岫岩陨石坑三维Q值层析成像
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摘要
到2009年为止,世界上已发现176个陨石撞击坑.从20世纪80年代起,中国学者从地质、地球化学和地质钻探角度推断并证实辽宁省岫岩县的一个环形构造为陨石撞击而成,但该坑的深部构造及整体特征仍有待地球物理方法来确认.本文从地震勘探角度利用三维Q值层析成像方法首次对岫岩坑的地震波衰减结构进行了研究,以便对该撞击构造有个整体认识.Q值结构对了解地壳的非弹性性质、地壳介质非均匀性有着重要意义.利用基于吸收特征时间t~*的三维Q值层析成像方法,计算了岫岩坑地震折射方阵的观测数据的振幅谱,并通过拟合振幅谱得到了反映地震波衰减的t~*.利用t~*通过三维Q值层析成像方法获得了该坑的三维Q值结构.结果表明:该陨石坑内从地表到深度100 m的Q值层对应坑内上部107 m厚的湖泊相沉积物,深度100～300 m的Q值层对应坑内下部厚度为188 m的角砾岩堆积透镜体.深度300～700 m的Q值层对应角砾岩堆积透镜体下面的下元古界变质岩系程度较低的撞击破碎层.大约250 m深处的波阻抗界面与地质钻孔的260 m深处的陨石冲击分界面相对应.
Until 2009, 176 meteorite impact craters have been found in the world.Since the 80's of 20th century, Chinese scholars have confirmed, from geological, geochemical and drilling data, that a circular structure was formed by meteorite impacting in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province.But the deep structures and the overall characteristics of the crater need still to be confirmed by using geophysical methods.In this paper, three-dimensional Q structure has been obtained for the first time by using seismic refraction data in order to get a total understanding of the crater.Q value structure is of great significance for understanding the non-elastic and nonuniform nature of the crust.Using three-dimensional Q tomography method based on absorption characteristic time t~*, the amplitude spectra have been obtained and by fitting the amplitude spectrum, t~* values have been obtained, which reflect seismic wave attenuation.The three-dimensional Q value structure has been obtained by using t~* values through three-dimensional Q tomography method.The results showed that the Q-value layer from the surface to the depth of 100 m within the crater corresponds to the upper 107 m thick lake sediments, the Q-value layer from the depth of 100m to 300 m corresponds to the lower 188m thick breccia accumulation lens. The Q-value layer from the depth of 300 m to 700 m corresponds to the broken Lower Proterozoic metamorphic rock layer with less impacting.The wave impedance interface about 250 m deep corresponds to the meteorite impact interface confirmed by geological drilling at the 260 m depth.
Until 2009, 176 meteorite impact craters have been found in the world.Since the 80's of 20th century, Chinese scholars have confirmed, from geological, geochemical and drilling data, that a circular structure was formed by meteorite impacting in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province.But the deep structures and the overall characteristics of the crater need still to be confirmed by using geophysical methods.In this paper, three-dimensional Q structure has been obtained for the first time by using seismic refraction data in order to get a total understanding of the crater.Q value structure is of great significance for understanding the non-elastic and nonuniform nature of the crust.Using three-dimensional Q tomography method based on absorption characteristic time t~*, the amplitude spectra have been obtained and by fitting the amplitude spectrum, t~* values have been obtained, which reflect seismic wave attenuation.The three-dimensional Q value structure has been obtained by using t~* values through three-dimensional Q tomography method.The results showed that the Q-value layer from the surface to the depth of 100 m within the crater corresponds to the upper 107 m thick lake sediments, the Q-value layer from the depth of 100m to 300 m corresponds to the lower 188m thick breccia accumulation lens. The Q-value layer from the depth of 300 m to 700 m corresponds to the broken Lower Proterozoic metamorphic rock layer with less impacting.The wave impedance interface about 250 m deep corresponds to the meteorite impact interface confirmed by geological drilling at the 260 m depth.
