汶川地震大光包滑坡动力响应特征研究
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摘要
运用FLAC3D模拟大光包滑坡变形失稳特征,并输入距离滑坡约4.3 km的清平台站强震加速度三向记录,结果表明:其地震动力响应较为复杂,受控于斜坡形态、岩体(地质)结构及地震强度和振动持时等因素,在水平加速度响应方面,前缘滑坡更为明显,地震动频率更高,振幅更大,利于前缘的顺层失稳滑动;在竖向加速度响应方面,后缘滑体的振幅更大,竖向加速度(绝对值)数倍于水平加速度,利于拉裂、振碎解体和抛掷失稳。大光包滑坡与简单均值结构的边坡地震动力响应特征不完全一致,随高程、坡度放大的趋向性和节律性不明显。结合地震动力响应和运动特征,对滑坡堆积和滑源进行概化分区:(1)下部顺层滑坡堆积区,是滑坡的主堆积区,分布于滑坡东侧,堵塞黄洞子沟;(2)上部崩滑堆积区,分布于滑坡西北、北侧,具有明显的带状特征;(3)后缘陡壁及倒石堆区,侧缘拉裂边界,近直立不规则凹凸状断壁,分布多组张拉裂隙,说明受陡倾角张性裂隙控制,表现为张性破坏特征,陡崖下部分布大量倒石堆,呈串珠状分布,以碎块石为主,岩性与后缘及北侧陡壁岩体一致,系地震后的重力调整所致;(4)顺层滑面及擦痕区,在滑面上分布大量与岩层倾向相同的擦痕,说明顺层滑坡在后部具有向北方向偏转滑动的特征。
The complicate earthquake dynamic response is simulated with FLAC 3D that is much different with simple/homogeneous slope due to poor amplitude effect along the height.For the horizontal acceleration response,the front of the landslide has greater vibrating frequency and amplitude,that is easier to trigger the slide along the inclined layer.For the vertical acceleration response,the back of the landslide has greater amplitude of vibration,and as three times as the absolute value of the acceleration in the front,that is easier cracking,fragmenting or even throwing rock mass.In light of the earthquake dynamic response and movement,the landslide accumulation and source are zoned as follows:(1) the lower inclined bedding sliding accumulation,which distributed in the East and dammed a tributary named the Huangdongzi;(2) the upper avalanche accumulation,which distributed in the Northwest and the North that overlay the North margin of previous sliding accumulation with belt-like;(3) the back cliff and talus,in which lots of cracks in the cliffs shows the tensive failures during the vibration;and lots of talus masses show gravity processes after the earthquake;(4) inclined bedding sliding surface and striation,which distributed at the back of the lower inclined bedding landslide.Enormous large-scale striation belts show the moving direction to North that is as same as the tendency of the layer.
The complicate earthquake dynamic response is simulated with FLAC 3D that is much different with simple/homogeneous slope due to poor amplitude effect along the height.For the horizontal acceleration response,the front of the landslide has greater vibrating frequency and amplitude,that is easier to trigger the slide along the inclined layer.For the vertical acceleration response,the back of the landslide has greater amplitude of vibration,and as three times as the absolute value of the acceleration in the front,that is easier cracking,fragmenting or even throwing rock mass.In light of the earthquake dynamic response and movement,the landslide accumulation and source are zoned as follows:(1) the lower inclined bedding sliding accumulation,which distributed in the East and dammed a tributary named the Huangdongzi;(2) the upper avalanche accumulation,which distributed in the Northwest and the North that overlay the North margin of previous sliding accumulation with belt-like;(3) the back cliff and talus,in which lots of cracks in the cliffs shows the tensive failures during the vibration;and lots of talus masses show gravity processes after the earthquake;(4) inclined bedding sliding surface and striation,which distributed at the back of the lower inclined bedding landslide.Enormous large-scale striation belts show the moving direction to North that is as same as the tendency of the layer.
