近场问题的研究现状与发展方向
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摘要
在过去的20年里,近场问题受到了地震学家和土木工程师的共同关注,一方面原因旨在阐明地震本身的机理,解释新现象;另一方面是由于地震动作为一种主要的输入荷载,在某些情况下将对整个结构设计的最终结果起到控制作用.同时试验和评估等其它领域的相关研究也均以指定的荷载形式为前提,荷载形式的变化直接影响了土木工程中的诸多方面,所以希望研究这种荷载的规律并获得其与结构反应之间的关系.本文回顾了近场问题研究的历史,介绍了近年来国内外针对近场地震动所展开的相关研究工作,其中包括近场地震动本身的特性与近场地震动对土木工程结构的影响等方面,指出了目前存在的问题和进一步应该研究的方向,对于近场问题的深入研究具有一定的参考价值.
In the last twenty years, near-field problems became an important topic for both seismologists and civil engineers. The one aspect is to illuminate mechanisms of earthquakes and explain new phenomena. The another aspect is the ground motions, which are usually assigned by engineers as a type of input load for seismic design of structures, sometimes can control the final design results. The experiments, performance evaluations and other related aspects are all based on the specified type of load. As a result, many aspects related to civil engineering will be influenced by changes of the type of load. Hence, the characteristics of the load and the corresponding response of structures are desired for studying. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of near-field problems in civil engineering is comprehensively reviewed, which include inherent characteristics of near-field ground motions and influences of these ground motions on civil structures. The existing problems are pointed out and work needed to be further investigated in the future is suggested. It is believed that the information in this paper can be useful to advance the state of investigation on near-field problems.
In the last twenty years, near-field problems became an important topic for both seismologists and civil engineers. The one aspect is to illuminate mechanisms of earthquakes and explain new phenomena. The another aspect is the ground motions, which are usually assigned by engineers as a type of input load for seismic design of structures, sometimes can control the final design results. The experiments, performance evaluations and other related aspects are all based on the specified type of load. As a result, many aspects related to civil engineering will be influenced by changes of the type of load. Hence, the characteristics of the load and the corresponding response of structures are desired for studying. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of near-field problems in civil engineering is comprehensively reviewed, which include inherent characteristics of near-field ground motions and influences of these ground motions on civil structures. The existing problems are pointed out and work needed to be further investigated in the future is suggested. It is believed that the information in this paper can be useful to advance the state of investigation on near-field problems.
引文
黄建文,朱晞.2003.近震作用下单自由度结构的非弹性响应分析研究[J].中国安全科学学报,13(11):59-65.
李新乐,朱晞.2004a.近断层地震动等效速度脉冲研究[J].地震学报,26(6):634-643.
李新乐,朱晞.2004b.抗震设计规范之近断层中小地震影响[J].工程抗震,4:43-46.
李爽.2005.近场脉冲型地震动对钢筋混凝土框架结构影响[D]:[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学:31-33.
倪永军,朱晞.2004.近断层地震动的加速度峰值比和反应谱分析[J].北方交通大学学报,28(4):1-5.
邬鑫,朱晞.2003.近场地震动的脉冲效应及简化冲击回归公式的检验[J].北方交通大学学报,27(1):36-39.
俞言祥,高孟谭.2001.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,23(6):615-621.
国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中华人民共和国建设部.2001.建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011—2001)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社:16-18.
Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.1996.Effects of the hanging wall andfoot wall on ground motions recorded duringtheNorthridge earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,86(1B):93-99.
Agrawal A K,He WL.2002.Aclose-formapproxi mation of near-fault ground motion pulses for flexible structures[C]∥Smyth Aed.Proceedings ofthe15th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference.New York:Columbia Universi-ty,Paper No.367.
Alavi B.2000.Effects of near-fault ground motions on frame structure[D]:[PhD Dissertation].Berkeley,California:University of California:69-72.
Anderson J C,Bertero V V.1987.Uncertainties in establishing design earthquakes[J].J Struct Eng,113(8):1709-1724.
Archuleta RJ,Hartzell S H.1981.Effects of fault finiteness on near-source ground motion[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,71(4):939-957.
Baez J I,Miranda E.2000.Amplificationfactors to esti mateinelastic displacement demands for the design of structuresinthe near field[C]∥Proceedings of the12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Auckland,New Zeal-and:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Paper No.1561.
