芦山地震重灾区地形因子分析
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摘要
地形条件与山地灾害的发育密切相关,是山地灾害危险性评价的重要因子。以四川省芦山县"4·20"7.0级强烈地震灾区的芦山、宝兴、天全3县为研究区,应用GIS技术计算研究区坡度、地形位指数与地形起伏度,通过流域水文分析方法实现宝兴县子流域划分并提取沟床纵比降,分析灾区地形因子特征,结合灾后崩塌滑坡遥感解译结果,探讨次生山地灾害分布与地形因子的关系。结果表明,研究区坡度大于25°的面积占区域总面积的73.89%,地形位指数大于0.4的区域面积占总面积的85.92%,起伏度大于500 m的占87.41%,各地形因子面积比率最大的区段分别为坡度35°～40°、地形位指数0.648～0.666、起伏度500～1 000 m;宝兴县子流域沟床纵比降数值集中于100‰～300‰范围内。坡度30°～50°的区域为崩塌滑坡的高发地段;崩塌滑坡的优势地形位处于地形位指数0.228～0.246和0.34～0.61之间的区域;起伏度在500～1 000 m的区域为崩塌滑坡的集中分布区。研究结果可为灾害评估及灾后恢复重建提供参考依据。
Important factors for mountain hazard risk assessment—terrain conditions,are closely related to the occurrence of mountain hazards.The worst earthquake-hit areas in Ms7.0 Sichuan Lushan earthquake are Lushan county,Baoxing county and Tianquan county.This paper takes these three counties as study area,applies GIS technology to compute slope gradient,relief amplitude and terrain niche index,divides mudslides sub-basins and extracts longitudinal gradient by hydrological analysis methods.Topographic factors are analyzed and the relationship between seismic secondary disaster distribution and topographic factors are discussed by combining collapse and landslides remote sensing interpreted results.It shows that areas with slope gradient more than 25° occupy 73.89% of study area,regions have terrain niche index greater than 0.4 account for 85.92% of study area and zones possess relief amplitude greater than 500 m hold 87.41% of study area.Zones which contain the most widespread ratio of each topographic factor respectively distribute in areas with slope gradient 35° ～ 40°,terrain niche index 0.648 ～ 0.666 and relief amplitude 500 ～ 1 000 m.Baoxing county debris flow gully longitudinal gradient values are overall high and concentrated within the range of 100‰ to 300‰.Regions with 30° ～ 50° slope gradient occur collapse and landslides most.Superior terrain niche of collapse and landslides includes grade 8(terrain niche index from 0.228 to 0.246) and grade 14 to 28(terrain niche index 0.34 ～ 0.61).Areas with relief amplitude within the range of 500 m to 1 000 m are collapse and landslides concentrated distribution ones.The result could be a reference for disaster assessments and disaster recovery and reconstruction.
Important factors for mountain hazard risk assessment—terrain conditions,are closely related to the occurrence of mountain hazards.The worst earthquake-hit areas in Ms7.0 Sichuan Lushan earthquake are Lushan county,Baoxing county and Tianquan county.This paper takes these three counties as study area,applies GIS technology to compute slope gradient,relief amplitude and terrain niche index,divides mudslides sub-basins and extracts longitudinal gradient by hydrological analysis methods.Topographic factors are analyzed and the relationship between seismic secondary disaster distribution and topographic factors are discussed by combining collapse and landslides remote sensing interpreted results.It shows that areas with slope gradient more than 25° occupy 73.89% of study area,regions have terrain niche index greater than 0.4 account for 85.92% of study area and zones possess relief amplitude greater than 500 m hold 87.41% of study area.Zones which contain the most widespread ratio of each topographic factor respectively distribute in areas with slope gradient 35° ～ 40°,terrain niche index 0.648 ～ 0.666 and relief amplitude 500 ～ 1 000 m.Baoxing county debris flow gully longitudinal gradient values are overall high and concentrated within the range of 100‰ to 300‰.Regions with 30° ～ 50° slope gradient occur collapse and landslides most.Superior terrain niche of collapse and landslides includes grade 8(terrain niche index from 0.228 to 0.246) and grade 14 to 28(terrain niche index 0.34 ～ 0.61).Areas with relief amplitude within the range of 500 m to 1 000 m are collapse and landslides concentrated distribution ones.The result could be a reference for disaster assessments and disaster recovery and reconstruction.
