利用宏观烈度资料估计历史地震震源参数的研究概述
|
摘要
历史地震宏观烈度资料指史料中对地震破坏程度的记录,是研究历史地震最基本也是最重要的数据来源.由于有仪器记录地震波形的时间相对短暂,对历史地震震源参数的估算成为地震危险性分析的重要组成部分,前人尝试使用不同方法解决这一问题.本文以使用的工具和计算手段为依据,分类介绍了基于烈度资料估计震源参数的主要方法,对这些方法的优势、不足和应用范围做了概述,并展望了利用烈度资料估计震源参数研究的发展方向.
Macroseismic intensity data of historical earthquakes refer to records of earthquake damage in historical materials,which is the most important and basic sources in historical earthquake studies.Comparing to the short period of instrumental observations of earthquakes,the evaluation of source parameters of historical earthquakes is a very important element of seismic hazard analysis.A number of methods have been developed to the historical earthquake studies.In this paper,we reviewed briefly the main methods to estimate source parameters of historical earthquake using macroseismic intensity data,with their advantages and shortcomings.The prospects of historical earthquake source parameters estimation are shown at the end of the paper.
Macroseismic intensity data of historical earthquakes refer to records of earthquake damage in historical materials,which is the most important and basic sources in historical earthquake studies.Comparing to the short period of instrumental observations of earthquakes,the evaluation of source parameters of historical earthquakes is a very important element of seismic hazard analysis.A number of methods have been developed to the historical earthquake studies.In this paper,we reviewed briefly the main methods to estimate source parameters of historical earthquake using macroseismic intensity data,with their advantages and shortcomings.The prospects of historical earthquake source parameters estimation are shown at the end of the paper.
引文
[1]胡聿贤.地震工程学(第二版)[M].北京:地震出版社,2006,45.Hu Y.Earthquake engineering(2th Edition).Beijing:Seismological Press,(in Chinese),2006,45.
[2]Musson R M W,Jeménes M J.Macroseismic estimation of earthquake parameters[J].Sixth Framework Programme report,2008.
[3]De Rubeis V,Gasparini C,Tosi P.Determination of the macroseismic field by means of trend and multivariate analysis of questionnaire data[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82:1206-1222.
[4]Tosi P,De Rubeis V,Gasparini C.An analytic method for separating local from regional effects on macroseismic intensity[J].Ann Geofis,1995,38:55-65.
[5]Molchan G,Kronrod T,Panza D.Shape Analysis of isoseismals based on empirical and synthetic data[J].Pure and Appl Geophys,2002,159(6):1229-1252.
[6]Molchan G,Kronrod T,Panza D.Shape of empirical and synthetic isoseismals:comparison for Italian M6earthquakes[J].Pure and Appl Geophys,2004,161(4):1725-1747.
[7]Sirovich L,Pettenati F,Cavallini F,et al.Natural-neighbor isoseismals[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2002,92:1933-1940.
[8]Mntyniemi P.Pre-instrumental earthquakes in a low-seismicity region:A reinvestigation of the macroseismic data for the16November1931events in Central Finland using statistical analysis[J].J Seismol,2004,8:71-90.
[9]De Rubeis V,Tosi P,Gasparini C,et al.Application of kriging technique to seismic intensity data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2005,95:540-548.
[10]SchenkováZ,Schenck V,Kalogeras I,et al.Isoseismal maps drawing by the kriging method[J].J Seismol,2007,11:345-353.
[11]Ceci'cI,Musson R,Stucchi M.Do seismologists agree upon epicentre determination from macroseismic data?A survey of the ESC"macroseismology"working group[J].Ann Geofis,1996,39(5):1013-1027.
[12]Mallet R.Great Neapolitan earthquake of1857,the first principles of observational seismology,in Mallet's Macroseismic Survey on the Neapolitan Earthquake of1957[M].E.Guidoboni and G.Ferrari(Editors),ING-SGA,Roma-Bologna,Italy(anastatic reprint),1862.
[13]von Seebach K.Das mittlesdeutsch Erdebeben von6Marz1872[M].Haessel,Leipzig,Germany,(in German),1873,132-175.
