“5.12汶川地震”映秀极震区地震滑坡编目分析
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摘要
2008年汶川5.12地震触发了大量滑坡,这些滑坡所造成的损失甚至超过地震本身。系统的滑坡编目是进行滑坡研究的基础技术手段,能为滑坡量化研究提供有效数据。映秀极震区是地震滑坡分布较为集中的区域。基于高精度卫星和航拍影像遥感和现场调查,获得映秀极震区约109.3km2范围内共1948处地震滑坡的位置、类型及其基本几何特征,并利用GIS软件建立了地震滑坡编目数据库。在此基础上,将地震滑坡编目数据同坡向、坡角、距山脊距离、地质单元与岩性、震中距、距发震断裂距离等环境因子进行叠置分析。分析结果表明:编目区内地震滑坡多分布在坡角为30°～50°的区域,其密度与坡度有较强的正相关性;山脊附近区域的地震滑坡密度较大,说明这些区域对地震波的放大效应是造成坡体破坏的重要原因;彭灌杂岩体区的地震滑坡发育程度比沉积岩区高;震中距、距发震断裂距离与地震滑坡密度呈单指数负相关关系,与已有研究成果具有较好吻合度,且发震断裂上盘地震滑坡发育程度高于下盘。
A number of landslides were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12 2008.The damage caused by these landslides was even more than that by earthquake.Systematic landslides inventory,as a basic technique for landslide study,can provide applicable data to quantify the study of landslides.A lot of earthquake-induced landslides were concentrated in Yingxiu meizoseismal area of 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake.By means of post-earthquake aerial photo and satellite imagery interpretation and field investigation,this paper gets the information including locations,types and morphometry about 1948 earthquake-induced landslides within the Yingxiu Meizoseismal area(about 109.3 ㎞2) and inventoried them with GIS software.Then,overlay analyses are used between these landslides inventory data and environmental factors such as slope aspect,slope angle,distance from ridge,geologic units and lithology,distance from epicentre and seismogenic fault.The results show that: Landslides are triggered by earthquake scatter predominantly in the range of 30°~50°,and the landslide density is positively correlated with slope angle.Areas nearby ridge are of high landslide density indicating that amplification effect of ridge on seismic wave is an important reason of slope failure.Earthquake-induced landslide development level in Pengguan complex is higher than that in sedimentary petrologic province.Landslide density is the single exponential negative correlation with distance from epicentre and seismogenic fault indicating that earthquake-induced landslide development level in hanging wall of seismogenic fault is higher than that in footwall,and the results predicted by regression correlation agree with the existing research findings.
A number of landslides were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12 2008.The damage caused by these landslides was even more than that by earthquake.Systematic landslides inventory,as a basic technique for landslide study,can provide applicable data to quantify the study of landslides.A lot of earthquake-induced landslides were concentrated in Yingxiu meizoseismal area of 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake.By means of post-earthquake aerial photo and satellite imagery interpretation and field investigation,this paper gets the information including locations,types and morphometry about 1948 earthquake-induced landslides within the Yingxiu Meizoseismal area(about 109.3 ㎞2) and inventoried them with GIS software.Then,overlay analyses are used between these landslides inventory data and environmental factors such as slope aspect,slope angle,distance from ridge,geologic units and lithology,distance from epicentre and seismogenic fault.The results show that: Landslides are triggered by earthquake scatter predominantly in the range of 30°~50°,and the landslide density is positively correlated with slope angle.Areas nearby ridge are of high landslide density indicating that amplification effect of ridge on seismic wave is an important reason of slope failure.Earthquake-induced landslide development level in Pengguan complex is higher than that in sedimentary petrologic province.Landslide density is the single exponential negative correlation with distance from epicentre and seismogenic fault indicating that earthquake-induced landslide development level in hanging wall of seismogenic fault is higher than that in footwall,and the results predicted by regression correlation agree with the existing research findings.
引文
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[2]KEEFER D K.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1984,95(4):406-421.
