马尼拉俯冲带缺失中深源地震成因初探
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摘要
马尼拉俯冲带是整个南海地震活动多发区,地震成因与南海的形成和构造演化关系密切。对马尼拉俯冲带地震数据和层析成像结果进行了深入分析。结果表明:马尼拉俯冲带的地震活动主要为密集的浅源地震,缺失中深源地震。进一步分析揭示:①脱水和榴辉岩的形成在南海洋壳到达软流圈前就基本停止。马尼拉俯冲带南部在较浅的深度就转变为塑性变形,并停止俯冲;北部由于菲律宾板块的斜向仰冲作用,南海板块继续向下俯冲;②俯冲板块在马尼拉俯冲带北吕宋海槽发生撕裂,向南延伸至南海古扩张脊,撕裂深度约100 km。以上两种机制综合作用导致马尼拉俯冲带缺失中深源地震。
The Manila subduction zone is a seismic-prone area in South China Sea whose formation and tectonic evolution have close relationship with the earthquake causes.In this paper,the seismic data and tomography results of Manila subduction zone were conducted in-depth analysis.The results showed that: the earthquakes in Manila subduction zone are mainly intensive shallow earthquakes without intermediate and deep focus earthquakes.Further analysis revealed that: 1) Dehydration and eclogite formation of South China Sea ocean crust largely cease before contacting with asthenosphere.In the south of Manila subduction zone,South China Sea oceanic crust changed to plastic deformation in shallow depth and stopped diving while the South China Sea plate continued to dive due to the oblique obduction of the Philippine plate in the north.2) Subducting plate of Manila subduction zone was tore in the North Luzon Trench with a depth of nearly 100km and extended southward to the ancient spreading ridge of South China Sea.These two mechanisms combined responsible for the absence of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes of the Manila subduction zone.
The Manila subduction zone is a seismic-prone area in South China Sea whose formation and tectonic evolution have close relationship with the earthquake causes.In this paper,the seismic data and tomography results of Manila subduction zone were conducted in-depth analysis.The results showed that: the earthquakes in Manila subduction zone are mainly intensive shallow earthquakes without intermediate and deep focus earthquakes.Further analysis revealed that: 1) Dehydration and eclogite formation of South China Sea ocean crust largely cease before contacting with asthenosphere.In the south of Manila subduction zone,South China Sea oceanic crust changed to plastic deformation in shallow depth and stopped diving while the South China Sea plate continued to dive due to the oblique obduction of the Philippine plate in the north.2) Subducting plate of Manila subduction zone was tore in the North Luzon Trench with a depth of nearly 100km and extended southward to the ancient spreading ridge of South China Sea.These two mechanisms combined responsible for the absence of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes of the Manila subduction zone.
引文
[1]黎明碧,金翔龙.中国南海的形成演化及动力学机制研究综述[J].科技通报,2006,(01):16-20.
[2]郝天珧,黄松,徐亚,等.南海东北部及邻区深部结构的综合地球物理研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(06):1785-1796.
[3]周蒂,王万银,庞雄,等.地球物理资料所揭示的南海东北部中生代俯冲增生带[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2006,36(003):209-218.
[4]余日东,金振民.蛇纹石脱水与大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300 km)的关系[J].地学前缘,2006,13(2):191-204.
[5]Green H W.Solving the paradox of deep earthquakes[J].Scientific American,1994,271(3):50-57.
[6]Liu L.Phase transformations,earthquakes and the descending lithosphere[J].Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,1983,32(3):226-240.
[7]Green Ii H,Burnley P.A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes[J].Nature 1989,341:733-737.
[8]Dobson D,Meredith P,Boon S.Simulation of subduction zone seismicity by dehydration of serpentine[J].Science,2002,298(5597):1407-1410.
[9]Shi X,Qiu X,Xia K,et al.Characteristics of surface heat flow in the South China Sea[J].Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2003,22(3):265-277.
[10]He L,Wang K,Xiong L,et al.Heat flow and thermal history of the South China Sea[J].Physics of theEarth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126(3-4):211-220.
