华北克拉通上地幔变形及其动力学意义
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摘要
华北克拉通从稳定到破坏的演化过程对有关地球动力学的经典理论提出了挑战,研究其独特的演化历史是固体地球科学研究的一项重要内容。上地幔矿物晶体的各向异性记录了上地幔发生构造变形的信息,研究上地幔地震波各向异性能够揭示现今和构造历史时期所发生的构造运动。本文总结了近年来作者在华北克拉通地区所进行的高密度、覆盖广泛的地震波横波分裂观测研究结果。横波分裂的快轴方向与绝对板块运动方向的不一致,以及横波分裂参数快速的空间变化特征表明了华北克拉通的SKS横波分裂主要反映上地幔的变形。观测结果表明:鄂尔多斯块体保留了克拉通较弱的各向异性特征,其西端体现了元古代克拉通拼合的变形特征;中新生代华北克拉通破坏事件以不同的机制主导了华北克拉通中部和东部的上地幔变形,在东部地区北西—南东向的拉张应力作用使得快轴方向平行于拉张方向,而在中部则因受到较厚岩石圈的阻挡使得地幔流动改变了方向,因此造成了北东和北北东向的岩石圈拉张。
The unusual reactivation of the North China Craton(NCC) challenges the classical theories concerning the strength and stability of cratonic lithosphere and plays important roles for improving our understanding of the plate tectonics.The origin of seismic anisotropy is of fundamental importance to the understanding of the lattice-preferred orientation(LPO) of mantle minerals and mantle flow that produces it.The LPO of anisotropic olivine crystals in the upper mantle is believed to be the primary cause for SKS wave splitting,and the measurement of seismic anisotropy can provide key clues to distinguish deformation pattern of the upper mantle. In this paper,493 shear wave splitting results in the North China Craton by using SKS phase, which are from 138 stations covering the NCC with dense spacing,are summarized.The strong anisotropy,rapid variation of splitting parameters imply that the shear wave splitting is mainly caused by the upper mantle anisotropy and reflects the effects of tectonic controls.We suggest that the Ordos block possibly remains the weak anisotropy of the Precambrian craton similar to that of the Kaapvaal Craton,south Africa,Proterozoic amalgamation generated the seismic anisotropy in the boundary zone between the Ordos Block and the Trans-North China Orogen, while the anisotropy in the eastern Trans-North China Orogen and eastern NCC were possibly associated with the lithospheric rejuvenation during the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic.
The unusual reactivation of the North China Craton(NCC) challenges the classical theories concerning the strength and stability of cratonic lithosphere and plays important roles for improving our understanding of the plate tectonics.The origin of seismic anisotropy is of fundamental importance to the understanding of the lattice-preferred orientation(LPO) of mantle minerals and mantle flow that produces it.The LPO of anisotropic olivine crystals in the upper mantle is believed to be the primary cause for SKS wave splitting,and the measurement of seismic anisotropy can provide key clues to distinguish deformation pattern of the upper mantle. In this paper,493 shear wave splitting results in the North China Craton by using SKS phase, which are from 138 stations covering the NCC with dense spacing,are summarized.The strong anisotropy,rapid variation of splitting parameters imply that the shear wave splitting is mainly caused by the upper mantle anisotropy and reflects the effects of tectonic controls.We suggest that the Ordos block possibly remains the weak anisotropy of the Precambrian craton similar to that of the Kaapvaal Craton,south Africa,Proterozoic amalgamation generated the seismic anisotropy in the boundary zone between the Ordos Block and the Trans-North China Orogen, while the anisotropy in the eastern Trans-North China Orogen and eastern NCC were possibly associated with the lithospheric rejuvenation during the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic.