[14]Davison C.Manual of Seismology[M].Cambridge University Press,1921,256.
[15]Gasperini P,Vannucci G,Tripone D,et al.The location and sizing of historical earthquakes using the attenuation of macroseismic intensity with distance[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2010,100:2035-2066.
[16]Richter C F.Intensities and isoseismals,in elementary seismology[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman,1958,135-149.
[17]Mntyniemi P.Earthquake of4November1898in northern Europe:New insights[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113:B11303,doi:10.1029/2007JB005461.
[18]Teves-Costa P.BatllóJ.The23April1909Benavente earthquake(Portugal):macroseismic field revision[J].J Seismol,2011,15:59-70.DOI10.1007/s10950-010-9207-6.
[19]董瑞树,周庆,陈晓利,等.1631年湖南省常德地震的再考证[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):162-173.Dong R,Zhou Q,Chen X-L,et al.The re-verification of Changde,Hunan,earthqauke in1631.Seismology and Geology,(in Chinese),2009,31(1):162-173.
[20]Bakun W H,Wentworth C M.Estimating earthquake locations and magnitudes from seismic intensity data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1997,86(6):1502-1521.
[21]Parsons T,Toda S,Stein R S,et al.Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul:An interaction-based probability calculation[J].Science,2000,288:661-665.
[22]Bakun W H,Johnston A C,Hopper M G.Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in eastern North America from modified mercalli intensities[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2003,93:190-202.
[23]Bakun W H.Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and implications for the1855Ansei Edo earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,2005,110:B02304,doi:10.1029/2004JB003329.
[24]Bakun W H.Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in southern California from modified mercalli intensities[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2006,96:1278-1295.
[25]Hinzen K G,Oemisch M.Locations and magnitude from seismic intensity data of recent and historic earthquake data in the northern Rhine area,central Europe[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2001,91:40-56.
[26]Choy J E,Palme C,Guada C,et al.Macroseismic interpretation of the1812earthquakes in Venezuela using intensity uncertainties and a priori fault-strike information[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2010,100:241-255.
[27]马干,张杨,史保平.利用地震烈度数据重构历史地震震级和震中位置的方法[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):124-133.Ma G,Zhang Y,Shi B P.Reconstruction of magnitudes and epicenter locations of historical earthquakes by using seismic intensity data.Progress in Geophysics,(in Chinese),2010,25(1):124-133.
[28]张杨,马干,史保平,等.华北地区烈度衰减模型建立及其用于震中区域和震级的定量估算[J].地震学报,2009,31(3):290-306.Zhang Y,Ma G,Shi B P,et al.Development of seismic intensity attenuation model in North China and its application to quantitative estimation of earthquake location and magnitude.Acta Seismologica Sinica,(in Chinese),2009,31(3):290-306.
[29]Meltzner A J,Thomas K.Rockwell The Tejon Pass earthquake of22October1916:an M5.6event on the Lockwood valley and San Andreas faults,southern California[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2004,94:1293-1304.
[30]Gasperini P,Bernardini F,Valensise G,et al.Defining seismogenic sources from historical earthquake felt reports[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1999,89:94-110.
[31]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rapture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J].Bull Seism Soc Am:1994,84:974-1002.
[32]Fracassi U,Valensise G.Unveiling the sources of the Catastrophic1456multiple earthquake:hints to an unexplored tectonic mechanism in Southern Italy[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97(3):725-748.
[33]Burton P W,McGonicle R,Nelson G,et al.Macroseismic focal depth and intensity attenuation for British earthquakes[J],in Earthquake Engineering in Britain,Telford,London,1985,91-110.
[34]Musson R M W.Determination of parameters for historical British earthquakes[J],Annali di Geofisica,1996,38(5):1041-1047.
[35]Shebalin N V.Macroseismic data as information on source parameters of large earthquakes[J].Phys Earth Planet Interiors,1972,6:316-323.
[36]刘正荣.用宏观方法测定震源深度的量版[J].地球物理学报,1961,10(2):113-119.Liu Z.A grateful for the macroseismic determination of the depth of focus of an earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1961,10(2):113-119.