[11]刘绍文,施小斌,王良书,等.南海成因机制及北部岩石圈热-流变结构研究进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,(04):117-124.
[12]Lallemand S,Font Y,Bijwaard H,et al.New insights on 3-D plates interaction near Taiwan fromtomography and tectonic implications[J].Tectonophysics,2001,335(3-4):229-253.
[13]瞿辰,周蕙兰,赵大鹏.使用纵波和横波走时层析成像研究菲律宾海板块西边缘带和南海地区的深部结构[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(6):1757-1768.
[14]张健,汪集旸.南海北部大陆边缘深部地热特征[J].科学通报,2000,45(10):1095-1100.
[15]朱俊江,丘学林,詹文欢,等.南海东部海沟的震源机制解及其构造意义[J].地震学报,2005,(03):260-268.
[16]Isacks B,Molnar P.Mantle earthquake mechanisms and the sinking of the lithosphere[J].Nature,1969,223(5211):1121-1124.
[17]Frohlich C.The nature of deep-focus earthquakes[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1989,17(1):227-254.
[18]臧绍先,陈奇志,黄金水.台湾南部～菲律宾地区的地震分布、应力状态及板块的相互作用[J].地震地质,1994,16(01):29-37.
[19]刘再峰,詹文欢,张志强.台湾-吕宋岛双火山弧的构造意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2007,31(2):145-150.
[20]李家彪,金翔龙,阮爱国,等.马尼拉海沟增生楔中断的挤入构造[J].科学通报,2004,49(10):1000-1008.
[21]李春峰,周祖翼,李家彪,等.台湾岛南部海域的前碰撞构造地球物理特征[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2007,37(05):649-659.
[22]Chen A T,Jaw Y S.Velocity structure near the northern Manila trench:An OBS refraction study[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,1996,7(3):277-297.
[23]黄慈流,钟建强.南海东北部及其邻区新生代构造事件[J].热带海洋,1994,13(01):55-62.
[24]Yu S B,Kuo L C,Punongbayan R S,et al.GPS observation of crustal deformation in the Taiwan-Luzonregion[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,1999,26(7):923-926.
[25]周蒂,陈汉宗,吴世敏,等.南海的右行陆缘裂解成因[J].地质学报,2002,76(02):180-190.
[26]Liu C,Liu S,Song G,et al.Digital bathymetry data offshore Taiwan[J].Annu.Meet.Geol.Sot.China,Progr.with Abstracts,Taipei,1996,420-425.
[27]Seno T,Stein S,Gripp A E.A model for the motion of the Philippine Sea plate consistent with NUVEL-1and geological data[J].journal of geophysical research all series,1993,98(B10):17941-17948.
[28]Liu Z F,Zhan W H,Yao Y T,et al.Kinematics of Convergence and Deformation in Luzon Island andAdjacent Sea Areas:2-D Finite-Element Simulation[J].Journal of Earth Science,Feb 2009,20(1):107-116.
[29]丁巍伟,程晓敢,陈汉林,等.台湾增生楔的构造单元划分及其变形特征[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(05):53-59.
[30]陈志豪,李家彪,吴自银,等.马尼拉海沟集合形态特征的构造演化意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(2):59-65.
[31]Clift P,Vannucchi P.Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones:Implications for theorigin and recycling of the continental crust[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2004,42,RG2001,doi:10.1029/2003RG000127
[32]Yang T F,Lee T,Chen C H,et al.A double island arc between Taiwan and Luzon:consequence of ridgesubduction[J].Tectonophysics,1996,258(1-4):85-101.
[33]Shyu C T,Hsu S K,Liu C S.Heat flows off Southwest Taiwan:Measurements over mud diapirs andestimated from bottom simulating reflectors[J].TAO,1998,9(4):795-812.
[34]Hu S,He L,Wang J.Heat flow in the continental area of China:a new data set[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2000,179(2):407-419.
[35]Taylor B,Hayes D.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin[J].The tectonic and geologic evolutionof Southeast Asian seas and islands,Part,1983,2:23-56.
