EarthScope——美国地球探测计划及最新进展
|
摘要
美国对地球深部探测计划的实施已成为世界各国地学界的关注焦点。本文简要介绍了美国地球探测(EarthScope)计划产生的背景、拟解决的科学问题、所采用的观测手段、项目实施进度及部分进展,主要包括地震层析成像、地应力应变、大陆构造、地貌测量等学科的进展。
The implementation of EarthScope, the deep exploration program in North American continent has become the focus of attention in the field of Earth Sciences.This paper gives a brief description of the background, scientific problems to be solved, observational approaches adopted,some research progresses of the EarthScope program in the fields such as seismic tomographic imaging, earth stress change, continental structure, topographic survey and so on.
The implementation of EarthScope, the deep exploration program in North American continent has become the focus of attention in the field of Earth Sciences.This paper gives a brief description of the background, scientific problems to be solved, observational approaches adopted,some research progresses of the EarthScope program in the fields such as seismic tomographic imaging, earth stress change, continental structure, topographic survey and so on.
引文
白星碧,施俊法.2005.美国地球探测计划.地球科学进展,(5):584～586.
董树文,李廷栋.2009.SinoProbe——中国深部探测实验.地质学报,83(7):895～909.
国土资源科技发展战略研究组.2002.美国地球探测计划洞察北美岩石圈三维结构.国土资源情报,(4):14～17.
郑秀芬,张春贺,孙振凯.2004.美国“地球透镜计划”.国际地震动态,(3):22～41.
郑秀芬.2005.“地球透镜计划”的精粹集锦——“地球透镜计划”获得资助第一年的进展.国际地震动态,(10):41～46.
中国地震局地震监测技术考察团.2001.中国地震局地震监测技术考察团访问美国.国际地震动态,(11):29～34.
Bedle H,van der Lee S.2009.S velocity variations beneath NorthAmerica.J.Geophys.Res.,114:B07308,doi:10.1029/2008JB005949.
Bennett R A,Friedrich A M,Furlong K P.2004.Codependenthistories of the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones frominversion of fault displacement rates.Geology,32:11961～11964,doi:10.1130/G20806.1.
Berger A L,Spotila J A,Chapman J,Pavlis T,Enkel mann E,Ruppert N,Buscher J.2008.Architecture,kinematics,andexhumation of a convergent orogenic wedge:Athermochronological investigation of tectonic-cli maticinteractions within the central St.Elias orogen,Alaska.EarthPlanet.Sci.Lett.,270:13～24,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.034.
Bleibinhaus F,Hole J A,Ryberg T,Fuis G S.2007.Structure ofthe California Coast Ranges and San Andreas Fault at SAFODfrom seismic waveform inversion and reflection imaging.J.Geophys.Res.,112:B06315,doi:10.1029/2006JB004611.
Buehler J,Shearer P.Pn tomography of the western United Statesusing USArray.J.Geophys.Res.,in review.
Burdick S,Li C,Martynov V,Cox T,Eakins J,Mulder T,AstizL,Vernon F L,Pavlis G L,van der Hilst R D.2008.Uppermantle heterogeneity beneath North America fromtravel time tomography with global and USArray transportable array data.Seis.Res.Lett.,79:384～392,doi:10.1785/gssrl.79.3.384.
Burdick S,van der Hilst R D,Vernon F L,Martynov V,Cox T,Eakins J,Mulder T,Astiz L,Pavlis G L.2009.Model updateDecember2008.Seis.Res.Lett.,80:638～645.
Chapman J B,Pavlis T L,Gulick S,Berger A,Lowe L,Spotila J,Bruhn R,Vorkink M,Koons P,Barker A,Picornell C,Ridgway K,Hallet B,Jaeger J,McCalpin J.2008.Neotectonicsof the Yakutat collision:changes in deformation driven by massredistribution,In:Freymueller J T,et al.,eds.ActiveTectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska.AmericanGeophysical Union,Geophysical Monograph,179:65～82.
Crossey L J,Karlstrom K E,Springer A,Newell D,Hilton D,Fischer T.2009.Degassing of mantle-derived CO2and3He fromsprings in the southern Colorado Plateau region:Neotectonicconnections and i mplications for groundwater systems.Geol.Soc.Amer.Bull.,121:1034～1053.