引文
[1] Earth Impact Database.http:∥ www.unb.ca/passc/ ImpactDatabase/[Last Updated :March 20,2009]
[2] 傅成义.太湖三山岛击变岩的发现及其意义.地理学报,1990,(2) :253～256 Fu C Y.The discovery of shock metamorphic rocks at Sanshan island of Taihu lake and its significance.Acta Geoeraphic Sinica(in Chinese),1990,(2) :253～256
[3] 何永年,徐道一,陆德复等.太湖地区石英晶粒的冲击变形特征-太湖成因初探.科学通报,1990,15:1163～1166 He Y N,Xu D Y,Lu D F,et ai.Impact deformation features of quartz crystalline grain-preliminary study on cause of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1990,15:1163～1166
[4] 王尔康,万玉秋,施央申等.太湖泽山岛冲击变质石英的发现和意义.科学通报,1993,38:1875～1878 Wang E K,Wan Y Q,Shi Y S,et al.Discovery and significance of impact metamorphosed quartz in Zheshan island of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1993,38:1875～1878
[5] 张海亭.沈阳古陨石.沈阳:东北大学出版社,1996 Zhang H T.Ancient Meteorite in Shenyang(in Chinese).Shenyang:Northeast University Press,1996
[6] Wu S.The Shanghewan impact crater,China.Lunar Planet Sci Conf,1988,19:1296
[7] Wu S.Geologic feature of the Duolun impact crater,China.Lunar Planet Sci Con f,1989,20:1219
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[9] 吴思本.香港陨石坑的发现始末.中国地质,1997,(6) :48～49 Wu S B.The whole discovery story of Hongkong meteorite crater.Geology in China(in Chinese),1997,(6) :48～49
[10] 王道经.海南白沙陨石坑.海口:海南出版社,1997 Wang D J.Baisha meteorite crater in Hainan Province(in Chinese).Haikou:Hainan Press,1997
[11] 覃功炯,卢登蓉,欧 强等.罗圈里撞击坑铂族元素异常及粗铂矿的发现及其意义.地学前缘,2001,8(2) :333～338 Qin G J,Lu D R,Ou Q,et al.Discovery and significance of platinum group element abnormity and coarse platinum ore in Luoquanli impact crater.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2001,8(2) :333～338
[12] 赵树明.辽东半岛中部岫岩满族自治区内发现一撞击构造 陨石坑.国土资源遥感,2004,(3) :27 Zhao S M.Meteorite crater,a impact structure discovered in Xiuyan county of Liaoning province(in Chinese).Territory Resources Remote Sensing,2004,(3) :27
[13] 邢耶,杨泽元.河北矾山棱环形构造与撞击作用.北京:地质出版社,1996． 38～44 Xing Y,Yang Z Y.Arris ring structure in Fanshan Mt.of Heibei province and impact effect(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996． 38～44
[14] 陈鸣.岫岩陨石坑:撞击起源的证据.科学通报,2007,52(22) :2777～2780 Chen M.Xiuyan meteorite crater:a evidence of impact origin.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,52(22) :2777～2780
[15] 刘明军,李松林,樊计昌.美国Chesapeake湾撞击坑研究进展及其启示.地球物理学进展,2006,21(4) :1161～1164 Liu M J,Li S L,Fan J C.Progress and inspiration of impact crater in Chesapeake bay of America.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006 ,21(4) :1161～1164
[16] 陈鸣,肖万生,谢先德等.岫岩陨石撞击坑的证实.科学通报2009,54(22) :3507～3511 Chen M,Xiao W S,Xie X D,et al.Xiuyan crater,China:Impact origin confirmed.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2009,54(22) :3507～3511
[17] 樊计昌,李松林,赖晓林等.新疆伽师地震区三维Q值结构.地震学报,2001,23(6) :570～581 Fan J C,Li S L,Lai X L,et al.Three dimensional Q structure in Jiashi earthquake region of Xinjiang region.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2001,23(6) :570～581
[18] 李振生,刘德良,刘波等.断层封闭性的波速和品质因子评价方法.科学通报2005,50(13) :1365～1369 Li Z S,Liu D L,Liu B,et al.Evaluation method of velocity and Q value about fault closure.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2005,50(13) :1365～1369