[36]Taylor B,Hayes D E.The tectonic evolution of the South China Basin[J].The tectonic and geologic evolutionof Southeast Asian seas and islands,1980,1:89-104.
[37]Briais A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreadingstages in the South China Sea:implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1993,98(B4):6299-6328.
[38]Sugi N,Uyeda S.Subduction of young oceanic plates without deep focus earthquakes[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1984,26:245-254.
[39]Peacock S M,Wang K.Seismic consequences of warm versus cool subduction metamorphism:Examples fromsouthwest and northeast Japan[J].Science,1999,286(29):937-939.
[40]Kirby S,Engdahl E,Denlinger R.Intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physicalexpressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs[J].Geophysical monograph,1996,96:195-214.
[41]Wang K,Hyndman R D,Yamano M.Thermal regime of the Southwest Japan subduction zone:effects of agehistory of the subducting plate[J].Tectonophysics,1995,248(1-2):53-69.
[42]Hyndman R,Wang K.Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure:The Cascadiasubduction zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98(B2):2039-2060.
[43]魏春景,张颖慧.俯冲大洋岩石圈的相转变与俯冲带岩浆作用[J].科学通报,2008,53(20):2449-2459.
[44]Bautista B C,Bautista M L P,Oike K,et al.A new insight on the geometry of subducting slabs in northernLuzon,Philippines[J].Tectonophysics,2001,339(3-4):279-310.
[2]郝天珧,黄松,徐亚,等.南海东北部及邻区深部结构的综合地球物理研究[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(06):1785-1796.
[3]周蒂,王万银,庞雄,等.地球物理资料所揭示的南海东北部中生代俯冲增生带[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2006,36(003):209-218.
[4]余日东,金振民.蛇纹石脱水与大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300 km)的关系[J].地学前缘,2006,13(2):191-204.
[5]Green H W.Solving the paradox of deep earthquakes[J].Scientific American,1994,271(3):50-57.
[6]Liu L.Phase transformations,earthquakes and the descending lithosphere[J].Physics of the Earth andPlanetary Interiors,1983,32(3):226-240.
[7]Green Ii H,Burnley P.A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes[J].Nature 1989,341:733-737.
[8]Dobson D,Meredith P,Boon S.Simulation of subduction zone seismicity by dehydration of serpentine[J].Science,2002,298(5597):1407-1410.
[9]Shi X,Qiu X,Xia K,et al.Characteristics of surface heat flow in the South China Sea[J].Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2003,22(3):265-277.
[10]He L,Wang K,Xiong L,et al.Heat flow and thermal history of the South China Sea[J].Physics of theEarth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126(3-4):211-220.
[11]刘绍文,施小斌,王良书,等.南海成因机制及北部岩石圈热-流变结构研究进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,(04):117-124.
[12]Lallemand S,Font Y,Bijwaard H,et al.New insights on 3-D plates interaction near Taiwan fromtomography and tectonic implications[J].Tectonophysics,2001,335(3-4):229-253.
[13]瞿辰,周蕙兰,赵大鹏.使用纵波和横波走时层析成像研究菲律宾海板块西边缘带和南海地区的深部结构[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(6):1757-1768.
[14]张健,汪集旸.南海北部大陆边缘深部地热特征[J].科学通报,2000,45(10):1095-1100.
[15]朱俊江,丘学林,詹文欢,等.南海东部海沟的震源机制解及其构造意义[J].地震学报,2005,(03):260-268.
[16]Isacks B,Molnar P.Mantle earthquake mechanisms and the sinking of the lithosphere[J].Nature,1969,223(5211):1121-1124.
[17]Frohlich C.The nature of deep-focus earthquakes[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1989,17(1):227-254.
[18]臧绍先,陈奇志,黄金水.台湾南部～菲律宾地区的地震分布、应力状态及板块的相互作用[J].地震地质,1994,16(01):29-37.
[19]刘再峰,詹文欢,张志强.台湾-吕宋岛双火山弧的构造意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2007,31(2):145-150.