引文
吴福元,徐义刚,高山,郑建平.2008． 华北岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏研究的主要学术争论岩石学报,24(6) :1145- 1174． Wu Fuyuan,Xu Yigang,Gao Shan and Zheng jianping.2008． Lithospheric thinning and destruction of the North China Craton.Acta Petrologica Sinica,24(6) :1145-1174．
Ai Y S and Zheng T Y.2003． The upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath eastern China.Geophysical Research Letters,30(21) :2089,doi:10． 1029/2003GL017678．
Chen L,Zheng T Y and Xu W W.2006． A Thinned lithospheric image of the Tanlu Fault Zone,eastern China:Constructed from wave equation based receiver function migration.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:B09312,doi:10． 1029/2005JB003974．
Chen L,Wang T,Zhao L and Zheng T Y.2008． Distinct lateral variation of lithospheric thickness in the northeastern North China Craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,267(1-2) :56-68．
Faure M,Trap P,Line W,Monié P and Bruguier O.2007． Polyorogenic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt,new insights from the Lüliangshan-Hengshan-Wutaishan and Fuping massifs.Episodes,30(2) :96-107．
Gao S,Rudnick R L,Carlson R W,McDonough W F and Liu Y S.2002． Re-Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China Craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,198(3-4) :307-322．
Griffin W L,Zhang A D,O'Reilly S Y and Ryan C G.1998． Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton.In:Flower M,Chung S L,Lo C H and Lee T Y(Eds.).Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union Geodynamics 27． 107-126．
Gripp A E and Gordon R G.2002． Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities.Geophysical Journal International,150(2) :321-361．
Guo J H,Sun M,Chen F K and Zhai M G.2005． Sm-Nd and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of high-pressure granulites in the Sanggan area,North China Craton:Timing of Paleoproterozoic continental collision.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,24(5) :629-642．
Jung H and Karato S.2001． Water-induced fabric transitions in olivine.Science,293(5534) :1460-1463．
Karato S,Jung H,Katayama I and Skemer P.2008． Geodynamic significance of seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle:New insights from laboratory studies.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,36:59-95．
Kr(?)ner A,Wilde S A,Li J H and Wang K Y.2005． Age and evolution of a late Archean to Paleoproterozoic upper to lower crustal section in the Wutaishan/Hengshan/Fuping terrain of northern China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,24(5) :577-595．
Kusky T M and Li J H.2003． Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,22(4) :383-397．
Li J H,Kr(?)ner A,Qian X L and O'Brien P.2000． Tectonic evolution of an Early Precambrian high-pressure granulite belt in the North China Craton.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,74(2) :246-258．
Liu D Y,Nutman A P,Compston W,Wu J S and Shen Q H.1992． Remnants of≥3800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino-Korean Craton.Geology,20(4) :339-342．
Long M D,de Hoop M V and van der Hilst R D.2008． Wave-equation shear wave splitting tomography.Geophysical Journal International,172(1) :311-330．
Menzies M A,Fan W M and Zhang M.1993． Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobes and the loss of>120 km of Archean lithosphere,Sino-Korean craton,China.ln:Prichard H M,Alabaster T,Harris N B W and Neary C R(Eds.).Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics.London:Geological Society,Special Publications 76． 71-81．
Niu F and Perez A M.2004． Seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle:A comparison of waveform splitting of SKS and SKKS.Geophysical Research Letters,31:L24612,doi:10． 1029/2004GL021196．
Polat A,Kusky T,Li J H,Fryer B,Kerrich R and Patrick K.2005． Geochemistry of Neoarchean(ca.2． 55～2． 50 Ga)volcanic and ophiolitic rocks in the Wutaishan greenstone belt,central orogenic belt,North China craton:Implications for geodynamic setting and continental growth.GSA Bulletin,117(11-12) :1387-1399．
Ritsema J,Nyblade A A,Owens T J,Langston C A and V anDecar J C.1998． Upper mantle seismic velocity structure beneath Tanzania,east Africa:Implications for the stability of cratonic lithosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research,103(B9) : 21201-21213．
Rümpker G,Ryberg T,Bock G and Desert Seismology Group.2003． Boundary-layer mantle flow under the Dead Sea transform fault inferred from seismic anisotropy.Nature,425:497-501．
Rümpker G and Ryberg T.2000． New “Fresnel-zone” estimates for shear-wave splitting observations from finite-difference modeling.Geophysical Research Letters,27(13) :2005-2008．
