海底天然气水合物OBS多分量地震正演模拟（英文）
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摘要
根据Ecker的水合物沉积物的三种微观模式,计算含水合物沉积层和含游离气沉积物的弹性模量,分析对比了水合物的不同微观模式、不同水合物饱和度以及不同游离气饱和度对沉积物弹性模量的影响;从纵横波分离的弹性波动方程出发,采用交错网格空间有限差分方法模拟地震波在海底天然气水合物沉积地层的传播,得到纵、横波的海底地震(OBS)共接收点道集。数值算例表明,当水合物作为流体的一部分或胶结颗粒骨架时,仅纵波记录上存在BSR;当水合物胶结颗粒接触,纵、横波记录上均存在BSR。并且,OBS会接收到上行纵波和上行横波在海底界面形成的转换波,干扰横波记录上BSR的识别。
We investigated the effect of microscopic distribution modes of hydrates in porous sediments, and the saturation of hydrates and free gas on the elastic properties of saturated sediments. We simulated the propagation of seismic waves in gas hydrate-bearing sediments beneath the seafloor, and obtained the common receiver gathers of compressional waves(P-waves) and shear waves(S-waves). The numerical results suggest that the interface between sediments containing gas hydrates and free gas produces a large-amplitude bottomsimulating reflector. The analysis of multicomponent common receiver data suggests that ocean-bottom seismometers receive the converted waves of upgoing P- and S-waves, which increases the complexity of the wavefield record.
We investigated the effect of microscopic distribution modes of hydrates in porous sediments, and the saturation of hydrates and free gas on the elastic properties of saturated sediments. We simulated the propagation of seismic waves in gas hydrate-bearing sediments beneath the seafloor, and obtained the common receiver gathers of compressional waves(P-waves) and shear waves(S-waves). The numerical results suggest that the interface between sediments containing gas hydrates and free gas produces a large-amplitude bottomsimulating reflector. The analysis of multicomponent common receiver data suggests that ocean-bottom seismometers receive the converted waves of upgoing P- and S-waves, which increases the complexity of the wavefield record.
引文
Andreassen,K.,Hart,P.,and Mackay,M.,1997,Amplitude versus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates:Marine Geology,137(1–2),25–0.
Aki,K.,2002,Quantitative seismology,2nded:Sausalito,Calif.,University Science Books.
Berenger,J.P.,1994,A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electro-magnetic waves:Journal ofComputational Physics,114,185–200.
Dillon,W.P.,Lee,M.W.,Fehlhaber,K.,and Coleman,D.F.,1993,Gas hydrates on the Atlantic Continental Margin of the United States-controls on concentration:The Future of Energy Gases,United States Geological Survey,Professional Paper,1570,313–330.
Dong,L.G.,Ma,Z.T.,Cao,J.Z.,et al.,2000,A Staggeredgrid High-order Difference Method of One-order Elastic Wave Equation:Chinese Journal of Geophysics(inChinese),43(3),411–19.
Ecker,C.,Dvorkin,J.,and Nur,A.,1998,Sediments with gas hydrates:Internal structure from seismic AVO:Geophysics,63(5),1659–1669.
Ecker,C.,2001,Seismic characterization of methane hydrate structures:Ph D Thesis,Stanford University,California.
He,B.S.,and Zhang,H.X.,2006,Vector prestack depth migration of multi-component wavefield:Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),41(4),369–374.
Korenaga,J.,Holbrook,W.S.,Singh,S.C.,and Minshull,T.A.,1997,Natural gas hydrates on the southeast U.S.margin:Constraints from full waveform and traveltime inversions of wide-angle seismic data:Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B7),15345–15365.
Kvenvolden,K.A.,1993,Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change:Reviews of Geophysics,31,173–187.
Mienert,J.,Bunz,S.,Guidard,S.,Vanneste,M.,and Berndt,C.,2005,Ocean bottom seismometer investigations in the Ormen Lange area offshore mid-Norway provide evidence for shallow gas layers in subsurface sediments:Marine and Petroleum Geology,22,287–297.
Mu,Y.G.,and Pei,Z.L.,2005,Seismic Numerical Modeling for 3-D Complex Media:Petroleum Industry Press,China (in Chinese),14–32.
Petersen,C.J.,Papenberg,C.,and Klaeschen,D.,2007,Local seismic quantification of gas hydrates and BSR characterization from multi-frequency OBS data atnorthern Hydrate Ridge:Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,255(3–),414–31.
Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,Chu,F.Y.,and Li,X.Y.,2006,AVOmunerical simulation of gas hydrates reflectors beneath seafloor:Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(6),1826–1835.
Ruan,A.G.,Chu,F.Y.,and Meng,B.Z.,2007,Seismic Methods and OBS Application in the Study of Oceanic Gas Hydrates:Natural Gas Industry(in Chinese),27(4),46–8.
Sholl,D.W.,and Hart,P.E.,1993,Velocity and amplitu destructure on seismic-reflection profiles–possibly massivegas-hydrate deposits and underlying gas accumulationsin the Bering Sea Basin:The Future of Energy Gases,United States Geological Survey Professional Paper,1570,331–351.
Sloan,E.D.,1990,Clathrate Hydrate of Natural Gases:Marcel Dekker Press,New York.
Sun,C.Y.,Zhang,M.Y.,Niu,B.H.and Huang,X.W.,2003,Study of modeling seismic bottom simulating reflector for nature gas hydrate:Geoscience(in Chinese),17(3),337–344.