[3]JIBSON R W,HARP E L,SCHULZ W,et al.Largerock avalanches triggered by the M7.9denali fault,Alaska,earthquake of 3 November 2002[J].Engineering Geology,2006,83(1-3):144-160.
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[5]HARP E L,JIBSON R W.Inventory of landslidestriggered by the 1994 Northridge,Californiaearthquake[R].Open-File Report 95-213,USGS,1995.
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[8]KIEFFER D S,JIBSON R,RATHJE E M,et al.Landslides triggered by the 2004Niigata Ken Chuetsu,Japan,earthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,2006,22(S1):S47-S73.
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[12]JIBSON R W,HARP E L,MICHAEL J A.A methodfor producing digital probabilistic seismic landslidehazard maps[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):271-289.
[13]KEEFER D K.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-induced landslide distribution--the 1989Loma Prieta,California event[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):231-249.
[14]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报,2009,27(11):79-81.XU CHONG,DAI FU-CHU,YAO XIN.Incidencenumber and affected area of Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides[J].Science&Technology Review,2009,27(11):79-81.
[15]王治华,徐起德,徐斌,等.5.12汶川地震航空遥感应急调查[J].中国科学(E辑:技术科学),2009,39(07):1304-1311.WANG ZHI-HUA,XU QI-DE,XU BIN,et al.Emergency aero-photo survey after the 5.12Wenchuanearthquake china[J].Science in China SeriesE-Technological Sciences,2009,52(4):835-843.
[16]SATO H,HARP E.Interpretation of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12May 2008,M7.9Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area,SichuanProvince,China using satellite imagery and GoogleEarth[J].Landslides,2009,6(2):153-159.
[17]许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.汶川Ms8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,2009,13(4):754-762.XU CHONG,DAI FU-CHU,CHENG JIAN,et al.Identification and analysis of secondary geologicalhazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,13(4):754-762.
[18]韩金良,吴树仁,何淑军,等.5.12汶川8级地震次生地质灾害的基本特征及其形成机制浅析[J].地学前缘,2009,16(3):306-326.HAN JIN-LIANG,WU SHU-REN,HE SHU-JUN,et al.Basal characteristics and formation mechanisms ofgeological hazards triggered by the May 12,2008Wenchuan earthquake with a moment magnitude of 8.0[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(3):306-326.
[19]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433-444.YIN YUE-PING.Researches on the geo-hazardstriggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433-444.
[20]YIN J,CHEN J,XU X,et al.The characteristics ofthe landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0earthquake from Anxian to Beichuan[J].Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2010,37(5-6):452-459.
[21]李勇,黄润秋,DENSMORE Alexander L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.LI YONG,HUANG RUN-QIU,DENSMORE A L,et al.Basic features and research progresses ofWenchuan Ms8.0Earthquake[J].Journal of SichuanUniversity:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.
[22]姚鑫,许冲,戴福初,等.四川汶川Ms8级地震引发的滑坡与地层岩性、坡度的相关性[J].地质通报,2009,28(8):1156-1162.YAO XIN,XU CHONG,DAI FU-CHU,et al.Contribution of strata lithology and slope gradient tolandslides triggered by Wenchuan Ms 8earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2009,28(8):1156-1162.
[23]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川地震触发崩塌滑坡数量及其密度特征分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2009,20(3):1-7.HUANG RUN-QIU,LI WEI-LE.Analysis on thenumber and density of landslides triggered by the 2008Wenchuan earthquanke,China[J].Journal ofGeological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2009,20(3):1-7.
[24]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.HUANG RUN-QIU,LI WEI-LE.Research ondevelopment and distribution rules of geohazardsinduced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[25]乔建平,蒲晓虹,王萌,等.大地震诱发滑坡的分布特点及危险性区划研究[J].灾害学,2009,24(02):25-29.QIAO JIAN-PING,PU XIAO-HONG,WANGMENG,et al.A study on characteristics of distributionof earthquake-induced landslides and hazard zoning[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2009,24(02):25-29.
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