Savage M K.1999． Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:What have we learned from shear wave splitting? Reviews of Geophysics,37(1) :65-106．
Silver P G and Chan W W.1988． Implication for continental structure and evolution from seismic anisotropy.Nature,335:34-39．
Silver P G and Chan W W.1991． Shear wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation.Journal of Geophysical Research,96(B10) :16429-16454．
Vinnik L P,Farra V and Romanowicz B.1989． Azimuthal anisotropy in the earth from observations of SKS at GEOSCOPE and NARS broadband stations.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,79(5) :1542-1558．
Wilde S A,Zhao G C and Sun M.2002． Development of the North China Craton during the Late Archaean and its final amalgamation at 1． 8 Ga:Some speculations on its position within a global Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent.Gondwana Research,5(1) :85-94．
Wu F Y,Lin J Q,Wilde S A,Zhang X O and Yang J H.2005． Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous giant igneous event in eastern China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,233(1-2) :103-119．
Xu Y G,Chung S L,Ma J L and Shi L B.2004． Contrasting Cenozoic lithospheric evolution and architecture in the western and eastern Sino-Korean Craton:Constraints from geochemistry of basalts and mantle xenoliths.The Journal of Geology,112(5) :593-605．
Xue M and Allen R M.2005． Asthenospheric channeling of the lcelandic upwelling:Evidence from seistnic anisotropy.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,235(1-2) :167-182．
Zhai M G and Liu W J.2003． Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China Craton:A review.Precambrian Research.122(1) :183-199．
Zhang H F,Sun M,Zhou M F,Fan W M,Zhou X H and Zhai M G.2004． Highly heterogeneous Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton:Evidence from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics of mafic igneous rocks.Geological Magazine,141(1) :55-62．
Zhang S Q and Karato S.1995． Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear.Nature,375:774-777．
Zhao G C,Wilde S A,Cawood P A and Lu L Z.1998． Thermal evolution of Archean basement rocks from the eastern part of the North China Craton and its bearing on tectonic setting.International Geology Review,40(8) :706-721．
Zhao G C,Wilde S A,Cawood P A and Sun M.2001． Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton:Lithological,geochemical,structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution.Precambrian Research,107(1-2) :45-73．
Zhao G C,Sun M,Wilde S A and Li S Z.2005． Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton:Key issues revisited.Precambrian Research,136(2) :177-202．
Zhao L and Zheng T Y.2005． Using shear wave splitting measurements to investigate the upper mantle anisotropy beneath the North China Craton:Distinct variation from east to west.Geophysical Research Letters,32:L10309,doi:10． 1029/2005GL0022585．
Zhao L and Zheng T Y.2007． Complex upper-mantle deformation beneath the North China Craton:Implications for lithospheric thinning.Geophysical Journal International,170(3) :1095-1099．
Zhao L,Zheng T Y,Chen L and Tang Q S,2007． Shear wave splitting in eastern and central China:Implications for upper mantle deformation beneath continental margin.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,162(1-2) :73-84．
Zhao L,Zheng T Y and Lü G.2008a.Insight into craton evolution:Constraints from shear wave splitting in the North China Craton.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,168(3-4) :153-162．
Zhao L,Wen L X,Chen L and Zheng T Y,2008b.A two-dimensional hybrid method for modeling seismic wave propagation in anisotropic media.Journal of Geophysical Research,113:B12307,doi:10． 1029/2008 JB005733．
Zheng T Y,Zhao L and Chen L.2005． A detailed receiver function image of the sedimentary structure in the Bohai Bay Basin.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,152(3) :129-143．
Zheug T Y,Chen L,Zhao L,Xu W W and Zhu R X.2006． Crust-mantle structure difference across the gravity gradient zone in North China Craton:Seismic image of the thinned continental crust.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,159(1-2) :43-58．
Zheng T Y,Chen L,Zhao L and Zhu R X.2007． Crustal structure across the Yanshan belt at the northern margin of the North China Craton.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,161:(1-2) :36-49．
Zheng T Y,Zhao L and Zhu R X.2008a.Insight into the geodynamics of cratonic reactivation from seismic analysis of the crust-mantle boundary.Geophysical Research Letters,35:L08303,doi:10． 1029/2008 GL033439．
Zheng T Y,Zhao L and Zhu R X.2008b.New evidence from seismic imaging for subduction during assembly of the North China Craton.submitted to Geology.