David S,Willam P,Mark Z.2002.EarthScope:Acquisition,Construction,Integration and Facility Management.ACollaborative Proposal to NSF.
Dolan J F,Bowman D D,Sammis C G.2007.Long-range andlongtermfault interactions in southern California.Geology,35:9855～9858doi:10.1130/G23789A.1.
Eakin C M,Obrebski M,Allen R M,Boyarko D C,Brudzinski MR,Porritt R.Seismic anisotropy beneath Cascadia and theMendocino triple junction:interaction of the subducting slabwith mantle flow.in review.
Ellsworth W,Malin P E,I manishi K,Roecker S W,Nadeau R,Oye V,Thurber C H,Waldhauser F,Boness N N,Hickman SH,Zoback M D.2007.Seismology inside the fault zone:applications to fault-zone properties and rupture dynamics.Scientific Drilling Special Issue,1:85～88.
Frassetto A,Zandt G,Gilbert H,Owens T J,Jones C.2009.Lithospheric structure of the Sierra Nevada from receiverfunctions and i mplications for lithospheric foundering.submitted to Geosphere.
Garnero E,Zhao C.2009.Heterogeneous lowermost mantle beneaththe Pacific Ocean.EarthScope OnSite Newsletter,fall.
Hedlin M,De Groot-Hedlin C,Drob D,Walker K,Le Pichon A,Zumberge M.2008.Studies of at mospheric sources andpropagation using the USArray,Eos Trans.AGU,Fall Meet.Suppl.
Hibbard J P,van Staal C R,Rankin D W.Comparative analysis ofthe post-Ordovician geological evolution of the northern andsouthern Appalachian orogen.in press.
Ludwig L G,Akciz S O,Noriega G R,Gabriela R,Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R.2010.Cli mate-modulated channel incision andrupture history of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain.Science,doi:10.1126/science.1182837.
McCaffrey R,Qamar A I,King R W,Wells R,Khazaradze G,Williams C A,Stevens C W,Vollick J J,Zwick P C.2007.Fault locking,block rotation and crustal deformation in thePacific Northwest.Geophys.Jour.Int.,169:1315～1340.
Moore D E,Rymer M.2007.Talc-bearing serpentinites and thecreeping section of the San Andreas fault.Nature,448,doi:10.1038/nature06064.
Oliver J E.1978.Exploration of the continental basement by seismicreflection profiling.Nature,275:485～488.
Oliver J E,Cook F A,Brown L D.1983.COCORP and thecontinental crust.J.Geophys.Res.,88:3329～3347.
Ren Y,Stutzmann E,van der Hilst R,Besse J.2007.Understandingseismic heterogeneities in the lower mantle beneath theAmericas from seismic tomography and plate tectonic history.J.Geophys.Res.,112:B01302,doi:10.1029/2005JB004154.
Schleicher A M,Tourscher S N,van der Pluij m B A,Warr L N.2009.Constraints on mineralization,fluid-rock interaction,andmass transfer during faulting at2-3km depth from theSAFOD drill hole.J.Geophys.Res.,114,doi:10.1029/2008JB006092.
Smith-Konter B,Sandwell D T.2009.Stress evolution of the SanAndreas fault system:recurrence interval versus locking depth.Geophys.Res.Lett.,35:L13304,doi:10.1029/2009GL037235.
Thatcher W,Politz F F.2008.Temporal evolution of continentallithospheric strength in actively deforming regions.GSAToday,4/5:4～11.
Thatcher W.2003.GPS constraints on the kinematics of continentaldeformation.International Geology Review,45:191～212.
West J D,Fouch MJ,Roth J B,Elkins-Tanton L T.2009.Verticalmantle flow associated with a lithospheric drip beneath theGreat Basin.Nature Geosc.,doi:10.1038/NGEO526.
Whit meyer S J,Karlstrom K E.2007.Tectonic model for theProterozoic growth of North America.Geosphere,3:220～259,doi:10.1130/GES00055.1.
Wiersberg T,Erzinger J.2007.Hydrogen anomalies at seismogenicdepths of the San Andreas fault.Abstracts of the17th annualV.M.Goldschmidt conference.Geochi mica et Cosmochi micaActa,71,15S,A1110.
Williams ML,Fischer K M,Freymueller J T,Tikoff B,Tréhu AM,others.2010.Unlocking the Secrets of the North AmericanContinent:An EarthScope Science Plan for2010～2020.February,1～78.
Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H,Lin F C,Moschetti MP,Shapiro N M.2008.Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath thewestern United States revealed by ambient noise and earthquaketomography.J.Geophys.Res.,113:B12310,doi:10.1029/2008JB005833.
Zielke O.2009.Dissertation.Tempe:Arizona State University,1～315.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R,Ludwig L G,Akciz S O.2010.Slipinthe1857and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo segment,San Andreas fault.Science,doi:10.1126/science.1182781.
董树文,李廷栋.2009.SinoProbe——中国深部探测实验.地质学报,83(7):895～909.
国土资源科技发展战略研究组.2002.美国地球探测计划洞察北美岩石圈三维结构.国土资源情报,(4):14～17.
郑秀芬,张春贺,孙振凯.2004.美国“地球透镜计划”.国际地震动态,(3):22～41.
郑秀芬.2005.“地球透镜计划”的精粹集锦——“地球透镜计划”获得资助第一年的进展.国际地震动态,(10):41～46.
中国地震局地震监测技术考察团.2001.中国地震局地震监测技术考察团访问美国.国际地震动态,(11):29～34.
Bedle H,van der Lee S.2009.S velocity variations beneath NorthAmerica.J.Geophys.Res.,114:B07308,doi:10.1029/2008JB005949.
Bennett R A,Friedrich A M,Furlong K P.2004.Codependenthistories of the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones frominversion of fault displacement rates.Geology,32:11961～11964,doi:10.1130/G20806.1.
Berger A L,Spotila J A,Chapman J,Pavlis T,Enkel mann E,Ruppert N,Buscher J.2008.Architecture,kinematics,andexhumation of a convergent orogenic wedge:Athermochronological investigation of tectonic-cli maticinteractions within the central St.Elias orogen,Alaska.EarthPlanet.Sci.Lett.,270:13～24,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.034.
Bleibinhaus F,Hole J A,Ryberg T,Fuis G S.2007.Structure ofthe California Coast Ranges and San Andreas Fault at SAFODfrom seismic waveform inversion and reflection imaging.J.Geophys.Res.,112:B06315,doi:10.1029/2006JB004611.
Buehler J,Shearer P.Pn tomography of the western United Statesusing USArray.J.Geophys.Res.,in review.
Burdick S,Li C,Martynov V,Cox T,Eakins J,Mulder T,AstizL,Vernon F L,Pavlis G L,van der Hilst R D.2008.Uppermantle heterogeneity beneath North America fromtravel time tomography with global and USArray transportable array data.Seis.Res.Lett.,79:384～392,doi:10.1785/gssrl.79.3.384.
Burdick S,van der Hilst R D,Vernon F L,Martynov V,Cox T,Eakins J,Mulder T,Astiz L,Pavlis G L.2009.Model updateDecember2008.Seis.Res.Lett.,80:638～645.
Chapman J B,Pavlis T L,Gulick S,Berger A,Lowe L,Spotila J,Bruhn R,Vorkink M,Koons P,Barker A,Picornell C,Ridgway K,Hallet B,Jaeger J,McCalpin J.2008.Neotectonicsof the Yakutat collision:changes in deformation driven by massredistribution,In:Freymueller J T,et al.,eds.ActiveTectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska.AmericanGeophysical Union,Geophysical Monograph,179:65～82.
Crossey L J,Karlstrom K E,Springer A,Newell D,Hilton D,Fischer T.2009.Degassing of mantle-derived CO2and3He fromsprings in the southern Colorado Plateau region:Neotectonicconnections and i mplications for groundwater systems.Geol.Soc.Amer.Bull.,121:1034～1053.
David S,Willam P,Mark Z.2002.EarthScope:Acquisition,Construction,Integration and Facility Management.ACollaborative Proposal to NSF.
Dolan J F,Bowman D D,Sammis C G.2007.Long-range andlongtermfault interactions in southern California.Geology,35:9855～9858doi:10.1130/G23789A.1.
Eakin C M,Obrebski M,Allen R M,Boyarko D C,Brudzinski MR,Porritt R.Seismic anisotropy beneath Cascadia and theMendocino triple junction:interaction of the subducting slabwith mantle flow.in review.