[37]Doser D I.Estimating magnitude and location of Alaskan earthquakes using intensity data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2009,99:3430-3453.
[38]Hough S E,Hutton K.Revisiting the1872Owens Valley,California,earthquake[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:931-949.
[39]Evans J P,Martindale D C,Kendrick R D Jr.Geologic Setting of the1884Bear Lake,Idaho,earthquake:rupture in the Hanging Wall of a basin and range normal fault revealed by historical and geological analyses[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2003,93:1621-1632.
[40]Oliveira C S.Lisbon earthquake scenarios:A review onuncertainties,from earthquake source to vulnerability modeling[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2008,28(10):890-913.
[41]Sibol M S,Bollinger G A,Birch G B.Estimations of magnitudes in central and eastern North America using intensity and felt area[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1987,77:1635-1654.
[42]陈培善,刘家森.用位错模型研究震级与烈度的关系[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):183-195.Chen P-S,Liu J-S.A study of the relation between seismic magnitude and intensity by using the dislocation model.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1975,18(3):183-195.
[43]Toppozada T R.Earthquake magnitude as a function of intensity data in California and Western Nevada[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1975,65:1223-1238.
[44]Ambraseys N N.Intensity-attenuation and magnitude-intensity relationships for northwest European earthquakes[J].Earthq Eng Struct D,1985,13:733-778.
[45]Johnston A C.Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-I.Instrumental seismicity[J].Geophys J Int,1996,124:381-414.
[46]Johnston A C.Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-II.Historical seismicity[J].Geophys J Int,1996,125:639-678.
[47]Johnston A C.Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-III.New Madrid1811-1812,Charleston1886,and Lisbon1755[J].Geophys J Int,1996,126:314-344.
[48]Hough S E,Armbruster J G,Seeber L,et al.On the modified Mercalli intensities and magnitudes of the1811-1812New Madrid,central United States earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,2005,105:23839-23864.
[49]Gasperini P,Ferrari G.Deriving numerical estimates from descriptive information:The computation of earthquake parameters[J].Ann Geofis,2000,43:729-746.
[50]段星北.论确定地震震源深度的地震宏观方法及其解答[J].西北地震学报,1992,14(1):62-71.Duan X.On the method for determination of earthquake focal depth based on the macroseismic data and its solutions.Northwest Seism J(in Chinese),1992,14(1):62-71.
[51]段星北.宏观地震方法考虑吸收确定震源深度问题的通解[J].地球物理学进展,1998,13(2):26-40.Duan X.On the general solution to the problem taking into account absorption for the determination of earthquake focal depth from macroseismic method.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1998,13(2):26-40.
[52]段星北.宏观地震震源深度公式及其精确计算方法[J].地震学报,1998,20(3):255-263.Duan X.Macroseismic formula for determining hypocentral depth and its precise calculative method.Acta Seismologica Sinica,(in Chinese),1998,20(3):255-263.
[53]段星北.中国地震震源深度的地理分布[J].地震学报,1997,19(6):590-599.Duan X.Geographical distribution of hypocentral depths of Chinese earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica,(in Chinese),1997,19(6):590-599.
[54]Panza G.,Graglietto A,Suhadolc P.Source geometry of historical events retrieved by synthetic isoseismals[J].Techtonophysics,1991,193:173-184.
[55]Sirovich L.A simple algorithm for tracing out synthetic isoseismals[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1996,86:1019-1027.
[56]Pettenati F,Sirovich L,Cavallini F.Objective treatment,and synthesis of macroseismic intensity data sets using tessellation[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1999,89:1203-1213.
[57]SirovichL,Pettenati F,Chiaruttini,C.Test of source-parameter inversion of intensity data[J].Nat Hazards,2001,24(2):105-131,DOI:10.1023/A:1011856522161.
[58]Pettenati F,Sirovich L.Test of source-parameter inversion of the U.S.Geological Survey intensities of the Whittier Narrows,1987Earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,93:47-60.