[20]李家彪,金翔龙,阮爱国,等.马尼拉海沟增生楔中断的挤入构造[J].科学通报,2004,49(10):1000-1008.
[21]李春峰,周祖翼,李家彪,等.台湾岛南部海域的前碰撞构造地球物理特征[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2007,37(05):649-659.
[22]Chen A T,Jaw Y S.Velocity structure near the northern Manila trench:An OBS refraction study[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,1996,7(3):277-297.
[23]黄慈流,钟建强.南海东北部及其邻区新生代构造事件[J].热带海洋,1994,13(01):55-62.
[24]Yu S B,Kuo L C,Punongbayan R S,et al.GPS observation of crustal deformation in the Taiwan-Luzonregion[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,1999,26(7):923-926.
[25]周蒂,陈汉宗,吴世敏,等.南海的右行陆缘裂解成因[J].地质学报,2002,76(02):180-190.
[26]Liu C,Liu S,Song G,et al.Digital bathymetry data offshore Taiwan[J].Annu.Meet.Geol.Sot.China,Progr.with Abstracts,Taipei,1996,420-425.
[27]Seno T,Stein S,Gripp A E.A model for the motion of the Philippine Sea plate consistent with NUVEL-1and geological data[J].journal of geophysical research all series,1993,98(B10):17941-17948.
[28]Liu Z F,Zhan W H,Yao Y T,et al.Kinematics of Convergence and Deformation in Luzon Island andAdjacent Sea Areas:2-D Finite-Element Simulation[J].Journal of Earth Science,Feb 2009,20(1):107-116.
[29]丁巍伟,程晓敢,陈汉林,等.台湾增生楔的构造单元划分及其变形特征[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(05):53-59.
[30]陈志豪,李家彪,吴自银,等.马尼拉海沟集合形态特征的构造演化意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(2):59-65.
[31]Clift P,Vannucchi P.Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones:Implications for theorigin and recycling of the continental crust[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2004,42,RG2001,doi:10.1029/2003RG000127
[32]Yang T F,Lee T,Chen C H,et al.A double island arc between Taiwan and Luzon:consequence of ridgesubduction[J].Tectonophysics,1996,258(1-4):85-101.
[33]Shyu C T,Hsu S K,Liu C S.Heat flows off Southwest Taiwan:Measurements over mud diapirs andestimated from bottom simulating reflectors[J].TAO,1998,9(4):795-812.
[34]Hu S,He L,Wang J.Heat flow in the continental area of China:a new data set[J].Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2000,179(2):407-419.
[35]Taylor B,Hayes D.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin[J].The tectonic and geologic evolutionof Southeast Asian seas and islands,Part,1983,2:23-56.
[36]Taylor B,Hayes D E.The tectonic evolution of the South China Basin[J].The tectonic and geologic evolutionof Southeast Asian seas and islands,1980,1:89-104.
[37]Briais A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreadingstages in the South China Sea:implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1993,98(B4):6299-6328.
[38]Sugi N,Uyeda S.Subduction of young oceanic plates without deep focus earthquakes[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1984,26:245-254.
[39]Peacock S M,Wang K.Seismic consequences of warm versus cool subduction metamorphism:Examples fromsouthwest and northeast Japan[J].Science,1999,286(29):937-939.
[40]Kirby S,Engdahl E,Denlinger R.Intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physicalexpressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs[J].Geophysical monograph,1996,96:195-214.
[41]Wang K,Hyndman R D,Yamano M.Thermal regime of the Southwest Japan subduction zone:effects of agehistory of the subducting plate[J].Tectonophysics,1995,248(1-2):53-69.
[42]Hyndman R,Wang K.Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure:The Cascadiasubduction zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98(B2):2039-2060.
[43]魏春景,张颖慧.俯冲大洋岩石圈的相转变与俯冲带岩浆作用[J].科学通报,2008,53(20):2449-2459.
[44]Bautista B C,Bautista M L P,Oike K,et al.A new insight on the geometry of subducting slabs in northernLuzon,Philippines[J].Tectonophysics,2001,339(3-4):279-310.
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