Bertero V V,Mahin S A,Herrera R A.1978.Aseismic design i mplications of near-fault San Fernando earthquake re-cords[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,6(1):31-42.
Bolt B A.1971.The San Fernando Valley earthquake of February9,1971-data on seismic hazards[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,61(2):501-510.
Bozorgnia Y,Niazi M,Campbell K W.1995.Characteristics of free-field vertical ground motion during the Northridgeearthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,11(4):515-525.
Bray J D,Rodriguez-Marek A.2004.Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,24(11):815-828.
Chopra A K,Chintanapakdee C.1998.Accuracy of response spectrum esti mates of structural response to near-fieldearthquake ground motions:Preli minary results[C]∥Proceedings ofthe ASCE Structures World Conference.Ox-ford,England:Elsevier Science Ltd,Paper No.T136-1.
Chopra A K,Chintanapakdee C.2001.Comparing response of SDF systems to near-fault and far-fault earthquake mo-tions in the context of spectral regions[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,30(12):1769-1789.
Fu Q,Menun C.2004.Seismic-environment-based si mulation of near-fault ground motions[C]∥Proceedings ofthe13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Vancouver B C,Canada:Mira Digital Publishing,Paper No.322.
Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,et al.1995.Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings[J].Earthquake Spectra,11(4):569-604.
Housner G W,Hudson D E.1958.The Port Hueneme[California]earthquake of March18,1957[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,48(2):163-168.
Huang C T.2003.Considerations of multi mode structural response for near-field earthquakes[J].J Eng Mech,129(4):458-467.
International Conference of Building Officials.1997.1997UniformBuilding Code[S].Whittier,California:InternationalConference of Building Officials,Vol.2:34-35.
Iwan WD.1997.Drift spectrum:Measure of demand for earthquake ground motions[J].J Struct Eng,123(4):397-404.
Jangid R S,Kelly J M.2001.Baseisolationfor near-fault motions[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,30(5):691-707.
Kikuchi M,Dan K,Yashiro K.2000.Seismic behavior of a reinforced concrete building due tolarge vertical ground mo-tions in near-source regions[C]∥Proceedings ofthe12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Auckland,New Zealand:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Paper No.1876.
Li X L,Zhu X.2004.Study on near-fault design spectra of seismic design code[C]∥Liu W Q,Yuan F G,Chang P Ceds.3th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering:New Frontier and Research Transformation.Bei-jing:Intellectual Property Publishing House and China Water Power Press:147-152.
Loh C H,Wan S,Liao WI.2002.Effects of hysteretic model on seismic demands:Consideration of near-fault groundmotions[J].Struct Design Tall Build,11(3):155-169.
MacRae G A,Mattheis J.2000.Three-di mensional steel building response to near-fault motions[J].J Struct Eng,126(1):117-126.
MacRae G A,Morrow D V,Roeder C W.2001.Near-fault ground motion effects on si mple structures[J].J StructEng,127(9):996-1004.
Makris N,Black C.2003.Di mensional Analysis of Inelastic Structures Subjected to Near Fault Ground Motions[R].Berkeley,California:Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Report No.03-05:89-91.
Makris N,Chang S P.1998.Effect of Damping Mechanisms on the Response of Seismically Isolated Structures[R].Berkeley,California:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Report No.98-06:56-57.
Malhotra P K.1999.Response of buildings to near-field pulse-like ground motions[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,28(11):1309-1326.
Mavroeidis G P.2004.Modeling and si mulation of near-fault strong ground motions for earthquake engineering applica-tions[D]:[PhD Dissertation].New York:State University of New York at Buffalo:44-46.
Menun C,Fu Q.2002.An analytical model for near-fault ground motions andthe response of SDOFsystems[C]∥Earth-quake Engineering ResearchInstitute eds.7th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Boston,Massa-chusetts:Mira Digital Publishing,Paper No.11.
Roberts M W,Lutes L D.2003.Potential for structural failure in the seismic near field[J].J Eng Mech,29(8):927-934.
Shabestari K T,Yamazaki F.2003.Near-fault spatial variation in strong ground motion due to rupture directivity andhanging wall effects fromthe Chi-Chi,Tai wan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,32(14):2197-2219.