Ai Y S and Zheng T Y.2003． The upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath eastern China.Geophysical Research Letters,30(21) :2089,doi:10． 1029/2003GL017678．
Chen L,Zheng T Y and Xu W W.2006． A Thinned lithospheric image of the Tanlu Fault Zone,eastern China:Constructed from wave equation based receiver function migration.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:B09312,doi:10． 1029/2005JB003974．
Chen L,Wang T,Zhao L and Zheng T Y.2008． Distinct lateral variation of lithospheric thickness in the northeastern North China Craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,267(1-2) :56-68．
Faure M,Trap P,Line W,Monié P and Bruguier O.2007． Polyorogenic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt,new insights from the Lüliangshan-Hengshan-Wutaishan and Fuping massifs.Episodes,30(2) :96-107．
Gao S,Rudnick R L,Carlson R W,McDonough W F and Liu Y S.2002． Re-Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China Craton.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,198(3-4) :307-322．
Griffin W L,Zhang A D,O'Reilly S Y and Ryan C G.1998． Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton.In:Flower M,Chung S L,Lo C H and Lee T Y(Eds.).Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union Geodynamics 27． 107-126．
Gripp A E and Gordon R G.2002． Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities.Geophysical Journal International,150(2) :321-361．
Guo J H,Sun M,Chen F K and Zhai M G.2005． Sm-Nd and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of high-pressure granulites in the Sanggan area,North China Craton:Timing of Paleoproterozoic continental collision.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,24(5) :629-642．
Jung H and Karato S.2001． Water-induced fabric transitions in olivine.Science,293(5534) :1460-1463．
Karato S,Jung H,Katayama I and Skemer P.2008． Geodynamic significance of seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle:New insights from laboratory studies.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,36:59-95．
Kr(?)ner A,Wilde S A,Li J H and Wang K Y.2005． Age and evolution of a late Archean to Paleoproterozoic upper to lower crustal section in the Wutaishan/Hengshan/Fuping terrain of northern China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,24(5) :577-595．
Kusky T M and Li J H.2003． Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,22(4) :383-397．
Li J H,Kr(?)ner A,Qian X L and O'Brien P.2000． Tectonic evolution of an Early Precambrian high-pressure granulite belt in the North China Craton.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,74(2) :246-258．
Liu D Y,Nutman A P,Compston W,Wu J S and Shen Q H.1992． Remnants of≥3800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino-Korean Craton.Geology,20(4) :339-342．
Long M D,de Hoop M V and van der Hilst R D.2008． Wave-equation shear wave splitting tomography.Geophysical Journal International,172(1) :311-330．
Menzies M A,Fan W M and Zhang M.1993． Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobes and the loss of>120 km of Archean lithosphere,Sino-Korean craton,China.ln:Prichard H M,Alabaster T,Harris N B W and Neary C R(Eds.).Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics.London:Geological Society,Special Publications 76． 71-81．
Niu F and Perez A M.2004． Seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle:A comparison of waveform splitting of SKS and SKKS.Geophysical Research Letters,31:L24612,doi:10． 1029/2004GL021196．
Polat A,Kusky T,Li J H,Fryer B,Kerrich R and Patrick K.2005． Geochemistry of Neoarchean(ca.2． 55～2． 50 Ga)volcanic and ophiolitic rocks in the Wutaishan greenstone belt,central orogenic belt,North China craton:Implications for geodynamic setting and continental growth.GSA Bulletin,117(11-12) :1387-1399．
Ritsema J,Nyblade A A,Owens T J,Langston C A and V anDecar J C.1998． Upper mantle seismic velocity structure beneath Tanzania,east Africa:Implications for the stability of cratonic lithosphere.Journal of Geophysical Research,103(B9) : 21201-21213．
Rümpker G,Ryberg T,Bock G and Desert Seismology Group.2003． Boundary-layer mantle flow under the Dead Sea transform fault inferred from seismic anisotropy.Nature,425:497-501．
Rümpker G and Ryberg T.2000． New “Fresnel-zone” estimates for shear-wave splitting observations from finite-difference modeling.Geophysical Research Letters,27(13) :2005-2008．
Savage M K.1999． Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:What have we learned from shear wave splitting? Reviews of Geophysics,37(1) :65-106．
Silver P G and Chan W W.1988． Implication for continental structure and evolution from seismic anisotropy.Nature,335:34-39．