[59]Sirovich L,Pettenati F.Test of source parameters inversion of the intensities of a54,000-death shock of the XVII Century in SE Sicily[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2001,91:792-811.
[60]Sirovich L,Pettenati F.Source inversion of intensity patterns of earthquakes:a destructive shock in1936in northeast Italy[J].J Geophys Res,2004,109:B10309,DOI:10.1029/2003JB002919.
[61]Sirovich L.Synthetic isoseismals of three earthquakes in California and Nevada[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,1997,16:353-362.
[62]Bungum H F,Pettenati J,Schweitzer L,et al.The23October1904MS5.4Oslofjord Earthquake:Reanalysis Based on Macroseismic and Instrumental Data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2009,99:2836-2854.
[63]夏旻.用宏观地震资料反演历史地震震源机制方法研究(硕士论文)[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2009,27-33.Xia M.Research of earthquake mechanics of historical earthquake using macroseismic data,Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,(in Chinese),2009,27-33.
[64]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology,Second Ed[M].University Science Books,Sausalito,California,2002,76-78.
[65]陈培善,严寿民.震源机制与烈度分布的关系[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(01):11-25.Chen P-S,Yen S-M.Relation between the seismic source mechanism and the intensity distribution.Chinese J Geophys,(in Chinese),1975,18(01):11-25.
[66]陈培善.震源机制与烈度分布的关系(二)[J].地球物理学报,1977,20(01):9-19.Chen P-S.Relation between the seismic source mechanism and the intensity distribution(continued).Chinese J Geophys,(in Chinese),1977,20(01):9-19.
[67]陈颙.测定浅震震源参数的宏观方法[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(4):246-255.Chen Y.On the determination of focal parameters of shallow earthquakes by means of macroseismic method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1975,18(4):246-255.
[68]Fitzko F,Suhadolc P,Audia A,et al.Constraints on the location and mechanism of the1511Western-Slovenia earthquake from active tectonics and modeling of macroseismic data[J].Tectonophysis,2005,404:77-90.
[69]Nunziata C,Sacco C,Panza G F.Modeling of ground motion at Napoli for the1688scenario earthquake[J].Pure Appl Geophys,2010,DOI10.1007/s00024-010-0113-1.
[70]周青云,周仕勇,陈棋福,等.正演推算1730年北京西郊地震的发震断层和滑动角[J].地震研究,2008,31(4):369-376.Zhou Q Y,Zhou S Y,Chen Q-F,et al.Forward Inference of the Causative Fault and the Slip Angles of the Faults of the1730Western Beijing Earthquake.J Seism Resear,(in Chinese),2008,31(4):369-376.
[71]Baptista M A,Miranda J M,Luis J F.In search of the31March1761earthquake and tsunami source[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2006,96:713-721.
[72]Barkan R,Brink U.Tsunami simulations of the1867Virgin Island earthquake:Constraints on epicenter location and fault parameters[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2010,100:995-1009.
[73]Kebeasy T R M,Husebye E S.Revising the1759Kattegat earthquake questionnaires using synthetic wavefield analysis[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2003,139:269-284.
[74]Niemi T M,Ferris A N,Abers G A.Investigation of microearthquakes,macroseismic data,and liquefaction associated with the1867Wamego earthquake in eastern Kansas[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2004,94:2317-2329.
[75]Aksoy E M,Meghraoui M,ValléeM.,et al.Rupture characteristics of the A.D.1912Mürefte(Ganos)earthquake segment of the North Anatolian fault(western Turkey)[J].Geology,2010,38(11):991-994.
[76]Ryu H,Kim J K,Baker J W.A probabilistic method for the magnitude estimation of a historical damaging earthquake using structural fragility functions[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2009,99:520-537.
[77]Pino N A,Giardini D,Boschi E.The December28,1908,Messina Straits,southern Italy,earthquake:Waveform modeling of regional seismograms[J].J Geophys Res,2003,105(B11):25473-25492.
[78]Pino N A,Palombo B,Ventura G,et al.Waveform modeling of historical seismograms of the1930Irpinia earthquake provides insight on"blind"faulting in Southern Apennines(Italy)[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113:B05303,doi:10.1029/2007JB005211.
