福州盆地强地面运动特征的有限元数值模拟
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摘要
区域性地震波强地面运动的量化数值模拟分析结果可以用来指导城市规划建设,并在防震减灾中发挥重要作用.本文采用有限元数值模拟方法来模拟由地震激发的区域地震波强地面运动过程,并得到地表峰值速度和加速度的分布特征.考虑到福州是东南沿海的重要省会城市,其明显的盆地结构特征使它很容易遭受强地震灾害的影响.因此本文以福州盆地为主要研究对象,假定盆地的主要断层某一位置在未来可能发生灾害性地震,则该地震会激发地震波的强地面运动,并由于地形、沉积层等主要影响,在盆地内部发生放大.通过对地震波传播过程的数值模拟和后处理分析,给出了该盆地的地表峰值位移、峰值速度和峰值加速度分布图谱.该图谱可为未来的福州城市规划和抗震减灾提供定量科学参考依据.
Quantitative results of numerical simulation on the strong ground motion triggered by the local earthquakes can be used to guide the urban planning and construction.It also plays an important role in the earthquake disaster assessment.We propose a finite element model to simulate the strong ground motion excited by local earthquake.Then the peak ground acceleration (PGA) as well as the peak ground velocities are calculated accordingly with the displacement distribution with the respect of time.Fuzhou is the capital city of Fujian province, which locates in the coastal area of southeast China.It is characterized by the conspicuous basin structures with major fault zones.It is very easy to be subjected to hazards from the local strong earthquakes.This makes Fuzhou as an ideal test-bed to investigate the behaviors of the strong ground motion triggered by the possible future earthquakes.By taking advantage of large-scale finite element simulation,the peak ground displacements,peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity patterns are put forward by elaborately designed post-processing routines.These quantitative results can provide critical elements for the future urban planning,and future earthquake hazards prediction.
Quantitative results of numerical simulation on the strong ground motion triggered by the local earthquakes can be used to guide the urban planning and construction.It also plays an important role in the earthquake disaster assessment.We propose a finite element model to simulate the strong ground motion excited by local earthquake.Then the peak ground acceleration (PGA) as well as the peak ground velocities are calculated accordingly with the displacement distribution with the respect of time.Fuzhou is the capital city of Fujian province, which locates in the coastal area of southeast China.It is characterized by the conspicuous basin structures with major fault zones.It is very easy to be subjected to hazards from the local strong earthquakes.This makes Fuzhou as an ideal test-bed to investigate the behaviors of the strong ground motion triggered by the possible future earthquakes.By taking advantage of large-scale finite element simulation,the peak ground displacements,peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity patterns are put forward by elaborately designed post-processing routines.These quantitative results can provide critical elements for the future urban planning,and future earthquake hazards prediction.
引文
[1] 王真理,李幼铭.细胞自动机地震波模拟的并行化算法.地球物理学报,1999,42(3) :410～415 Wang Zh L,Li Y M.Parallel algorithm for simulating seismic wave propagation by cellular automata.Chinese J. Geophys.(in Chinese),1999,42(3) :410～415
[2] Tromp J,Komatitsch D.Spectral-element simulations of wave propagation in laterally homogeneous Earth models. Problems in Geophysics for the New Millennium,2000． 351～ 372
[3] 刘劲松,许云,乌达巴拉.用于地震波场模拟的变网格边长声格固体模型.地球物理学报,1999,42(4) :536～542 Liu J S,Xu Y,Uda B.Phononic lattice solid with various grid length for modeling seismic waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999,42(4) :536～542
[4] Boore D M.Finite difference methods for seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous materials.Methods in Computational Physics.Vol.11． New York:Academic, 1972． 346
[5] Boore D M.Short-period P-and S-wave radiation from large earthquake:implications for spectral scaling relations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1986,76: 43～46
