断层相关褶皱理论与应用研究新进展
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摘要
自Rich(1934)提出断层转折褶皱的几何学概念以来,Suppe(1983)首次将其定量化,建立了褶皱形态与断层形态和断层滑动之间的定量关系,奠立了断层相关褶皱理论的基本模型。20年来,不但建立了断层传播褶皱、断层滑脱褶皱等基本端员类型的几何学与运动学模型,也建立与完善了断层相关褶皱叠加样式的几何学与运动学模型,例如叠瓦构造、构造楔与干涉构造等。研究同构造沉积作用,建立了生长断层相关褶皱的几何学与运动学模型,将沉积作用与断裂作用、褶皱作用及构造隆升作用等有机地联系起来。考虑地层的力学性质与变形差异,提出与建立了剪切断层转折褶皱理论,并建立了断层相关褶皱的一系列力学模型。20年来,断层相关褶皱的基本研究方法经历了由二维剖面与平面分析向全三维空间分析的转变,由几何学、运动学模型向力学模型的转变,实验模拟技术与数值模拟技术在断层相关褶皱理论模型的建立与检验中发挥了重要作用。断层相关褶皱的理论和方法在工程地质、地震灾害预报与油气勘探开发等领域获得了广泛的应用。中国在天山、祁连山和龙门山等相邻的前陆盆地的活动构造与含油气圈闭研究中,应用断层相关褶皱的理论与方法取得了重要进展。
Rich introduced the geometry of fault-bend fold of the Appalachian Mountains in 1934. Half a century later, Suppe first quantified it, and established relationships between fold geometry, fault geometry and fault slip that led to the foundation of the theory of fault-related folding. Since then, much of progress has been made not only in establishing the geometric and kinematic models of the end-members such as fault-propagation folding and fault-detachment folding, but also in putting forward a series of superimposed models of fault-related folds such as imbricate structures, tectonic wedges, and interference structures, etc.. Concerning syntectonic sedimentation, growth fault-related folding theory was set forth giving a quantitative representation between sedimentation and the fault-slip rate, folding rate, and uplifting rate. As far as the mechanical stratigraphy and deformation character are concerned, the shear fault-bend folding is put forward. A series of mechanical models are established as being well based on experimental analog models and the numerical modeling techniques. During the years since its foundation, the basic methodology of fault-related folding theory has seen the transition from 2D cross-section or map-view to full 3D analysis, and advances in geometric and kinematic models to mechanical analytical models. The theory and methodology of fault-related folding have played an important role in engineering geology, the earthquake hazard assessment and preparedness, and, more important, the petroleum exploration and development. It has been used worldwide in the study of the above-mentioned domains.
Rich introduced the geometry of fault-bend fold of the Appalachian Mountains in 1934. Half a century later, Suppe first quantified it, and established relationships between fold geometry, fault geometry and fault slip that led to the foundation of the theory of fault-related folding. Since then, much of progress has been made not only in establishing the geometric and kinematic models of the end-members such as fault-propagation folding and fault-detachment folding, but also in putting forward a series of superimposed models of fault-related folds such as imbricate structures, tectonic wedges, and interference structures, etc.. Concerning syntectonic sedimentation, growth fault-related folding theory was set forth giving a quantitative representation between sedimentation and the fault-slip rate, folding rate, and uplifting rate. As far as the mechanical stratigraphy and deformation character are concerned, the shear fault-bend folding is put forward. A series of mechanical models are established as being well based on experimental analog models and the numerical modeling techniques. During the years since its foundation, the basic methodology of fault-related folding theory has seen the transition from 2D cross-section or map-view to full 3D analysis, and advances in geometric and kinematic models to mechanical analytical models. The theory and methodology of fault-related folding have played an important role in engineering geology, the earthquake hazard assessment and preparedness, and, more important, the petroleum exploration and development. It has been used worldwide in the study of the above-mentioned domains.
引文
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[5]SUPPE J,CHANG Y L.Kink method applied to structural interpretation of seismic sections,western Tai wan[J].Pe-troleumGeology of Tai wan,1983,19:29-49.
[6]SUPPEJ.Seismic interpretation of compressively reactivated normal fault near Hsinchu,western Tai wan[J].Petroleum Geology of Tai wan,1984,20:85-96.
[7]SUPPE J,MEDWEDEFF D A.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding[J].Eclog Geol Helv,1990,83(Laubscher vol.):409-454.
[8]CHESTER J,CHESTER F.Fault-propagation folds above thrusts with constant-dip[J].Journal of Structural Geolo-gy,1990,13:903-910.
[9]JAMISON WR.Geometric analysis of fold development in o-verthrust terranes[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1989,9:207-219.
[10]CHAMBERLI N R T.The Appalachianfolds of central Penn-sylvania[J].Journal of Geology,1910,18:228-251.
[11]DAHLSTROM C D A.The upper detachment in concentric folding[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1969,17:336-344.
[12]MOUNT V S,SUPPE J,HOOK S C.Aforward modeling strategy for balancing cross-sections[J].American Associa-tion of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1990,74:521-531.
[13]MITRA S,NAMSONJ S.Equal-area balancing[J].Ameri-can Journal of Science,1989,289:563-599.
[14]MITRA S.Balanced structural interpretations in fold and thrust belts[A].MITRAS,FISHER G W.Structural Geol-ogy of Fold and Thrust Belts[M].Balti more:John Hopkins University Press,1992:53-77.
[15]MITRA S.Fault-propagation folds:Geometry,kinematic e-volution,and hydrocarbon traps[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1990,74:921-945.
[16]MOSARJ,SUPPEJ.Role of shearinfault-propagationfold-ing[A].McCLAY K R.Thrust Tectonics[M].London:Chapman&Hall,1991:123-132.
[17]ERSLEV E A.Trishear fault-propagationfolding[J].Geolo-gy,1991,19:617-620.
[18]HARDY S,FORD M.Numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folding[J].Tectonics,1997,16(5):841-854.
[19]ALLMENDI NGER R.Inverse and forward numerical model-ing of trishear fault-propagationfolds[J].Tectonics,1998,17(4):640-656.
[20]ALLMENDI NGER R,SHAW J H.Esti mation of fault-propagation distance fromfold shape:I mplications for earth-quake hazards assessment[J].Geology,2000,28(12):1099-1102.
[21]EPARD J L,GROSHONG R H.Excess area and depth to detachment[J].American Association of Petroleum Geolo-gists Bulletin,1993,77:1291-1302.
[22]GROSHONG R H,EPARD J L.The role of strain in area-constant detachment folding[J].Journal of Structural Geol-ogy,1994,16:613-618.
[23]HARDY S,POBLET J.Geometric and numerical model of progressive li mb rotation in detachment folds[J].Geology,1994,22:371-374.
[24]EPARDJ L,GROSHONG R H.Kinematic model of detach-ment folding including li mb rotation,fixed hinges and layer-parallel strain[J].Tectonophysics,1995,247:85-103.
[25]HOMZA T X,WALLACE W K.Geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds with fixed and variable detach-ment depths[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1995,17:575-588.
[26]POBLETJ,HARDY S.Reverse modeling of detachment folds:Application to the Pico de Aguila anticline in the south Central Pyrenees(Spain)[J].Journal of Structural Geolo-gy,1995,17:1707-1724.
[27]POBLETJ,McCLAY K.Geometry and kinematics of single-layer detachment folds[J].American Association of Petrole-um Geologists Bulletin,1996,80(7):1085-1109.
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