[79]Arce M F,Doser D I.Relocation and waveform modeling of the1924Orotina,Costa Rica,earthquake(MS7.0)[J].Tectonophysics,2009,479:197-202.
[80]Singh S K,Ordaz M,Pérez-Rocha L E.The great Mexican earthquake of19June1858:Expected ground motions and damage in Mexico City from a similar future event[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1996,86:1655-1666.
[81]Toppozada T R,Borchardt G.Re-evaluation of the1836"Hayward fault"and the1838San Andreas fault earthquakes[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1998,88:140-159.
[82]Spence W,Langer C J,Choy G L.Rare,large earthquakes at the Laramide deformation front-Colorado(1882)and Wyoming(1984)[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1996,86:1804-1819.
①第一台现代精密地震仪,于1880年由英国地理学家约翰.米尔恩在日本发明,见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milne.
[2]Musson R M W,Jeménes M J.Macroseismic estimation of earthquake parameters[J].Sixth Framework Programme report,2008.
[3]De Rubeis V,Gasparini C,Tosi P.Determination of the macroseismic field by means of trend and multivariate analysis of questionnaire data[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82:1206-1222.
[4]Tosi P,De Rubeis V,Gasparini C.An analytic method for separating local from regional effects on macroseismic intensity[J].Ann Geofis,1995,38:55-65.
[5]Molchan G,Kronrod T,Panza D.Shape Analysis of isoseismals based on empirical and synthetic data[J].Pure and Appl Geophys,2002,159(6):1229-1252.
[6]Molchan G,Kronrod T,Panza D.Shape of empirical and synthetic isoseismals:comparison for Italian M6earthquakes[J].Pure and Appl Geophys,2004,161(4):1725-1747.
[7]Sirovich L,Pettenati F,Cavallini F,et al.Natural-neighbor isoseismals[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2002,92:1933-1940.
[8]Mntyniemi P.Pre-instrumental earthquakes in a low-seismicity region:A reinvestigation of the macroseismic data for the16November1931events in Central Finland using statistical analysis[J].J Seismol,2004,8:71-90.
[9]De Rubeis V,Tosi P,Gasparini C,et al.Application of kriging technique to seismic intensity data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2005,95:540-548.
[10]SchenkováZ,Schenck V,Kalogeras I,et al.Isoseismal maps drawing by the kriging method[J].J Seismol,2007,11:345-353.
[11]Ceci'cI,Musson R,Stucchi M.Do seismologists agree upon epicentre determination from macroseismic data?A survey of the ESC"macroseismology"working group[J].Ann Geofis,1996,39(5):1013-1027.
[12]Mallet R.Great Neapolitan earthquake of1857,the first principles of observational seismology,in Mallet's Macroseismic Survey on the Neapolitan Earthquake of1957[M].E.Guidoboni and G.Ferrari(Editors),ING-SGA,Roma-Bologna,Italy(anastatic reprint),1862.
[13]von Seebach K.Das mittlesdeutsch Erdebeben von6Marz1872[M].Haessel,Leipzig,Germany,(in German),1873,132-175.
[14]Davison C.Manual of Seismology[M].Cambridge University Press,1921,256.
[15]Gasperini P,Vannucci G,Tripone D,et al.The location and sizing of historical earthquakes using the attenuation of macroseismic intensity with distance[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2010,100:2035-2066.
[16]Richter C F.Intensities and isoseismals,in elementary seismology[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman,1958,135-149.
[17]Mntyniemi P.Earthquake of4November1898in northern Europe:New insights[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113:B11303,doi:10.1029/2007JB005461.
[18]Teves-Costa P.BatllóJ.The23April1909Benavente earthquake(Portugal):macroseismic field revision[J].J Seismol,2011,15:59-70.DOI10.1007/s10950-010-9207-6.
[19]董瑞树,周庆,陈晓利,等.1631年湖南省常德地震的再考证[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):162-173.Dong R,Zhou Q,Chen X-L,et al.The re-verification of Changde,Hunan,earthqauke in1631.Seismology and Geology,(in Chinese),2009,31(1):162-173.