[6] Frankel A,Leith W.Evaluation of topographic effects on P and S waves of explosions at the northern Novaya Zemlya test site using 3-D numerical simulations.Geophysical Research Letters,1992,19:1887～1890
[7] Frankel A,Vidale J.A three-dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara valley,California,from the Loma Prieta aftershock.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:2045～2074
[8] McLaughlin K L,Day S M.3 D elastic finite difference seismic wave simulations.Journal of Computational Physics,1994,8(6) :656～663
[9] Olsen K B,Pechmann J C,Schuster G T.Simulation of 3-D elastic wave propagation in the Salt Lake basin.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1995,85:1688～1710
[10] Pitarka A,Irikura K.Modeling 3D surface topography by a finite-difference method:Kobe-JMA station site,Japan,case study.Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23:2729～2732
[11] Antolik M,Larsen S,Dreger D.Modeling broadbgnd waveforms in central California using finite differences. Seismological Research Letters,1996,67:30
[12] Larsen S,Antolik M,Dreger D.3-D models of seismic wave propagation:simulating Scenario earthquakes along the Hayward fault.Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(2) : 328
[13] Kristek J,Moczo P,Irikura K.The 1995 Kobe mainshock simulated by 3D finite differences.In:Irikura K,Kudo K, Okada H eds.The Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion.Vol.3． The Netherlands:Balkema,Rotterdam, 1999． 1361～1368
[14] Stidham C,Antolik M,Dreger D.Three-dimensional structureinfluences on the strong motion wavefield of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1999,89:1184～1202
[15] Sato T,Kawase H,Sato T.Three-dimensional finitedifference waveform modeling of strong motions observed in the Sendai basin,Japan.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2001,91:365-380
[16] Bao H,J.Bielak O,Ghattas L F.Large-scale simulation of elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media on parallel computers.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,1998,152:85～102
[17] Bielak J,Xu J,Ghattas O.Earthquake ground motion and structural response in alluvial valleys.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironment Engineering,1999,125: 413～423
[18] Garatani K,Nakamura H,Okuda H.Large-scale parallel wave propagation analysis by GeoFEM.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2000,1823:445～453
[19] Aagaard B T,Hall J F,Heaton T H.Characterization of near-source ground motions with earthquake simulations. Earthquake Spectra,2001,17(2) :177～207
[20] Komatitsch D,Liu Q,Tromp J.Simulations of ground motion in the Los Angeles basin based upon the spectralelement method.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(1) :187～206
[21] Komatitsch D,Tromp J.A perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for the second-order seismic wave equation.Geophysical Journal International,2003,154(1) : 146～153
[22] Komatitsch D,Tromp J.Introduction to the spectral element method for three-dimensional seismic wave propagation.Geophysical Journal International,1999,139(3) :806～822
[23] 刘劲松.许云,乌达巴拉.细胞自动机用于地震偏移:数值模拟试验.地球物理学进展,2004,19(3) :621～624 Liu J S,Xu Y,Uda B.Numerical experiment of seismic migration using cellular automata.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2004,19(3) :621～624
[24] 田小波,吴庆举,曾融生.弹性波场数值模拟的隐式差分多重网格算法.地球物理学报,2004,47(1) :82～88 Tian X B,Wu Q J,Zeng R S.Multi grid algorithm for numerical modeling of elastic wave field using finite difference method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(1) :82～88
[25] 张剑锋,刘铁林.三维非均匀介质中弹性波传播的数值模拟.固体力学学报,2001,22(4) :30～34 Zhang J F,Liu T L.Numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation in 3 D heterogeneous media.Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica(in Chinese),2001,22(4) :30～34
