汶川地震区大型泥石流工程防治体系规划方法探索
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摘要
汶川地震后4年里泥石流非常活跃,暴发了数次大规模泥石流。分析了震后泥石流形成的三类起动机理,并结合拦挡工程溃决情况,进一步分析人工干预下的大型泥石流形成机理。在此基础上,针对大型泥石流成灾的两个显著特点,即泥石流进入主河形成堰塞湖产生二次灾害与泥石流携带的巨石冲击破坏能力巨大,提出了主河输移控制型泥石流防治规划设计原理、不同开孔的拦砂坝群分级拦淤泥石流方法、谷坊群稳定形成区泥石流物源方法,以及充分利用沟床巨石形成阶梯-深潭结构等系列泥石流工程防治体系规划方法。主河输移控制型泥石流防治规划设计原理以主河输沙能力作为控制条件,将泥石流的洪峰流量优先分配给排导工程,然后分配给拦挡工程或者停淤工程,各类工程合理分担的泥石流洪峰流量。这些方法的组合可望对大型泥石流进行有效的调控。
Debris flows were more active in four years after the Wenchuan earthquake and there were several extra-large occurrences. This paper proposed three types of initiation mechanism of debris flow : burst-style on gentle slope , erosion-style on moderate slope , and soil liquefaction-style on steep slope. Effect of dams on debris flow was also analyzed. The results indicats that the large debris flow would block the mainstream river and the boulders transported into the river might increase the destructive power and the duration of blockage. The dam formed by debris flow would aggravate the disaster in the upstream. Series of layout methods have been proposed based on the formation mechanism of debris flow and its disaster : a layout method of control works preventing debris flow to avoid blocking the main river ; the groups of slit-trap dams with different openings in different grades ; the groups of check dams stabilizing source soil ; and the step-pool architecture formed by boulders in the gully bed. The control work system is designed on the basis of the transport capacity of the mainstream water flow , in which the discharge of debris flow drained by drainage channel is designed to be equal to the transport capacity of the river , and the discharge beyond is distributed to the dam system. Various engineering scientifically share the burden of debris flow. The combination of these methods is expected to modulate large scale debris flow effectively.
Debris flows were more active in four years after the Wenchuan earthquake and there were several extra-large occurrences. This paper proposed three types of initiation mechanism of debris flow : burst-style on gentle slope , erosion-style on moderate slope , and soil liquefaction-style on steep slope. Effect of dams on debris flow was also analyzed. The results indicats that the large debris flow would block the mainstream river and the boulders transported into the river might increase the destructive power and the duration of blockage. The dam formed by debris flow would aggravate the disaster in the upstream. Series of layout methods have been proposed based on the formation mechanism of debris flow and its disaster : a layout method of control works preventing debris flow to avoid blocking the main river ; the groups of slit-trap dams with different openings in different grades ; the groups of check dams stabilizing source soil ; and the step-pool architecture formed by boulders in the gully bed. The control work system is designed on the basis of the transport capacity of the mainstream water flow , in which the discharge of debris flow drained by drainage channel is designed to be equal to the transport capacity of the river , and the discharge beyond is distributed to the dam system. Various engineering scientifically share the burden of debris flow. The combination of these methods is expected to modulate large scale debris flow effectively.
引文
[1]陈晓清,李智广,崔鹏,等.5·12汶川地震重灾区水土流失初步估算[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):122-127.
[2]崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清,何思明.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):317-323.
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[4]唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9·24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,16(6):751-758.
[5]胡凯衡,葛永刚,崔鹏,等.对甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害的初步认识[J].山地学报,2010,28(5):628-634.
[6]苏鹏程,韦方强,冯汉中,等.“8·13”四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):337-347.
[7]李朝安,胡卸文,李冠奇,等.四川省“8·13”特大泥石流灾害成生机理与防治原则[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(2):257-263.
[8]唐川,李为乐,丁军,等.汶川震区映秀镇“8·14”特大泥石流灾害调查[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2011,36(1):172-180.
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[10]Tang C,Zhu J,Li W L.Rainfall-triggered debris flows after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Bulletin Engineer Geolo gy Environment,2009,68:187-194.
[11]Griffiths P G,Webb R H,Melis T S.Frequency and initiation of debris flows in Grand Canyon,Arizona[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109:321-336.
[12]庄建琦,崔鹏,胡凯衡,等.沟道松散物质起动形成泥石流实验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):230-236.
[13]陈晓清,崔鹏,冯自立,等.滑坡转化泥石流起动的人工降雨试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(1):106-116.