Silver P G and Chan W W.1991． Shear wave splitting and subcontinental mantle deformation.Journal of Geophysical Research,96(B10) :16429-16454．
Vinnik L P,Farra V and Romanowicz B.1989． Azimuthal anisotropy in the earth from observations of SKS at GEOSCOPE and NARS broadband stations.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,79(5) :1542-1558．
Wilde S A,Zhao G C and Sun M.2002． Development of the North China Craton during the Late Archaean and its final amalgamation at 1． 8 Ga:Some speculations on its position within a global Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent.Gondwana Research,5(1) :85-94．
Wu F Y,Lin J Q,Wilde S A,Zhang X O and Yang J H.2005． Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous giant igneous event in eastern China.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,233(1-2) :103-119．
Xu Y G,Chung S L,Ma J L and Shi L B.2004． Contrasting Cenozoic lithospheric evolution and architecture in the western and eastern Sino-Korean Craton:Constraints from geochemistry of basalts and mantle xenoliths.The Journal of Geology,112(5) :593-605．
Xue M and Allen R M.2005． Asthenospheric channeling of the lcelandic upwelling:Evidence from seistnic anisotropy.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,235(1-2) :167-182．
Zhai M G and Liu W J.2003． Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China Craton:A review.Precambrian Research.122(1) :183-199．
Zhang H F,Sun M,Zhou M F,Fan W M,Zhou X H and Zhai M G.2004． Highly heterogeneous Late Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton:Evidence from Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics of mafic igneous rocks.Geological Magazine,141(1) :55-62．
Zhang S Q and Karato S.1995． Lattice preferred orientation of olivine aggregates deformed in simple shear.Nature,375:774-777．
Zhao G C,Wilde S A,Cawood P A and Lu L Z.1998． Thermal evolution of Archean basement rocks from the eastern part of the North China Craton and its bearing on tectonic setting.International Geology Review,40(8) :706-721．
Zhao G C,Wilde S A,Cawood P A and Sun M.2001． Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton:Lithological,geochemical,structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution.Precambrian Research,107(1-2) :45-73．
Zhao G C,Sun M,Wilde S A and Li S Z.2005． Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton:Key issues revisited.Precambrian Research,136(2) :177-202．
Zhao L and Zheng T Y.2005． Using shear wave splitting measurements to investigate the upper mantle anisotropy beneath the North China Craton:Distinct variation from east to west.Geophysical Research Letters,32:L10309,doi:10． 1029/2005GL0022585．
Zhao L and Zheng T Y.2007． Complex upper-mantle deformation beneath the North China Craton:Implications for lithospheric thinning.Geophysical Journal International,170(3) :1095-1099．
Zhao L,Zheng T Y,Chen L and Tang Q S,2007． Shear wave splitting in eastern and central China:Implications for upper mantle deformation beneath continental margin.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,162(1-2) :73-84．
Zhao L,Zheng T Y and Lü G.2008a.Insight into craton evolution:Constraints from shear wave splitting in the North China Craton.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,168(3-4) :153-162．
Zhao L,Wen L X,Chen L and Zheng T Y,2008b.A two-dimensional hybrid method for modeling seismic wave propagation in anisotropic media.Journal of Geophysical Research,113:B12307,doi:10． 1029/2008 JB005733．
Zheng T Y,Zhao L and Chen L.2005． A detailed receiver function image of the sedimentary structure in the Bohai Bay Basin.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,152(3) :129-143．
Zheug T Y,Chen L,Zhao L,Xu W W and Zhu R X.2006． Crust-mantle structure difference across the gravity gradient zone in North China Craton:Seismic image of the thinned continental crust.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,159(1-2) :43-58．
Zheng T Y,Chen L,Zhao L and Zhu R X.2007． Crustal structure across the Yanshan belt at the northern margin of the North China Craton.Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,161:(1-2) :36-49．
Zheng T Y,Zhao L and Zhu R X.2008a.Insight into the geodynamics of cratonic reactivation from seismic analysis of the crust-mantle boundary.Geophysical Research Letters,35:L08303,doi:10． 1029/2008 GL033439．
Zheng T Y,Zhao L and Zhu R X.2008b.New evidence from seismic imaging for subduction during assembly of the North China Craton.submitted to Geology.
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