Singh J P.1985.Earthquake ground motions:I mplications for designing structures and reconciling structural damage[J].Earthquake Spectra,1(2):239-270.
Somerville P G,Graves R.1993.Conditions that give rise to unusuallylarge long period ground motions[J].Struct De-sign Tall Build,2:211-232.
Somerville P G,Smith N F,Graves R W,et al.1997.Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation rela-tions to include amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity[J].SeismRes Lett,68(1):199-222.
Somerville P G.2000.Seismic hazard evaluation[C]∥Proceedings of the12th World Conference on Earthquake Engi-neering.Auckland,New Zealand:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Paper No.2833.
Somerville P G.2002.Characterizing near fault ground motion for the design and evaluation of bridges[C]∥Proceedingsofthe3th National Seismic Conference and Workshop on Bridges and Highways.New York:State University ofNew York at Buffalo:137-148.
Stewart J P,Chiou S J,Bray J D,et al.2001.Ground Motion Evaluation Procedures for Performance-based Design [R].Berkeley,California:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Report No.01-09:63-67.
Wang G Q,Zhou X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.2002.Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong groundmotion fromthe1999Chi-Chi Tai wan earthquake[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,22(1):73-96.
李新乐,朱晞.2004a.近断层地震动等效速度脉冲研究[J].地震学报,26(6):634-643.
李新乐,朱晞.2004b.抗震设计规范之近断层中小地震影响[J].工程抗震,4:43-46.
李爽.2005.近场脉冲型地震动对钢筋混凝土框架结构影响[D]:[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学:31-33.
倪永军,朱晞.2004.近断层地震动的加速度峰值比和反应谱分析[J].北方交通大学学报,28(4):1-5.
邬鑫,朱晞.2003.近场地震动的脉冲效应及简化冲击回归公式的检验[J].北方交通大学学报,27(1):36-39.
俞言祥,高孟谭.2001.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,23(6):615-621.
国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中华人民共和国建设部.2001.建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011—2001)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社:16-18.
Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.1996.Effects of the hanging wall andfoot wall on ground motions recorded duringtheNorthridge earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,86(1B):93-99.
Agrawal A K,He WL.2002.Aclose-formapproxi mation of near-fault ground motion pulses for flexible structures[C]∥Smyth Aed.Proceedings ofthe15th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference.New York:Columbia Universi-ty,Paper No.367.
Alavi B.2000.Effects of near-fault ground motions on frame structure[D]:[PhD Dissertation].Berkeley,California:University of California:69-72.
Anderson J C,Bertero V V.1987.Uncertainties in establishing design earthquakes[J].J Struct Eng,113(8):1709-1724.
Archuleta RJ,Hartzell S H.1981.Effects of fault finiteness on near-source ground motion[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,71(4):939-957.
Baez J I,Miranda E.2000.Amplificationfactors to esti mateinelastic displacement demands for the design of structuresinthe near field[C]∥Proceedings of the12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Auckland,New Zeal-and:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Paper No.1561.
Bertero V V,Mahin S A,Herrera R A.1978.Aseismic design i mplications of near-fault San Fernando earthquake re-cords[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,6(1):31-42.
Bolt B A.1971.The San Fernando Valley earthquake of February9,1971-data on seismic hazards[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,61(2):501-510.
Bozorgnia Y,Niazi M,Campbell K W.1995.Characteristics of free-field vertical ground motion during the Northridgeearthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,11(4):515-525.
Bray J D,Rodriguez-Marek A.2004.Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,24(11):815-828.
Chopra A K,Chintanapakdee C.1998.Accuracy of response spectrum esti mates of structural response to near-fieldearthquake ground motions:Preli minary results[C]∥Proceedings ofthe ASCE Structures World Conference.Ox-ford,England:Elsevier Science Ltd,Paper No.T136-1.
Chopra A K,Chintanapakdee C.2001.Comparing response of SDF systems to near-fault and far-fault earthquake mo-tions in the context of spectral regions[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,30(12):1769-1789.
Fu Q,Menun C.2004.Seismic-environment-based si mulation of near-fault ground motions[C]∥Proceedings ofthe13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Vancouver B C,Canada:Mira Digital Publishing,Paper No.322.