Ellsworth W,Malin P E,I manishi K,Roecker S W,Nadeau R,Oye V,Thurber C H,Waldhauser F,Boness N N,Hickman SH,Zoback M D.2007.Seismology inside the fault zone:applications to fault-zone properties and rupture dynamics.Scientific Drilling Special Issue,1:85～88.
Frassetto A,Zandt G,Gilbert H,Owens T J,Jones C.2009.Lithospheric structure of the Sierra Nevada from receiverfunctions and i mplications for lithospheric foundering.submitted to Geosphere.
Garnero E,Zhao C.2009.Heterogeneous lowermost mantle beneaththe Pacific Ocean.EarthScope OnSite Newsletter,fall.
Hedlin M,De Groot-Hedlin C,Drob D,Walker K,Le Pichon A,Zumberge M.2008.Studies of at mospheric sources andpropagation using the USArray,Eos Trans.AGU,Fall Meet.Suppl.
Hibbard J P,van Staal C R,Rankin D W.Comparative analysis ofthe post-Ordovician geological evolution of the northern andsouthern Appalachian orogen.in press.
Ludwig L G,Akciz S O,Noriega G R,Gabriela R,Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R.2010.Cli mate-modulated channel incision andrupture history of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain.Science,doi:10.1126/science.1182837.
McCaffrey R,Qamar A I,King R W,Wells R,Khazaradze G,Williams C A,Stevens C W,Vollick J J,Zwick P C.2007.Fault locking,block rotation and crustal deformation in thePacific Northwest.Geophys.Jour.Int.,169:1315～1340.
Moore D E,Rymer M.2007.Talc-bearing serpentinites and thecreeping section of the San Andreas fault.Nature,448,doi:10.1038/nature06064.
Oliver J E.1978.Exploration of the continental basement by seismicreflection profiling.Nature,275:485～488.
Oliver J E,Cook F A,Brown L D.1983.COCORP and thecontinental crust.J.Geophys.Res.,88:3329～3347.
Ren Y,Stutzmann E,van der Hilst R,Besse J.2007.Understandingseismic heterogeneities in the lower mantle beneath theAmericas from seismic tomography and plate tectonic history.J.Geophys.Res.,112:B01302,doi:10.1029/2005JB004154.
Schleicher A M,Tourscher S N,van der Pluij m B A,Warr L N.2009.Constraints on mineralization,fluid-rock interaction,andmass transfer during faulting at2-3km depth from theSAFOD drill hole.J.Geophys.Res.,114,doi:10.1029/2008JB006092.
Smith-Konter B,Sandwell D T.2009.Stress evolution of the SanAndreas fault system:recurrence interval versus locking depth.Geophys.Res.Lett.,35:L13304,doi:10.1029/2009GL037235.
Thatcher W,Politz F F.2008.Temporal evolution of continentallithospheric strength in actively deforming regions.GSAToday,4/5:4～11.
Thatcher W.2003.GPS constraints on the kinematics of continentaldeformation.International Geology Review,45:191～212.
West J D,Fouch MJ,Roth J B,Elkins-Tanton L T.2009.Verticalmantle flow associated with a lithospheric drip beneath theGreat Basin.Nature Geosc.,doi:10.1038/NGEO526.
Whit meyer S J,Karlstrom K E.2007.Tectonic model for theProterozoic growth of North America.Geosphere,3:220～259,doi:10.1130/GES00055.1.
Wiersberg T,Erzinger J.2007.Hydrogen anomalies at seismogenicdepths of the San Andreas fault.Abstracts of the17th annualV.M.Goldschmidt conference.Geochi mica et Cosmochi micaActa,71,15S,A1110.
Williams ML,Fischer K M,Freymueller J T,Tikoff B,Tréhu AM,others.2010.Unlocking the Secrets of the North AmericanContinent:An EarthScope Science Plan for2010～2020.February,1～78.
Yang Y,Ritzwoller M H,Lin F C,Moschetti MP,Shapiro N M.2008.Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath thewestern United States revealed by ambient noise and earthquaketomography.J.Geophys.Res.,113:B12310,doi:10.1029/2008JB005833.
Zielke O.2009.Dissertation.Tempe:Arizona State University,1～315.
Zielke O,Arrowsmith J R,Ludwig L G,Akciz S O.2010.Slipinthe1857and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo segment,San Andreas fault.Science,doi:10.1126/science.1182781.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心