[19] 周连庆,赵翠萍,修济刚等.利用天然地震研究地壳Q值的方法和进展.国际地震动态,2008,350(2) :1～11 Zhou L Q,Zhao C P,Xiu J G,et al.Methods and developments of research on crustal Q value by using earthquakes.Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),2008,350(2) :1～11
[20] 马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :1074～1082 Ma Z J,Liu Y.A summary of research on seismic attenuation.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(4) :1074～1082
[21] 徐彦,苏有锦,秦嘉政.Q值研究动态.地震研究,2004,27(4) :385～389 Xu Y,Su Y J,Qin J Z.Development of Q-value studies.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),2004,27(4) :385～389
[22] Quan Youli,Jerry M Harris.Seismic attenuation tomography using the frequency method.Geophysics,1997,62(3) :895～905
[23] ToshikiWatanabe.用振幅衰减和脉冲增宽的地震衰减层析成像.石油物探译丛,1994,(3) :47～51 Toshiki Watanabe.Seismic attenuation tomography using amplitude decay and pulse broadening.Translation Collection of Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1994,(3) :47～51
[24] 王辉,常旭,刘伊克等.时间域相邻道地震波衰减成像研究.地球物理学报,2001,44(3) :396～403 Wang H,Chang X,Liu Y K,et al.Seismic neighboring traces attenuation tomography in time domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2001,44(3) :396～403
[25] Jonathan M L,Grant T L.Three-dimensional attenuation tomography at Lomo Prieta-Inversion of t~* for Q.J.Geophys.Res.1994,99(134) :6843～6863
[26] 赵俊猛,樊计昌,李植纯.库尔勒-吉木萨尔剖面Q值结构及其动力学意义.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(3) :202～209 Zhao J M,Fan J C,Li Z C.Q value structure of geoscience transect from Korla to Jimsar and its geodynamic implication.Science in China(Ser.D)(in Chinese),2003,33(3) :202～209
[27] 郑治真.波谱分析基础.北京:地震出版社,1979． 244～249 Zheng Z Z.Fundamental of Spectrum Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing :Seismological Press,1979． 244～249
[28] Knopoff L.Q.Rev.ofGeophys.,1964,2(4) :625～660
[29] Pock G,Clements J R.Attenuation of short-period P,PcP,ScP,and pP waves in the earth’s mantle.J.G.R.,1982,87:3905～3918
[30] Zohun A D,Alison C L.Methodologies for estimating t(f)from short-period body waves and regional variations of t~* in the United States.Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc.,1985,82:125～140
[31] Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology.San Francisco:W.H Freeman and Co,1980． 168～169
[32] 刘福田,李 强,胡小幸.走时反演及其应用.地球物理学报,1982,25(增):696～709 Liu F T,Li Q,Hu X X.Travel-time inversion and its application.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1982,25(Suppl.):696～709
[33] 原秦喜,孙鸿,戴鹏等.人工地震测深和天然地震流动观测兼用的轻便数字地震仪系统.中国地震,1999,15(2) :159～166 Yuan Q X,Sun H,Dai P,et al.Portable digital seismic data acquisition system for deep seismic sounding and earthquake survey.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1999,15(2) :159～166
[34] 樊计昌,刘明军,海 燕等.小波包滤波方法的GUI及在深地震测深数据处理中的应用.科技导报,2009,27(2) :78～82 Fan J C,Liu M J,Hai Y.GUI for wavelet(packet)denoising method and its application to DSS data processing.Science and Technology Review(in Chinese),2009,27(2) :78～82