Sun,C.Y.,Zhang,M.Y.,Niu,B.H.,and Huang,X.W.,2003,Modeling of seismic blanking zone for gashy drate:Earth Science Frontiers(China University of Geosciences,Beijing)(in Chinese),10(1),199–204.
Sun,Q.F.,and Du,Q.Z.,2011,A review of the multicomponent seismic data processing:Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),38(1),67–73.
Wang,X.J.,Wu,S.G.,and Liu,X.W.,2006,Factors affecting the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation:Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(2),504–511.
Wood,W.T.,Stoffa,P.L.,and Shipley,T.H.,1994,Quantitative detection of methane hydrate through high-resolution seismic velocity analysis:Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B5),9681–9695.
Wyllie,M.R.J.,Gregory,A.R.,and Gardner,G.H.F.,1958,An experimental investigation of factors affect in gelastic wave velocities in porous media:Geophysics,23(3),459–93.
Xia,C.L.,Liu,X.W.,Xia,M.L.,and Liu,E.H.,2008,Application of ocean bottom seismic in exploration of gas hydrate:Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),31(4),259–264.
Aki,K.,2002,Quantitative seismology,2nded:Sausalito,Calif.,University Science Books.
Berenger,J.P.,1994,A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electro-magnetic waves:Journal ofComputational Physics,114,185–200.
Dillon,W.P.,Lee,M.W.,Fehlhaber,K.,and Coleman,D.F.,1993,Gas hydrates on the Atlantic Continental Margin of the United States-controls on concentration:The Future of Energy Gases,United States Geological Survey,Professional Paper,1570,313–330.
Dong,L.G.,Ma,Z.T.,Cao,J.Z.,et al.,2000,A Staggeredgrid High-order Difference Method of One-order Elastic Wave Equation:Chinese Journal of Geophysics(inChinese),43(3),411–19.
Ecker,C.,Dvorkin,J.,and Nur,A.,1998,Sediments with gas hydrates:Internal structure from seismic AVO:Geophysics,63(5),1659–1669.
Ecker,C.,2001,Seismic characterization of methane hydrate structures:Ph D Thesis,Stanford University,California.
He,B.S.,and Zhang,H.X.,2006,Vector prestack depth migration of multi-component wavefield:Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),41(4),369–374.
Korenaga,J.,Holbrook,W.S.,Singh,S.C.,and Minshull,T.A.,1997,Natural gas hydrates on the southeast U.S.margin:Constraints from full waveform and traveltime inversions of wide-angle seismic data:Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B7),15345–15365.
Kvenvolden,K.A.,1993,Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change:Reviews of Geophysics,31,173–187.
Mienert,J.,Bunz,S.,Guidard,S.,Vanneste,M.,and Berndt,C.,2005,Ocean bottom seismometer investigations in the Ormen Lange area offshore mid-Norway provide evidence for shallow gas layers in subsurface sediments:Marine and Petroleum Geology,22,287–297.
Mu,Y.G.,and Pei,Z.L.,2005,Seismic Numerical Modeling for 3-D Complex Media:Petroleum Industry Press,China (in Chinese),14–32.
Petersen,C.J.,Papenberg,C.,and Klaeschen,D.,2007,Local seismic quantification of gas hydrates and BSR characterization from multi-frequency OBS data atnorthern Hydrate Ridge:Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,255(3–),414–31.
Ruan,A.G.,Li,J.B.,Chu,F.Y.,and Li,X.Y.,2006,AVOmunerical simulation of gas hydrates reflectors beneath seafloor:Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(6),1826–1835.
Ruan,A.G.,Chu,F.Y.,and Meng,B.Z.,2007,Seismic Methods and OBS Application in the Study of Oceanic Gas Hydrates:Natural Gas Industry(in Chinese),27(4),46–8.
Sholl,D.W.,and Hart,P.E.,1993,Velocity and amplitu destructure on seismic-reflection profiles–possibly massivegas-hydrate deposits and underlying gas accumulationsin the Bering Sea Basin:The Future of Energy Gases,United States Geological Survey Professional Paper,1570,331–351.
Sloan,E.D.,1990,Clathrate Hydrate of Natural Gases:Marcel Dekker Press,New York.
Sun,C.Y.,Zhang,M.Y.,Niu,B.H.and Huang,X.W.,2003,Study of modeling seismic bottom simulating reflector for nature gas hydrate:Geoscience(in Chinese),17(3),337–344.
Sun,C.Y.,Zhang,M.Y.,Niu,B.H.,and Huang,X.W.,2003,Modeling of seismic blanking zone for gashy drate:Earth Science Frontiers(China University of Geosciences,Beijing)(in Chinese),10(1),199–204.
Sun,Q.F.,and Du,Q.Z.,2011,A review of the multicomponent seismic data processing:Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),38(1),67–73.
Wang,X.J.,Wu,S.G.,and Liu,X.W.,2006,Factors affecting the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation:Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(2),504–511.
Wood,W.T.,Stoffa,P.L.,and Shipley,T.H.,1994,Quantitative detection of methane hydrate through high-resolution seismic velocity analysis:Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B5),9681–9695.
Wyllie,M.R.J.,Gregory,A.R.,and Gardner,G.H.F.,1958,An experimental investigation of factors affect in gelastic wave velocities in porous media:Geophysics,23(3),459–93.
Xia,C.L.,Liu,X.W.,Xia,M.L.,and Liu,E.H.,2008,Application of ocean bottom seismic in exploration of gas hydrate:Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),31(4),259–264.
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