[20]Bakun W H,Wentworth C M.Estimating earthquake locations and magnitudes from seismic intensity data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1997,86(6):1502-1521.
[21]Parsons T,Toda S,Stein R S,et al.Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul:An interaction-based probability calculation[J].Science,2000,288:661-665.
[22]Bakun W H,Johnston A C,Hopper M G.Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in eastern North America from modified mercalli intensities[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2003,93:190-202.
[23]Bakun W H.Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and implications for the1855Ansei Edo earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,2005,110:B02304,doi:10.1029/2004JB003329.
[24]Bakun W H.Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in southern California from modified mercalli intensities[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2006,96:1278-1295.
[25]Hinzen K G,Oemisch M.Locations and magnitude from seismic intensity data of recent and historic earthquake data in the northern Rhine area,central Europe[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2001,91:40-56.
[26]Choy J E,Palme C,Guada C,et al.Macroseismic interpretation of the1812earthquakes in Venezuela using intensity uncertainties and a priori fault-strike information[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2010,100:241-255.
[27]马干,张杨,史保平.利用地震烈度数据重构历史地震震级和震中位置的方法[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):124-133.Ma G,Zhang Y,Shi B P.Reconstruction of magnitudes and epicenter locations of historical earthquakes by using seismic intensity data.Progress in Geophysics,(in Chinese),2010,25(1):124-133.
[28]张杨,马干,史保平,等.华北地区烈度衰减模型建立及其用于震中区域和震级的定量估算[J].地震学报,2009,31(3):290-306.Zhang Y,Ma G,Shi B P,et al.Development of seismic intensity attenuation model in North China and its application to quantitative estimation of earthquake location and magnitude.Acta Seismologica Sinica,(in Chinese),2009,31(3):290-306.
[29]Meltzner A J,Thomas K.Rockwell The Tejon Pass earthquake of22October1916:an M5.6event on the Lockwood valley and San Andreas faults,southern California[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2004,94:1293-1304.
[30]Gasperini P,Bernardini F,Valensise G,et al.Defining seismogenic sources from historical earthquake felt reports[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1999,89:94-110.
[31]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rapture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J].Bull Seism Soc Am:1994,84:974-1002.
[32]Fracassi U,Valensise G.Unveiling the sources of the Catastrophic1456multiple earthquake:hints to an unexplored tectonic mechanism in Southern Italy[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97(3):725-748.
[33]Burton P W,McGonicle R,Nelson G,et al.Macroseismic focal depth and intensity attenuation for British earthquakes[J],in Earthquake Engineering in Britain,Telford,London,1985,91-110.
[34]Musson R M W.Determination of parameters for historical British earthquakes[J],Annali di Geofisica,1996,38(5):1041-1047.
[35]Shebalin N V.Macroseismic data as information on source parameters of large earthquakes[J].Phys Earth Planet Interiors,1972,6:316-323.
[36]刘正荣.用宏观方法测定震源深度的量版[J].地球物理学报,1961,10(2):113-119.Liu Z.A grateful for the macroseismic determination of the depth of focus of an earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1961,10(2):113-119.
[37]Doser D I.Estimating magnitude and location of Alaskan earthquakes using intensity data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2009,99:3430-3453.
[38]Hough S E,Hutton K.Revisiting the1872Owens Valley,California,earthquake[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:931-949.
[39]Evans J P,Martindale D C,Kendrick R D Jr.Geologic Setting of the1884Bear Lake,Idaho,earthquake:rupture in the Hanging Wall of a basin and range normal fault revealed by historical and geological analyses[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2003,93:1621-1632.
[40]Oliveira C S.Lisbon earthquake scenarios:A review onuncertainties,from earthquake source to vulnerability modeling[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2008,28(10):890-913.
[41]Sibol M S,Bollinger G A,Birch G B.Estimations of magnitudes in central and eastern North America using intensity and felt area[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1987,77:1635-1654.
