305.[Cui Zhijiu,Xiong Heigang,Liu Gengnian,et al.Landform Processes and Sedimentary Features on the Cryosphere of the Central Tianshan[M].Shijiazhuang:Hebei Science and Technology Press,1998:1-305.]
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9 Clayton L,Moran S R.Chronology of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1982,1(1):55-82.
10 Costa J E.Paleohydraulic reconstruction of flash-flood peaks from boulder deposits in the Colorado Front Range[J].Geological Society of American Bulletin,1983,94(8):986-1004.
11 Kehew A E,Lord M L.Origin and large-scale erosional features of glacial-lake spillways in the northern Great Plains[J].Geological Society of American Bulletin,1986,97(2):162-177.
12 Lord M L,Kehew A E.Sedimentology and paleohydrology of glaciallake outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern North Dakota[J].Geological Society of American Bulletin,1987,99(5):663-673.
13 徐道明.西藏波曲河冰湖溃决泥石流的形成与沉积特征[J].冰川冻土,1987,9(1):23-34.[Xu Daoming.Characteristics of debris flow caused by outburst of glacial lakes on the Boqu River in Xizang,China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1987,9(1):23-34.]
14 徐道明,冯清华.冰川泥石流与冰湖溃决灾害研究[J].冰川冻土,1988,10(3):284-289.[Xu Daoming,Feng Qinghua.Studies on catastrophes of glacial debris flow and glacial lake outburst flood in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1988,10(3):284-289.]
15 Cutler P M,Colgan P M,Mickelson D M.Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Lauorentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin,USA:Implications for tunnel-channel formation[J].Quaternary International,2002,90(1):23-40.
16 崔鹏,马东涛,陈宁生,等.冰湖溃决泥石流的形成、演化与减灾对策[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(6):621-627.[Cui Peng,Ma Dongtao,Chen Ningsheng,et al.The initiation,motion and mitigation of debirs flow caused by glacial lake outburst[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(6):621-627.]
17 Benn D I,Owen L A,Finkel R C,et al.Pleistocene lake outburst floods and fan formation along the eastern Sierra Nevada,California:implications for the interpretation of intermontane lacustrine records[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(21/22):2729-2748.
18 Korup O,Montgomery D R.Tibetan plateau river incision inhibited by glacial stabilization of the Tsangpo gorge[J].Nature,2008,455(7214):786-789.
19 Chen J,Dai F C,LüT Y,et al.Holocene landslide-dammed lake deposits in the Upper Jinsha River,SE Tibetan Plateau and their ages[J].Quaternary International,2013,298:107-113.
20 Clemens S,Prell W,Murray D,et al.Forcing mechanisms of the Indian Ocean monsoon[J].Nature,1991,353(6346):720-725.
21 Lister G S,Kelts K,Zao C K,et al.Lake Qinghai,China:closedbasin like levels and the oxygen isotope record for ostracoda since the latest Pleistocene[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1991,84(1/2/3/4):141-162.
22 Gasse F,Arnold M,Fontes,J C,et al.A 13000-year climate record from western Tibet[J].Nature,1991,353(6346):742-745.
23 王苏明,王富葆.全新世气候变化的湖泊记录[M]//施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民,等.中国全新世大暖期气候与环境.北京:海洋出版社,1992:146-152.[Wang Suming,Wang Fubao.The Limnological record of Holocene fluctuation[M]//Shi Yafeng,Kong Zhaochen,Wang Sumin,et al.The Climates and Environments of Holocene Megathermal in China.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1992:146-152.]
24 Wu Y H,Andreas L,Jin Z D,et al.Holocene climate development on the central Tibetan Plateau:A sedimentary record from Cuoe Lake[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2006,234(2/4):328-340.
25 蒋雪中,王苏民,羊向东.云南鹤庆盆地30ka以来的古气候与环境变迁[J].湖泊科学,1998,10(2):10-16.[Jiang Xuezhong,Wang Sumin,Yang Xiangdong.Paleoclimatic and environmental changes over the last 30000 years in Heqing Basin,Yunnnan province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1998,10(2):10-16.]
26 Hodell D A,Brenner M,Kanfoush S L,et al.Paleoclimate of southwestern China for the past 50,000 yr inferred from lake sediment records[J].Quaternary Research,1999,52(3):369-380.
27 唐领余,沈才明,廖淦标,等.末次盛冰期以来西藏东南部的气候变化——西藏东南部的花粉记录[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2004,34(5):436-442.[Tang Lingyu,Shen Caiming,Liu Kambiu,et al.Changes in South Asian monsoon:New high-resolution paleoclimatic records from Tibet,China[J].Science China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2004,34(5):436-442.]
28 Herzschuh U.Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50,000 years[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25 (1/2):163-178.
29 Chen F H,Yu Z C,Yang M L,et al.Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(3/4):351-364.
30 唐领余,沈才明,Liu Kanbin.长江上游地区18Ka以来的植被与气候[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(增刊):1-4.[Tang Lingyu,Shen Caiming,Liu Kanbin.Vegetation and climatic changes during the last 18kabp in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River[J].World Research and Development of Science and Technology,2000,22(Suppl.):1-4.]
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