[26] 刘礼农.崔凤林,张剑锋.三维复杂构造中地震波模拟的单程波方法.地球物理学报,2004,47(3) :514～520 Liu L N,Cui F L,Zhang J F.Seismic modeling with one way wave equation in 3-D complex structures.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(3) :514～520
[27] 黄自萍,张铭,吴文青.弹性波传播数值模拟的区域分裂法.地球物理学报,2004,47(6) :1094～1100 Huang Z P,Zhang M,Wu W Q.A domain decomposition method for numerical simulation of the elastic wave propagation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6) :1094～1100
[28] 孙卫涛,杨慧珠.各向异性介质弹性波传播的三维不规则网 格有限差分方法.地球物理学报,2004,47(2) :153～158 Sun W T,Yang H Zh.A 3-D finite difference method using irregular grids for elastic wave propagation in anisotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(2) :153～158
[29] 李锡夔,姚冬梅.弹塑性体中波传播问题的间断Galerkin有限元法.固体力学学报,2003． 24(4) :31～41 Li X K,Yao D M.Discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for wave propagation problems in elasto-plastic continua.Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica(in Chinese),2003, 24(4) :31～41
[30] Joshi A,Singh S,Kavita G.The simulation of ground motions using envelope summations.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2001,158:877～901
[31] ArrigoG,RoumeliotiZ,Benetatos C.A source study of the 9 September 1998(M_w5． 6) Castelluccio Earthquake in southern Italy using teleseismic and strong motion data. Natural Hazards,2006,37:245～262
[32] Roumelioti Z,Kiratzi A,Theodoulidis N.Rupture directivity during the September 7,1999(M_w 5． 9) Athens(Greece) earthquake inferred from forward modeling of strong ground motion.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2003,160:2301～ 2318
[33] Singh R P,Aman A,Prasad Y J J.Attenuation relations for strong seismic ground motion in the Himalayan region.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1996,147(1) :61～180
[34] 闻学泽,徐锡伟.福州盆地的地震环境与主要断层潜在地震的最大震级评价.地震地质,2003,25(4) :509～524 Wen X Z,Xu X W.Seismogenic environment and assessment of the maximum magnitude of potential earthquakes on the main faults in Fuzhou basin.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2003,25(4) :509～524
[35] 郑荣章,陈桂华,徐锡伟.福州盆地埋藏晚第四纪沉积地层划分.地震地质,2005,27(4) :556～565 Zheng R Zh,Chen G H,Xu X W.Strata division of huried late Quaternary of Fuzhou basin.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(4) :556～565
[36] 郑荣章,徐锡伟,朱食芳.福州盆地晚第四纪地层划分及古环境分析.地震地质,2004,24(4) :503～513 Zheng R Zh,Xu X W,Zhu J F.Division of late Quaternary strata and analysis of palaeoenvironment in Fuzhou basin.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,24(4) :503～513
[37] 朱金芳,徐锡伟,张先康等.福州盆地及邻区地壳精细结构的深地震反射与高分辨率折射及宽角反射/折射联合探测研究.中国科学D辑.2005,35(8) :738～749 Zhu J F,Xu X W,Zhang X K,et al.Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide angle reflection/refraction.Science in China(Series D),2005,48(7) :925～938
[38] Furumura T,Takenaka H.2． 5 D modelling of elastic waves using the pseudospectral method.Geophysical Journal International,1996,124(3) :820～832
[39] Takenaka H,Murakoshi T,Suetsugu D.An imaging technique for subsurface faohs using teleseismic wave records SH case.Journal of Physics of the Earth,1996,44(5) : 529～541
[40] Furumura T,Koketsu K,Wen K L.Parallel PSM/FDM hybrid simulation of ground motions from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan,earthquake.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002, 159(9) :2133～2146
[41] Furumura T,Chen L.Large scale parallel simulation and visualization of 3D seismic wavefield using the earth simulator.CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences,2004,6(2) :153～168
[2] Tromp J,Komatitsch D.Spectral-element simulations of wave propagation in laterally homogeneous Earth models. Problems in Geophysics for the New Millennium,2000． 351～ 372
[3] 刘劲松,许云,乌达巴拉.用于地震波场模拟的变网格边长声格固体模型.地球物理学报,1999,42(4) :536～542 Liu J S,Xu Y,Uda B.Phononic lattice solid with various grid length for modeling seismic waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1999,42(4) :536～542