引文
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[18]Guo Fangfang,Yang Nong,Meng Hui,et al.Application of therelief amplitude and slope analysis to regional landslide hazard as-sessments[J].Geology in China,2008,35(1):131-143[郭芳芳,杨农,孟晖,等.地形起伏度和坡度分析在区域滑坡灾害评价中的应用[J].中国地质,2008,35(1):131-143]
[19]Cui Peng,Chen Xiaoqing,Zhang Jiangqiang,et al.Activities andtendency of mountain hazards induced by the Ms7.0 Lushan earth-quake,April 20,2013[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,31(3):257-263[崔鹏,陈晓清,张建强,等.“4·20”芦山7.0级地震次生山地灾害活动特征与趋势[J].山地学报,2013,31(3):257-263]
[2]He Zhenfang,Zhao Mudan,Han Yu.Comparison of extracting slopealgorithms in different types of landscape[J].Bulletin of Soil andWater Conservation,2008,28(6):126-192[何振芳,赵牡丹,韩羽.不同地貌类型坡度提取算法的比较[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(6):126-192]
[3]Dong Youfu,Tang Guo’an,Zhao Yonghua.Terrain gradient char-acteristic analysis of landscape change in Guyuan County in the up-per reaches of Jinghe River[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conser-vation,2010,30(1):222-226[董有福,汤国安,赵永华.泾河上游固原县景观变化地形梯度特征分析[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(1):222-226]
[4]Yu Hong,Zeng Hui,Jiang Ziying.Study on distribution character-istics of landscape elements along the terrain gradient[J].ScientiaGeographica Sinica,2001,21(1):64-69[喻红,曾辉,江子瀛.快速城市化地区景观组分在地形梯度上的分布特征研究[J].地理科学,2001,21(1):64-69]
[5]Si Junlang,Qi Wei,QuYanbo,et al.Distribution characteristics ofland use pattern on terrain gradient in Jiaodong mountainous areas atcounty level[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(3):679-685[斯钧浪,齐伟,曲衍波,等.胶东山区县域土地利用在地形梯度上的分布特征[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):679-685]
[6]Liang Guofu,Han Yan,Ding Shengyan.Forest landscape dynamicsin north of Funiu Mountain along terrain gradient[J].Scientia Geo-graphica Sinica,2010,30(2):242-247[梁国付,韩艳,丁圣彦.伏牛山北坡森林景观变化的地形梯度特征分析[J].地理科学,2010,30(2):242-247]
[7]TuHanming,Liu Zhendong.Study on Relief Amplitude in China[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1991,20(4):311-319[涂汉明,刘振东.中国地势起伏度研究[J].测绘学报,1991,20(4):311-319]
[8]Chen Zhiming.On The principle,contents and methods used tocompile the Chinese Geomorphological Maps[J].Acta GeographicaSinica,1993,48(2):105-113[陈志明.论中国地貌图的研制原则,内容与方法[J].地理学报,1993,48(2):105-113]
[9]Tang Fei,Chen Xi,Cheng Weiming,et al.Relief amplitude inJunggar Basin and peripheral northwest mountains[J].Arid LandGeography,2006,29(3):388-392[唐飞,陈曦,程维明,等.基于DEM的准噶尔盆地及其西北山区地势起伏度研究[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(3):388-392]
[10]Feng Zhiming,Tang Yan,Yang Yanzhao,et al.The relief degreeof land surface in China and its correlation with population distribu-tion[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(10):1073-1082[封志明,唐焰,杨艳昭,等.中国地形起伏度及其与人口分布的相关性[J].地理学报,2007,62(10):1073-1082]
[11]Bi Xiaoling,Li Xiaojuan,Hu Zhuowei,et al.The extraction of re-lief amplitude and its application in the regional landslide hazardassessment[J].Journal of Anhui AgriSci,2011,39(004):2413-2416[毕晓玲,李小娟,胡卓玮,等.地形起伏度提取及其在区域滑坡灾害评价中的应用——以四川省为例[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(004):2413-2416]
[12]Zhang Wei,Li Ainong.Study on the optimal scale for calculatingthe relief amplitude in China based on DEM[J].Geography andGeo-Information Science,2012,28(004):8-12[张伟,李爱农.基于DEM的中国地形起伏度适宜计算尺度研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(004):8-12]
[13]Xie Hong,Wang Shige,Kong Jiming.Distribution and characteris-tics of mountain hazards induced by the earthquake of May 12 inWenchuan,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(4):396-401[谢洪,王士革,孔纪名.“5.12”汶川地震次生山地灾害的分布与特点[J].山地学报,2008,26(4):396-401]
[14]Li Li.The topographic factor study on the group of gully-type deb-ris flow in strong earthquake[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University ofTechnology,2012.[李丽.强震区群发性沟谷型泥石流地形因子研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2012.]
[15]Zhou Chenghu,Cheng Weiming,QianJinkai,et al.Research onthe classification system of digital land geomorphology of1∶1000000 in China[J].Journalof Geo-information Science,2009,11(6):707-724[周成虎,程维明,钱金凯,等.中国陆地1∶100万数字地貌分类体系研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(6):707-724]
[16]Yao Xin,Xu Chong,Dai Fuchu,et al.Contribution of strata li-thology and slope gradient to landslides triggered by Wenchuan Ms8earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2009,28(8):1156-1162[姚鑫,许冲,戴福初,等.四川汶川Ms8级地震引发的滑坡与地层岩性、坡度的相关性[J].地质通报,2009,28(8):1156-1162]
[17]Cai Keke,He Zhengwei,Ni Zhongyun,et al.Extraction and anal-ysis of destroyed land information of Pengzhoubased on RS and GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(4):43-45[蔡柯柯,何政伟,倪忠云,等.基于RS和GIS的彭州市震毁土地信息提取及分析[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(4):43-45]
[18]Guo Fangfang,Yang Nong,Meng Hui,et al.Application of therelief amplitude and slope analysis to regional landslide hazard as-sessments[J].Geology in China,2008,35(1):131-143[郭芳芳,杨农,孟晖,等.地形起伏度和坡度分析在区域滑坡灾害评价中的应用[J].中国地质,2008,35(1):131-143]
[19]Cui Peng,Chen Xiaoqing,Zhang Jiangqiang,et al.Activities andtendency of mountain hazards induced by the Ms7.0 Lushan earth-quake,April 20,2013[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,31(3):257-263[崔鹏,陈晓清,张建强,等.“4·20”芦山7.0级地震次生山地灾害活动特征与趋势[J].山地学报,2013,31(3):257-263]
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