引文
[1]黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机制分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730-741.(HUANG Runqiu,PEI Xiangjun,LI Tianbin.The basic characteristicsand formation mechanism of Daguangbao large-scale landslide triggered byWenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):730-741.(in Chinese))
[2]黄润秋,裴向军,张伟峰,等.再论大光包滑坡特征与形成机制[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):725-736.(HUANG Runqiu,PEI Xiangjun,ZHANG Weifeng,et al.Further examination oncharacteristics and formation mechanism of Daguangbao landslide[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(6):725-736.(in Chinese))
[3]HUANG R Q,PEI X J,FAN X M,et al.The characteristics andfailure mechanism of the largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuanearthquake,May 12,2008,China[J].Landslides,2012,9(1):131-142.
[4]殷跃平.汶川地震地质与滑坡灾害概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2009:70-72.(YIN Yueping.Great Wenchuan earthquake:seism geologyand landslide hazards[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009:70-72.(in Chinese))
[5]YIN Y P,ZHENG W M,LI X C,et al.Catastrophic landslidesassociated with the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Bulletin ofEngineering Geology and the Environment,2011,70(1):15-32.
[6]殷跃平.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡遥感研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(5):674-684.(YINYueping.Remote sensing research onDaguangbao gigantic rockslide triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(5):674-684.(in Chinese))
[7]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131-141.(ZHANG Yongshuang,SHIJusong,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenicgeological processes in the Wenchuan earthquake and exampleanalysis of geohazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131-141.(in Chinese))
[8]王运生,徐鸿彪,罗永红,等.地震高位滑坡形成条件及抛射运动程式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(11):2360-2368.(WANG Yunsheng,XU Hongbiao,LUO Yonghong,et al.Study offormation conditions and toss motion program of high landslidesinduced by earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2009,28(11):2 360-2 368.(in Chinese))
[9]许强,李为乐.汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):818-826.(XU Qiang,LI Weile.Distributionof large-scale landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):818-826.(in Chinese))
[10]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145-159.(WU Shuren,WANG Tao,SHI Ling,et al.Study on catastrophic landslides triggeredby 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2010,18(2):145-159.(in Chinese))
[11]黄富荣,邓小林.什邡式磷块岩矿床的成矿条件与冲断推覆构造[J].化工矿产地质,2011,33(1):27-36.(HUANG Furong,DENGXiaoling.Metallogenic conditions and thrust decked structure ofShifang phosphoresce deposits[J].Geology of Chemical Minerals,2011,33(1):27-36.(in Chinese))
[12]HUNGR O,EVANS S G.The occurrence and classification of massiverock slope failure[J].Felsbau,2004,22(2):16-23.
[13]殷跃平.斜倾厚层山体滑坡视向滑动机制研究——以重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):217-226.(YIN Yueping.Mechanism of apparent dip slide of inclined beddingrockslide—a case study of Jiweishan rockslide in Wulong,Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):217-226.(in Chinese))
[14]DAVID K K.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Societyof America Bulletin,1984,95(4):406-421.
[15]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡触发特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29-38.(YIN Yueping.Features of landsldies triggeredby the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29-38.(in Chinese))
[16]殷跃平,康宏达,张颖.链子崖危岩体稳定性分析及锚固工程优化设计[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(5):599-603.(YIN Yueping,KANG Hongda,ZHANG Ying.Stability analysis and optimal anchoringdesign on Lianziya dangerous rock mass[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2000,22(5):599-603.(in Chinese))
[17]COLLER C J,ELNASHAI A S.A procedure for combining verticaland horizontal seismic action effects[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2001,5(4):521-539.