[4] Boore D M.Finite difference methods for seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous materials.Methods in Computational Physics.Vol.11． New York:Academic, 1972． 346
[5] Boore D M.Short-period P-and S-wave radiation from large earthquake:implications for spectral scaling relations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1986,76: 43～46
[6] Frankel A,Leith W.Evaluation of topographic effects on P and S waves of explosions at the northern Novaya Zemlya test site using 3-D numerical simulations.Geophysical Research Letters,1992,19:1887～1890
[7] Frankel A,Vidale J.A three-dimensional simulation of seismic waves in the Santa Clara valley,California,from the Loma Prieta aftershock.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:2045～2074
[8] McLaughlin K L,Day S M.3 D elastic finite difference seismic wave simulations.Journal of Computational Physics,1994,8(6) :656～663
[9] Olsen K B,Pechmann J C,Schuster G T.Simulation of 3-D elastic wave propagation in the Salt Lake basin.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1995,85:1688～1710
[10] Pitarka A,Irikura K.Modeling 3D surface topography by a finite-difference method:Kobe-JMA station site,Japan,case study.Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23:2729～2732
[11] Antolik M,Larsen S,Dreger D.Modeling broadbgnd waveforms in central California using finite differences. Seismological Research Letters,1996,67:30
[12] Larsen S,Antolik M,Dreger D.3-D models of seismic wave propagation:simulating Scenario earthquakes along the Hayward fault.Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(2) : 328
[13] Kristek J,Moczo P,Irikura K.The 1995 Kobe mainshock simulated by 3D finite differences.In:Irikura K,Kudo K, Okada H eds.The Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion.Vol.3． The Netherlands:Balkema,Rotterdam, 1999． 1361～1368
[14] Stidham C,Antolik M,Dreger D.Three-dimensional structureinfluences on the strong motion wavefield of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1999,89:1184～1202
[15] Sato T,Kawase H,Sato T.Three-dimensional finitedifference waveform modeling of strong motions observed in the Sendai basin,Japan.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2001,91:365-380
[16] Bao H,J.Bielak O,Ghattas L F.Large-scale simulation of elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media on parallel computers.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,1998,152:85～102
[17] Bielak J,Xu J,Ghattas O.Earthquake ground motion and structural response in alluvial valleys.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironment Engineering,1999,125: 413～423
[18] Garatani K,Nakamura H,Okuda H.Large-scale parallel wave propagation analysis by GeoFEM.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2000,1823:445～453
[19] Aagaard B T,Hall J F,Heaton T H.Characterization of near-source ground motions with earthquake simulations. Earthquake Spectra,2001,17(2) :177～207
[20] Komatitsch D,Liu Q,Tromp J.Simulations of ground motion in the Los Angeles basin based upon the spectralelement method.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(1) :187～206
[21] Komatitsch D,Tromp J.A perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for the second-order seismic wave equation.Geophysical Journal International,2003,154(1) : 146～153
[22] Komatitsch D,Tromp J.Introduction to the spectral element method for three-dimensional seismic wave propagation.Geophysical Journal International,1999,139(3) :806～822
[23] 刘劲松.许云,乌达巴拉.细胞自动机用于地震偏移:数值模拟试验.地球物理学进展,2004,19(3) :621～624 Liu J S,Xu Y,Uda B.Numerical experiment of seismic migration using cellular automata.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2004,19(3) :621～624
[24] 田小波,吴庆举,曾融生.弹性波场数值模拟的隐式差分多重网格算法.地球物理学报,2004,47(1) :82～88 Tian X B,Wu Q J,Zeng R S.Multi grid algorithm for numerical modeling of elastic wave field using finite difference method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(1) :82～88