[2] 傅成义.太湖三山岛击变岩的发现及其意义.地理学报,1990,(2) :253～256 Fu C Y.The discovery of shock metamorphic rocks at Sanshan island of Taihu lake and its significance.Acta Geoeraphic Sinica(in Chinese),1990,(2) :253～256
[3] 何永年,徐道一,陆德复等.太湖地区石英晶粒的冲击变形特征-太湖成因初探.科学通报,1990,15:1163～1166 He Y N,Xu D Y,Lu D F,et ai.Impact deformation features of quartz crystalline grain-preliminary study on cause of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1990,15:1163～1166
[4] 王尔康,万玉秋,施央申等.太湖泽山岛冲击变质石英的发现和意义.科学通报,1993,38:1875～1878 Wang E K,Wan Y Q,Shi Y S,et al.Discovery and significance of impact metamorphosed quartz in Zheshan island of Taihu lake.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1993,38:1875～1878
[5] 张海亭.沈阳古陨石.沈阳:东北大学出版社,1996 Zhang H T.Ancient Meteorite in Shenyang(in Chinese).Shenyang:Northeast University Press,1996
[6] Wu S.The Shanghewan impact crater,China.Lunar Planet Sci Conf,1988,19:1296
[7] Wu S.Geologic feature of the Duolun impact crater,China.Lunar Planet Sci Con f,1989,20:1219
[8] 吴思本.多伦陨石坑的研究进展.中国地质,1996,(8) : 14～16 Wu S B.Study and progress of Duolun meteorite crater.Geology in China(in Chinese),1996,(8) :14～16
[9] 吴思本.香港陨石坑的发现始末.中国地质,1997,(6) :48～49 Wu S B.The whole discovery story of Hongkong meteorite crater.Geology in China(in Chinese),1997,(6) :48～49
[10] 王道经.海南白沙陨石坑.海口:海南出版社,1997 Wang D J.Baisha meteorite crater in Hainan Province(in Chinese).Haikou:Hainan Press,1997
[11] 覃功炯,卢登蓉,欧 强等.罗圈里撞击坑铂族元素异常及粗铂矿的发现及其意义.地学前缘,2001,8(2) :333～338 Qin G J,Lu D R,Ou Q,et al.Discovery and significance of platinum group element abnormity and coarse platinum ore in Luoquanli impact crater.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2001,8(2) :333～338
[12] 赵树明.辽东半岛中部岫岩满族自治区内发现一撞击构造 陨石坑.国土资源遥感,2004,(3) :27 Zhao S M.Meteorite crater,a impact structure discovered in Xiuyan county of Liaoning province(in Chinese).Territory Resources Remote Sensing,2004,(3) :27
[13] 邢耶,杨泽元.河北矾山棱环形构造与撞击作用.北京:地质出版社,1996． 38～44 Xing Y,Yang Z Y.Arris ring structure in Fanshan Mt.of Heibei province and impact effect(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996． 38～44
[14] 陈鸣.岫岩陨石坑:撞击起源的证据.科学通报,2007,52(22) :2777～2780 Chen M.Xiuyan meteorite crater:a evidence of impact origin.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,52(22) :2777～2780
[15] 刘明军,李松林,樊计昌.美国Chesapeake湾撞击坑研究进展及其启示.地球物理学进展,2006,21(4) :1161～1164 Liu M J,Li S L,Fan J C.Progress and inspiration of impact crater in Chesapeake bay of America.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006 ,21(4) :1161～1164
[16] 陈鸣,肖万生,谢先德等.岫岩陨石撞击坑的证实.科学通报2009,54(22) :3507～3511 Chen M,Xiao W S,Xie X D,et al.Xiuyan crater,China:Impact origin confirmed.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2009,54(22) :3507～3511
[17] 樊计昌,李松林,赖晓林等.新疆伽师地震区三维Q值结构.地震学报,2001,23(6) :570～581 Fan J C,Li S L,Lai X L,et al.Three dimensional Q structure in Jiashi earthquake region of Xinjiang region.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2001,23(6) :570～581
[18] 李振生,刘德良,刘波等.断层封闭性的波速和品质因子评价方法.科学通报2005,50(13) :1365～1369 Li Z S,Liu D L,Liu B,et al.Evaluation method of velocity and Q value about fault closure.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2005,50(13) :1365～1369