[42]陈培善,刘家森.用位错模型研究震级与烈度的关系[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):183-195.Chen P-S,Liu J-S.A study of the relation between seismic magnitude and intensity by using the dislocation model.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1975,18(3):183-195.
[43]Toppozada T R.Earthquake magnitude as a function of intensity data in California and Western Nevada[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1975,65:1223-1238.
[44]Ambraseys N N.Intensity-attenuation and magnitude-intensity relationships for northwest European earthquakes[J].Earthq Eng Struct D,1985,13:733-778.
[45]Johnston A C.Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-I.Instrumental seismicity[J].Geophys J Int,1996,124:381-414.
[46]Johnston A C.Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-II.Historical seismicity[J].Geophys J Int,1996,125:639-678.
[47]Johnston A C.Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions-III.New Madrid1811-1812,Charleston1886,and Lisbon1755[J].Geophys J Int,1996,126:314-344.
[48]Hough S E,Armbruster J G,Seeber L,et al.On the modified Mercalli intensities and magnitudes of the1811-1812New Madrid,central United States earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,2005,105:23839-23864.
[49]Gasperini P,Ferrari G.Deriving numerical estimates from descriptive information:The computation of earthquake parameters[J].Ann Geofis,2000,43:729-746.
[50]段星北.论确定地震震源深度的地震宏观方法及其解答[J].西北地震学报,1992,14(1):62-71.Duan X.On the method for determination of earthquake focal depth based on the macroseismic data and its solutions.Northwest Seism J(in Chinese),1992,14(1):62-71.
[51]段星北.宏观地震方法考虑吸收确定震源深度问题的通解[J].地球物理学进展,1998,13(2):26-40.Duan X.On the general solution to the problem taking into account absorption for the determination of earthquake focal depth from macroseismic method.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1998,13(2):26-40.
[52]段星北.宏观地震震源深度公式及其精确计算方法[J].地震学报,1998,20(3):255-263.Duan X.Macroseismic formula for determining hypocentral depth and its precise calculative method.Acta Seismologica Sinica,(in Chinese),1998,20(3):255-263.
[53]段星北.中国地震震源深度的地理分布[J].地震学报,1997,19(6):590-599.Duan X.Geographical distribution of hypocentral depths of Chinese earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica,(in Chinese),1997,19(6):590-599.
[54]Panza G.,Graglietto A,Suhadolc P.Source geometry of historical events retrieved by synthetic isoseismals[J].Techtonophysics,1991,193:173-184.
[55]Sirovich L.A simple algorithm for tracing out synthetic isoseismals[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1996,86:1019-1027.
[56]Pettenati F,Sirovich L,Cavallini F.Objective treatment,and synthesis of macroseismic intensity data sets using tessellation[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1999,89:1203-1213.
[57]SirovichL,Pettenati F,Chiaruttini,C.Test of source-parameter inversion of intensity data[J].Nat Hazards,2001,24(2):105-131,DOI:10.1023/A:1011856522161.
[58]Pettenati F,Sirovich L.Test of source-parameter inversion of the U.S.Geological Survey intensities of the Whittier Narrows,1987Earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,93:47-60.
[59]Sirovich L,Pettenati F.Test of source parameters inversion of the intensities of a54,000-death shock of the XVII Century in SE Sicily[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2001,91:792-811.
[60]Sirovich L,Pettenati F.Source inversion of intensity patterns of earthquakes:a destructive shock in1936in northeast Italy[J].J Geophys Res,2004,109:B10309,DOI:10.1029/2003JB002919.
[61]Sirovich L.Synthetic isoseismals of three earthquakes in California and Nevada[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,1997,16:353-362.
[62]Bungum H F,Pettenati J,Schweitzer L,et al.The23October1904MS5.4Oslofjord Earthquake:Reanalysis Based on Macroseismic and Instrumental Data[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2009,99:2836-2854.
[63]夏旻.用宏观地震资料反演历史地震震源机制方法研究(硕士论文)[D].中国地震局地球物理研究所,2009,27-33.Xia M.Research of earthquake mechanics of historical earthquake using macroseismic data,Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,(in Chinese),2009,27-33.