[25] 张剑锋,刘铁林.三维非均匀介质中弹性波传播的数值模拟.固体力学学报,2001,22(4) :30～34 Zhang J F,Liu T L.Numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation in 3 D heterogeneous media.Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica(in Chinese),2001,22(4) :30～34
[26] 刘礼农.崔凤林,张剑锋.三维复杂构造中地震波模拟的单程波方法.地球物理学报,2004,47(3) :514～520 Liu L N,Cui F L,Zhang J F.Seismic modeling with one way wave equation in 3-D complex structures.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(3) :514～520
[27] 黄自萍,张铭,吴文青.弹性波传播数值模拟的区域分裂法.地球物理学报,2004,47(6) :1094～1100 Huang Z P,Zhang M,Wu W Q.A domain decomposition method for numerical simulation of the elastic wave propagation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6) :1094～1100
[28] 孙卫涛,杨慧珠.各向异性介质弹性波传播的三维不规则网 格有限差分方法.地球物理学报,2004,47(2) :153～158 Sun W T,Yang H Zh.A 3-D finite difference method using irregular grids for elastic wave propagation in anisotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(2) :153～158
[29] 李锡夔,姚冬梅.弹塑性体中波传播问题的间断Galerkin有限元法.固体力学学报,2003． 24(4) :31～41 Li X K,Yao D M.Discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for wave propagation problems in elasto-plastic continua.Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica(in Chinese),2003, 24(4) :31～41
[30] Joshi A,Singh S,Kavita G.The simulation of ground motions using envelope summations.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2001,158:877～901
[31] ArrigoG,RoumeliotiZ,Benetatos C.A source study of the 9 September 1998(M_w5． 6) Castelluccio Earthquake in southern Italy using teleseismic and strong motion data. Natural Hazards,2006,37:245～262
[32] Roumelioti Z,Kiratzi A,Theodoulidis N.Rupture directivity during the September 7,1999(M_w 5． 9) Athens(Greece) earthquake inferred from forward modeling of strong ground motion.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2003,160:2301～ 2318
[33] Singh R P,Aman A,Prasad Y J J.Attenuation relations for strong seismic ground motion in the Himalayan region.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1996,147(1) :61～180
[34] 闻学泽,徐锡伟.福州盆地的地震环境与主要断层潜在地震的最大震级评价.地震地质,2003,25(4) :509～524 Wen X Z,Xu X W.Seismogenic environment and assessment of the maximum magnitude of potential earthquakes on the main faults in Fuzhou basin.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2003,25(4) :509～524
[35] 郑荣章,陈桂华,徐锡伟.福州盆地埋藏晚第四纪沉积地层划分.地震地质,2005,27(4) :556～565 Zheng R Zh,Chen G H,Xu X W.Strata division of huried late Quaternary of Fuzhou basin.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(4) :556～565
[36] 郑荣章,徐锡伟,朱食芳.福州盆地晚第四纪地层划分及古环境分析.地震地质,2004,24(4) :503～513 Zheng R Zh,Xu X W,Zhu J F.Division of late Quaternary strata and analysis of palaeoenvironment in Fuzhou basin.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,24(4) :503～513
[37] 朱金芳,徐锡伟,张先康等.福州盆地及邻区地壳精细结构的深地震反射与高分辨率折射及宽角反射/折射联合探测研究.中国科学D辑.2005,35(8) :738～749 Zhu J F,Xu X W,Zhang X K,et al.Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide angle reflection/refraction.Science in China(Series D),2005,48(7) :925～938
[38] Furumura T,Takenaka H.2． 5 D modelling of elastic waves using the pseudospectral method.Geophysical Journal International,1996,124(3) :820～832
[39] Takenaka H,Murakoshi T,Suetsugu D.An imaging technique for subsurface faohs using teleseismic wave records SH case.Journal of Physics of the Earth,1996,44(5) : 529～541
[40] Furumura T,Koketsu K,Wen K L.Parallel PSM/FDM hybrid simulation of ground motions from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan,earthquake.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002, 159(9) :2133～2146
[41] Furumura T,Chen L.Large scale parallel simulation and visualization of 3D seismic wavefield using the earth simulator.CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences,2004,6(2) :153～168
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