[19] 周连庆,赵翠萍,修济刚等.利用天然地震研究地壳Q值的方法和进展.国际地震动态,2008,350(2) :1～11 Zhou L Q,Zhao C P,Xiu J G,et al.Methods and developments of research on crustal Q value by using earthquakes.Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),2008,350(2) :1～11
[20] 马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :1074～1082 Ma Z J,Liu Y.A summary of research on seismic attenuation.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(4) :1074～1082
[21] 徐彦,苏有锦,秦嘉政.Q值研究动态.地震研究,2004,27(4) :385～389 Xu Y,Su Y J,Qin J Z.Development of Q-value studies.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),2004,27(4) :385～389
[22] Quan Youli,Jerry M Harris.Seismic attenuation tomography using the frequency method.Geophysics,1997,62(3) :895～905
[23] ToshikiWatanabe.用振幅衰减和脉冲增宽的地震衰减层析成像.石油物探译丛,1994,(3) :47～51 Toshiki Watanabe.Seismic attenuation tomography using amplitude decay and pulse broadening.Translation Collection of Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,1994,(3) :47～51
[24] 王辉,常旭,刘伊克等.时间域相邻道地震波衰减成像研究.地球物理学报,2001,44(3) :396～403 Wang H,Chang X,Liu Y K,et al.Seismic neighboring traces attenuation tomography in time domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2001,44(3) :396～403
[25] Jonathan M L,Grant T L.Three-dimensional attenuation tomography at Lomo Prieta-Inversion of t~* for Q.J.Geophys.Res.1994,99(134) :6843～6863
[26] 赵俊猛,樊计昌,李植纯.库尔勒-吉木萨尔剖面Q值结构及其动力学意义.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(3) :202～209 Zhao J M,Fan J C,Li Z C.Q value structure of geoscience transect from Korla to Jimsar and its geodynamic implication.Science in China(Ser.D)(in Chinese),2003,33(3) :202～209
[27] 郑治真.波谱分析基础.北京:地震出版社,1979． 244～249 Zheng Z Z.Fundamental of Spectrum Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing :Seismological Press,1979． 244～249
[28] Knopoff L.Q.Rev.ofGeophys.,1964,2(4) :625～660
[29] Pock G,Clements J R.Attenuation of short-period P,PcP,ScP,and pP waves in the earth’s mantle.J.G.R.,1982,87:3905～3918
[30] Zohun A D,Alison C L.Methodologies for estimating t(f)from short-period body waves and regional variations of t~* in the United States.Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc.,1985,82:125～140
[31] Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology.San Francisco:W.H Freeman and Co,1980． 168～169
[32] 刘福田,李 强,胡小幸.走时反演及其应用.地球物理学报,1982,25(增):696～709 Liu F T,Li Q,Hu X X.Travel-time inversion and its application.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1982,25(Suppl.):696～709
[33] 原秦喜,孙鸿,戴鹏等.人工地震测深和天然地震流动观测兼用的轻便数字地震仪系统.中国地震,1999,15(2) :159～166 Yuan Q X,Sun H,Dai P,et al.Portable digital seismic data acquisition system for deep seismic sounding and earthquake survey.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1999,15(2) :159～166
[34] 樊计昌,刘明军,海 燕等.小波包滤波方法的GUI及在深地震测深数据处理中的应用.科技导报,2009,27(2) :78～82 Fan J C,Liu M J,Hai Y.GUI for wavelet(packet)denoising method and its application to DSS data processing.Science and Technology Review(in Chinese),2009,27(2) :78～82
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