Hall J F,Heaton T H,Halling M W,et al.1995.Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings[J].Earthquake Spectra,11(4):569-604.
Housner G W,Hudson D E.1958.The Port Hueneme[California]earthquake of March18,1957[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,48(2):163-168.
Huang C T.2003.Considerations of multi mode structural response for near-field earthquakes[J].J Eng Mech,129(4):458-467.
International Conference of Building Officials.1997.1997UniformBuilding Code[S].Whittier,California:InternationalConference of Building Officials,Vol.2:34-35.
Iwan WD.1997.Drift spectrum:Measure of demand for earthquake ground motions[J].J Struct Eng,123(4):397-404.
Jangid R S,Kelly J M.2001.Baseisolationfor near-fault motions[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,30(5):691-707.
Kikuchi M,Dan K,Yashiro K.2000.Seismic behavior of a reinforced concrete building due tolarge vertical ground mo-tions in near-source regions[C]∥Proceedings ofthe12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Auckland,New Zealand:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Paper No.1876.
Li X L,Zhu X.2004.Study on near-fault design spectra of seismic design code[C]∥Liu W Q,Yuan F G,Chang P Ceds.3th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering:New Frontier and Research Transformation.Bei-jing:Intellectual Property Publishing House and China Water Power Press:147-152.
Loh C H,Wan S,Liao WI.2002.Effects of hysteretic model on seismic demands:Consideration of near-fault groundmotions[J].Struct Design Tall Build,11(3):155-169.
MacRae G A,Mattheis J.2000.Three-di mensional steel building response to near-fault motions[J].J Struct Eng,126(1):117-126.
MacRae G A,Morrow D V,Roeder C W.2001.Near-fault ground motion effects on si mple structures[J].J StructEng,127(9):996-1004.
Makris N,Black C.2003.Di mensional Analysis of Inelastic Structures Subjected to Near Fault Ground Motions[R].Berkeley,California:Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Report No.03-05:89-91.
Makris N,Chang S P.1998.Effect of Damping Mechanisms on the Response of Seismically Isolated Structures[R].Berkeley,California:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Report No.98-06:56-57.
Malhotra P K.1999.Response of buildings to near-field pulse-like ground motions[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,28(11):1309-1326.
Mavroeidis G P.2004.Modeling and si mulation of near-fault strong ground motions for earthquake engineering applica-tions[D]:[PhD Dissertation].New York:State University of New York at Buffalo:44-46.
Menun C,Fu Q.2002.An analytical model for near-fault ground motions andthe response of SDOFsystems[C]∥Earth-quake Engineering ResearchInstitute eds.7th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Boston,Massa-chusetts:Mira Digital Publishing,Paper No.11.
Roberts M W,Lutes L D.2003.Potential for structural failure in the seismic near field[J].J Eng Mech,29(8):927-934.
Shabestari K T,Yamazaki F.2003.Near-fault spatial variation in strong ground motion due to rupture directivity andhanging wall effects fromthe Chi-Chi,Tai wan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn,32(14):2197-2219.
Singh J P.1985.Earthquake ground motions:I mplications for designing structures and reconciling structural damage[J].Earthquake Spectra,1(2):239-270.
Somerville P G,Graves R.1993.Conditions that give rise to unusuallylarge long period ground motions[J].Struct De-sign Tall Build,2:211-232.
Somerville P G,Smith N F,Graves R W,et al.1997.Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation rela-tions to include amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity[J].SeismRes Lett,68(1):199-222.
Somerville P G.2000.Seismic hazard evaluation[C]∥Proceedings of the12th World Conference on Earthquake Engi-neering.Auckland,New Zealand:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering,Paper No.2833.
Somerville P G.2002.Characterizing near fault ground motion for the design and evaluation of bridges[C]∥Proceedingsofthe3th National Seismic Conference and Workshop on Bridges and Highways.New York:State University ofNew York at Buffalo:137-148.
Stewart J P,Chiou S J,Bray J D,et al.2001.Ground Motion Evaluation Procedures for Performance-based Design [R].Berkeley,California:Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Report No.01-09:63-67.
Wang G Q,Zhou X Y,Zhang P Z,et al.2002.Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong groundmotion fromthe1999Chi-Chi Tai wan earthquake[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,22(1):73-96.
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