[14]四川省地质工程集团公司.文家沟泥石流勘查设计书[R].2008.
[15]游勇,陈兴长,柳金峰.四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害[J].灾害学,2011,26(4):68-72.
[16]胡桂胜,陈宁生,邓明枫,等.甘肃舟曲三眼峪沟泥石流粗大颗粒冲击力特征分析[J].地球与环境,2011,39(4):478-484.
[17]周必凡,李德基,罗德富,等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991:113-114.
[18]吴积善,康志成,田连权,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990:229-231.
[19]吴积善,田连权,康志成,等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:231-250.
[20]李德基.泥石流减灾理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1997,132-148:158.
[21]唐邦兴,周必凡,吴积善.中国泥石流[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:235-242.
[22]崔鹏,陈晓清,游勇,等.一种主河输移型泥石流防治方法[P].中国:ZL201010617466.8,授权日2010-12-31.
[23]何易平.泥石流对山区河流河床演变的影响[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2003:102-107.
[24]崔鹏,柳素清,唐邦兴,等.风景名胜区泥石流研究与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:81.
[25]徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.
[26]余国安,王兆印,张康,等.应用人工阶梯-深潭治理下切河流——吊嘎河的尝试[J].水力发电学报,2008,27(1):85-89.
[27]张康,王兆印,贾艳红,等.应用人工阶梯-深潭系统治理泥石流沟的尝试[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(4):501-505.
[28]王兆印,漆力健,王旭昭.消能结构防治泥石流研究——以文家沟为例[J].水利学报,2012,43(3):253-263.
[2]崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清,何思明.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):317-323.
[3]Cui P,Chen X Q,Zhu Y Y,et al.The Wencuan Earthquake(12May2008),Sichuan Province,China,and Re sulting Geohazards[J].Nature Hazards,2011,56:19-36.
[4]唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9·24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2009,16(6):751-758.
[5]胡凯衡,葛永刚,崔鹏,等.对甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害的初步认识[J].山地学报,2010,28(5):628-634.
[6]苏鹏程,韦方强,冯汉中,等.“8·13”四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):337-347.
[7]李朝安,胡卸文,李冠奇,等.四川省“8·13”特大泥石流灾害成生机理与防治原则[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(2):257-263.
[8]唐川,李为乐,丁军,等.汶川震区映秀镇“8·14”特大泥石流灾害调查[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2011,36(1):172-180.
[9]崔鹏,庄建琦,陈兴长,等.汶川地震区震后泥石流活动特征与防治对策[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):10-19.
[10]Tang C,Zhu J,Li W L.Rainfall-triggered debris flows after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Bulletin Engineer Geolo gy Environment,2009,68:187-194.
[11]Griffiths P G,Webb R H,Melis T S.Frequency and initiation of debris flows in Grand Canyon,Arizona[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109:321-336.
[12]庄建琦,崔鹏,胡凯衡,等.沟道松散物质起动形成泥石流实验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):230-236.
[13]陈晓清,崔鹏,冯自立,等.滑坡转化泥石流起动的人工降雨试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(1):106-116.
[14]四川省地质工程集团公司.文家沟泥石流勘查设计书[R].2008.
[15]游勇,陈兴长,柳金峰.四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害[J].灾害学,2011,26(4):68-72.
[16]胡桂胜,陈宁生,邓明枫,等.甘肃舟曲三眼峪沟泥石流粗大颗粒冲击力特征分析[J].地球与环境,2011,39(4):478-484.
[17]周必凡,李德基,罗德富,等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991:113-114.
[18]吴积善,康志成,田连权,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990:229-231.
[19]吴积善,田连权,康志成,等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:231-250.
[20]李德基.泥石流减灾理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1997,132-148:158.
[21]唐邦兴,周必凡,吴积善.中国泥石流[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:235-242.
[22]崔鹏,陈晓清,游勇,等.一种主河输移型泥石流防治方法[P].中国:ZL201010617466.8,授权日2010-12-31.
[23]何易平.泥石流对山区河流河床演变的影响[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2003:102-107.
[24]崔鹏,柳素清,唐邦兴,等.风景名胜区泥石流研究与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:81.
[25]徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.
[26]余国安,王兆印,张康,等.应用人工阶梯-深潭治理下切河流——吊嘎河的尝试[J].水力发电学报,2008,27(1):85-89.
[27]张康,王兆印,贾艳红,等.应用人工阶梯-深潭系统治理泥石流沟的尝试[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(4):501-505.
[28]王兆印,漆力健,王旭昭.消能结构防治泥石流研究——以文家沟为例[J].水利学报,2012,43(3):253-263.
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