[18]于海英,王栋,杨永强,等.汶川8.0级地震强震动加速度记录的初步分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(1):1-13.(YUHaiying,WANG Dong,YANG Yongqiang,et al.The preliminaryanalysis of strong ground motion records from the Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2009,29(1):1-13.(in Chinese))
[19]崔芳鹏,胡瑞林,殷跃平,等.纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应离散元分析——以北川唐家山滑坡为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):319-327.(CUI Fangpeng,HU Ruilin,YIN Yueping,et al.Discrete element analysis of collapsing and sliding response ofslope triggered by time difference coupling effects of P and S seismicwaves—taking Tangjiashan landslide in Beichuan County for example[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):319-327.(in Chinese))
[20]SUN P,YIN Y P.A case study of rock avalanches triggered by theWenchuan earthquake of May 12,2008,Sichuan,China[J].EnvironmentEarth Sciences,2012,66(5):1 285-1 293.
[21]祁生文,伍法权,孙进忠.边坡动力响应规律研究[J].中国科学:E辑,2003,33(增):28-40.(QI Shengwen,WU Faquan,SUNJinzhong.Study on dynamic responses of slopes[J].Science in China:Ser.E,2003,33(Supp.):28-40.(in Chinese))
[22]王福海,王运生,孙刚,等.地震荷载作用下斜坡响应研究:以四川青川东山狮子梁剖面为例[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):142-150.(WANG Fuhai,WANG Yunsheng,SUN Gang,et al.Study onslope response under seismic loading:taking the Dongshan—Shiziliangprofile in Qingchuan,Sichuan as an example[J].Geoscience,2011,25(1):142-150.(in Chinese))
[23]陈晓利,李杨,洪启宇,等.地震作用下边坡动力响应的数值模拟研究[J].岩石学报,2011,27(6):1899-1908.(CHEN Xiaoli,LI Yang,HONG Qiyu,et al.Numerical simulation of earthquakeeffects on rock slope[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(6):1 899-1 908.(in Chinese))
[24]董金玉,杨国香,伍法权,等.地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(10):2 977-2 984.(DONG Jinyu,YANG Guoxiang,WU Faquan,et al.Thelarge-scale shaking table test study of dynamic response and failuremode of bedding rock slope under earthquake[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2011,32(10):2 977-2 984.(in Chinese))
[2]黄润秋,裴向军,张伟峰,等.再论大光包滑坡特征与形成机制[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):725-736.(HUANG Runqiu,PEI Xiangjun,ZHANG Weifeng,et al.Further examination oncharacteristics and formation mechanism of Daguangbao landslide[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(6):725-736.(in Chinese))
[3]HUANG R Q,PEI X J,FAN X M,et al.The characteristics andfailure mechanism of the largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuanearthquake,May 12,2008,China[J].Landslides,2012,9(1):131-142.
[4]殷跃平.汶川地震地质与滑坡灾害概论[M].北京:地质出版社,2009:70-72.(YIN Yueping.Great Wenchuan earthquake:seism geologyand landslide hazards[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2009:70-72.(in Chinese))
[5]YIN Y P,ZHENG W M,LI X C,et al.Catastrophic landslidesassociated with the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Bulletin ofEngineering Geology and the Environment,2011,70(1):15-32.
[6]殷跃平.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡遥感研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(5):674-684.(YINYueping.Remote sensing research onDaguangbao gigantic rockslide triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(5):674-684.(in Chinese))
[7]张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131-141.(ZHANG Yongshuang,SHIJusong,SUN Ping,et al.Coupling between endogenic and exogenicgeological processes in the Wenchuan earthquake and exampleanalysis of geohazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):131-141.(in Chinese))
[8]王运生,徐鸿彪,罗永红,等.地震高位滑坡形成条件及抛射运动程式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(11):2360-2368.(WANG Yunsheng,XU Hongbiao,LUO Yonghong,et al.Study offormation conditions and toss motion program of high landslidesinduced by earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2009,28(11):2 360-2 368.(in Chinese))
[9]许强,李为乐.汶川地震诱发大型滑坡分布规律研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):818-826.(XU Qiang,LI Weile.Distributionof large-scale landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):818-826.(in Chinese))
[10]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145-159.(WU Shuren,WANG Tao,SHI Ling,et al.Study on catastrophic landslides triggeredby 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2010,18(2):145-159.(in Chinese))
[11]黄富荣,邓小林.什邡式磷块岩矿床的成矿条件与冲断推覆构造[J].化工矿产地质,2011,33(1):27-36.(HUANG Furong,DENGXiaoling.Metallogenic conditions and thrust decked structure ofShifang phosphoresce deposits[J].Geology of Chemical Minerals,2011,33(1):27-36.(in Chinese))
[12]HUNGR O,EVANS S G.The occurrence and classification of massiverock slope failure[J].Felsbau,2004,22(2):16-23.