[64]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology,Second Ed[M].University Science Books,Sausalito,California,2002,76-78.
[65]陈培善,严寿民.震源机制与烈度分布的关系[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(01):11-25.Chen P-S,Yen S-M.Relation between the seismic source mechanism and the intensity distribution.Chinese J Geophys,(in Chinese),1975,18(01):11-25.
[66]陈培善.震源机制与烈度分布的关系(二)[J].地球物理学报,1977,20(01):9-19.Chen P-S.Relation between the seismic source mechanism and the intensity distribution(continued).Chinese J Geophys,(in Chinese),1977,20(01):9-19.
[67]陈颙.测定浅震震源参数的宏观方法[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(4):246-255.Chen Y.On the determination of focal parameters of shallow earthquakes by means of macroseismic method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1975,18(4):246-255.
[68]Fitzko F,Suhadolc P,Audia A,et al.Constraints on the location and mechanism of the1511Western-Slovenia earthquake from active tectonics and modeling of macroseismic data[J].Tectonophysis,2005,404:77-90.
[69]Nunziata C,Sacco C,Panza G F.Modeling of ground motion at Napoli for the1688scenario earthquake[J].Pure Appl Geophys,2010,DOI10.1007/s00024-010-0113-1.
[70]周青云,周仕勇,陈棋福,等.正演推算1730年北京西郊地震的发震断层和滑动角[J].地震研究,2008,31(4):369-376.Zhou Q Y,Zhou S Y,Chen Q-F,et al.Forward Inference of the Causative Fault and the Slip Angles of the Faults of the1730Western Beijing Earthquake.J Seism Resear,(in Chinese),2008,31(4):369-376.
[71]Baptista M A,Miranda J M,Luis J F.In search of the31March1761earthquake and tsunami source[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2006,96:713-721.
[72]Barkan R,Brink U.Tsunami simulations of the1867Virgin Island earthquake:Constraints on epicenter location and fault parameters[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2010,100:995-1009.
[73]Kebeasy T R M,Husebye E S.Revising the1759Kattegat earthquake questionnaires using synthetic wavefield analysis[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2003,139:269-284.
[74]Niemi T M,Ferris A N,Abers G A.Investigation of microearthquakes,macroseismic data,and liquefaction associated with the1867Wamego earthquake in eastern Kansas[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2004,94:2317-2329.
[75]Aksoy E M,Meghraoui M,ValléeM.,et al.Rupture characteristics of the A.D.1912Mürefte(Ganos)earthquake segment of the North Anatolian fault(western Turkey)[J].Geology,2010,38(11):991-994.
[76]Ryu H,Kim J K,Baker J W.A probabilistic method for the magnitude estimation of a historical damaging earthquake using structural fragility functions[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2009,99:520-537.
[77]Pino N A,Giardini D,Boschi E.The December28,1908,Messina Straits,southern Italy,earthquake:Waveform modeling of regional seismograms[J].J Geophys Res,2003,105(B11):25473-25492.
[78]Pino N A,Palombo B,Ventura G,et al.Waveform modeling of historical seismograms of the1930Irpinia earthquake provides insight on"blind"faulting in Southern Apennines(Italy)[J].J Geophys Res,2008,113:B05303,doi:10.1029/2007JB005211.
[79]Arce M F,Doser D I.Relocation and waveform modeling of the1924Orotina,Costa Rica,earthquake(MS7.0)[J].Tectonophysics,2009,479:197-202.
[80]Singh S K,Ordaz M,Pérez-Rocha L E.The great Mexican earthquake of19June1858:Expected ground motions and damage in Mexico City from a similar future event[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1996,86:1655-1666.
[81]Toppozada T R,Borchardt G.Re-evaluation of the1836"Hayward fault"and the1838San Andreas fault earthquakes[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1998,88:140-159.
[82]Spence W,Langer C J,Choy G L.Rare,large earthquakes at the Laramide deformation front-Colorado(1882)and Wyoming(1984)[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1996,86:1804-1819.
①第一台现代精密地震仪,于1880年由英国地理学家约翰.米尔恩在日本发明,见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milne.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心