[13]殷跃平.斜倾厚层山体滑坡视向滑动机制研究——以重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):217-226.(YIN Yueping.Mechanism of apparent dip slide of inclined beddingrockslide—a case study of Jiweishan rockslide in Wulong,Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):217-226.(in Chinese))
[14]DAVID K K.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Societyof America Bulletin,1984,95(4):406-421.
[15]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡触发特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29-38.(YIN Yueping.Features of landsldies triggeredby the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):29-38.(in Chinese))
[16]殷跃平,康宏达,张颖.链子崖危岩体稳定性分析及锚固工程优化设计[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(5):599-603.(YIN Yueping,KANG Hongda,ZHANG Ying.Stability analysis and optimal anchoringdesign on Lianziya dangerous rock mass[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,2000,22(5):599-603.(in Chinese))
[17]COLLER C J,ELNASHAI A S.A procedure for combining verticaland horizontal seismic action effects[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2001,5(4):521-539.
[18]于海英,王栋,杨永强,等.汶川8.0级地震强震动加速度记录的初步分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(1):1-13.(YUHaiying,WANG Dong,YANG Yongqiang,et al.The preliminaryanalysis of strong ground motion records from the Ms8.0 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2009,29(1):1-13.(in Chinese))
[19]崔芳鹏,胡瑞林,殷跃平,等.纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应离散元分析——以北川唐家山滑坡为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):319-327.(CUI Fangpeng,HU Ruilin,YIN Yueping,et al.Discrete element analysis of collapsing and sliding response ofslope triggered by time difference coupling effects of P and S seismicwaves—taking Tangjiashan landslide in Beichuan County for example[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):319-327.(in Chinese))
[20]SUN P,YIN Y P.A case study of rock avalanches triggered by theWenchuan earthquake of May 12,2008,Sichuan,China[J].EnvironmentEarth Sciences,2012,66(5):1 285-1 293.
[21]祁生文,伍法权,孙进忠.边坡动力响应规律研究[J].中国科学:E辑,2003,33(增):28-40.(QI Shengwen,WU Faquan,SUNJinzhong.Study on dynamic responses of slopes[J].Science in China:Ser.E,2003,33(Supp.):28-40.(in Chinese))
[22]王福海,王运生,孙刚,等.地震荷载作用下斜坡响应研究:以四川青川东山狮子梁剖面为例[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):142-150.(WANG Fuhai,WANG Yunsheng,SUN Gang,et al.Study onslope response under seismic loading:taking the Dongshan—Shiziliangprofile in Qingchuan,Sichuan as an example[J].Geoscience,2011,25(1):142-150.(in Chinese))
[23]陈晓利,李杨,洪启宇,等.地震作用下边坡动力响应的数值模拟研究[J].岩石学报,2011,27(6):1899-1908.(CHEN Xiaoli,LI Yang,HONG Qiyu,et al.Numerical simulation of earthquakeeffects on rock slope[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(6):1 899-1 908.(in Chinese))
[24]董金玉,杨国香,伍法权,等.地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(10):2 977-2 984.(DONG Jinyu,YANG Guoxiang,WU Faquan,et al.Thelarge-scale shaking table test study of dynamic response and failuremode of bedding rock slope under earthquake[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2011,32(10):2 977-2 984.(in Chinese))
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