利用IPA技术精细识别裂缝——以柴达木盆地南翼山工区为例
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摘要
柴达木盆地南翼山工区受压扭走滑运动影响,地层岩性破碎强烈、断裂复杂,导致地震资料裂缝成像及解释难度较大.为准确识别南翼山断裂体系,作者在本区首次利用地震像素处理分析技术进行裂缝识别.通过构造向量属性及构造约束滤波对地震资料进行成像处理,明显提高了裂缝成像精度;利用边缘探测算法检测出断裂,最终提取出断裂体并分析出断裂空间展布规律.通过该技术在南翼山工区的应用,准确描述出中深层-浅层双层格架的裂缝展布特征,为柴西北裂缝性储层研究提供了技术支持.地震像素处理分析技术在利用地震资料定量识别裂缝方面具较大潜力.
The northwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin is obviously affected by strike-slip movement.It is difficulty for fault imaging and interpretation of seismic data due to strongly broken lithology and complexity fractures.By utilizing seismic image processing and analysis technique we identify fractures.Firstly we divide seismic volume into pixels,secondly by means of structural vectors and advanced filter methods in combination with Edge Detected Algorithm we detect abnormal bodies,and plot them with different colors.Finally we complete the fault extraction and corresponding analysis work.By the application of IPA technique in the Nanyishan area,the vertical and lateral anisotropy of fault systems are clearly described,and the fracture distribution of two-double framework (semi-deep-shallow layer) are identified.As technical support to fractured reservoirs in the northwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin,the IPA technique has good prospect in quantitative identification of fractures.
The northwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin is obviously affected by strike-slip movement.It is difficulty for fault imaging and interpretation of seismic data due to strongly broken lithology and complexity fractures.By utilizing seismic image processing and analysis technique we identify fractures.Firstly we divide seismic volume into pixels,secondly by means of structural vectors and advanced filter methods in combination with Edge Detected Algorithm we detect abnormal bodies,and plot them with different colors.Finally we complete the fault extraction and corresponding analysis work.By the application of IPA technique in the Nanyishan area,the vertical and lateral anisotropy of fault systems are clearly described,and the fracture distribution of two-double framework (semi-deep-shallow layer) are identified.As technical support to fractured reservoirs in the northwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin,the IPA technique has good prospect in quantitative identification of fractures.
引文
[1] 高霞,谢庆宾.储层裂缝识别与评价方法新进展[J].地球物理学展,2007,22(5) :1460～1465． Gao X, Xie Q B. Advances in identification and evaluation of fracture [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007, 22 (5) : 1460 ～1465．
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[3] 刘彦,孟小红,胡金民,等.断层识别技术及其在MB油气田的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :515～521． Liu Y, Meng X H, Hu J M, et al. Faults identifying technique and it's application in MB oil～gas field [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2008, 23(2) :515～521．
[4] 吴忠宝,胡文瑞,宋新民,等.天然微裂缝发育的低渗透油藏数值模拟[J].石油学报,2009,30(5) :727～730． Wu Z B, Hu W R, Song X M, etal. Numerical simulation on low-permeability reservoir with abundant natural microfractures [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2009, 30(5) :727～730．
[5] 张进铎.地震解释技术现状及发展趋势[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :578～587． Zhang J D. Present status and future trend of seismic data interpretation techniques [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2006, 21(2) :578～587．
[6] 刘传虎.地震相干分析技术在裂缝油气藏预测中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2) :238～243． Liu C H. Application of seismic coherence analysis technique at fracture reservoir prediction [ J]. Exploration of Petroleum Geophysics, 2001, 36(2) :238～243．
[7] 曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等.利用全方位P波属性进行裂缝检测的地震方法[J].应用地球物理(英文版),2007,4(3) :238～243． Qu S L, Ji Y X, Wang X, et al. Fracture detection by using full azimuth P wave attributes [J]. Applied Geophysic, 2007, 4(3) :238～243．
[8] Hawas K A,Ameen M,Wahab M,等.Wudayhi油田方位角地震数据裂缝各向异性特征描述[J].前沿,2003,22:1202～1211． Hawas K A, Arneen M, Wahab M, et al. Delineation of fracture anisotropy signatures in Wudayhi Field by azimuthal seismic data [J]. The Leading Edge, 2003,22 : 1202～ 1211．
[9] Bahorich M,Farmer S.利用三维地震不连续性解释断层及地层特征:相干体[J].前沿,1995,14:1053～1058． Bahorich M, Farmer S. 3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features: the coherence cube [J]. The Leading Edge, Oct 1995, 14: 1053～1058．
[10] Marfurt.倾角及方位角反射实用性评价[J].地球物理学,2006,71(4) :29～40． Marfurt. Robust estimates of reflector dip and azimuth [J]. Geophysics, 2006, 71(4) :29～40．
[11] Neves F A,Triebwasser H.多属性体的地震相分类预测碳酸盐储层裂缝[J].前沿,2006,25:698～700． Neves F A, Triebwasser H. Multi-attribute seismic volume facies classification for predicting fractures in carbonate reservoirs [J]. The Leading Edge, 2006, 25 :698～700．
[12] Roberts A.三维地震层位解释中曲率属性及其应用[J].初至,2001,19(2) :85～100． Roberts A. Curvature attributes and their application to 3D interpreted horizons [J]. First Break, 2001, 19(2) :85～100．
[13] Chopra S,Marfurt K J.地震属性体形成及未来趋势[J].前沿,2008,27:298～318． Chopra S, Marfurt K J. Emerging and future trends in seismic attributes [Jl. The Leading Edge, 2008, 27:298～318．
[14] Chopra S,Marfurt K J.地震不连续性属性及体可视化交汇检测地层特征[J].前沿,2009,28:1422～426． Chopra S,Marfurt K J.Detecting stratigraphic features via crossplotting of seismic discontinuity attributes and their volume visualization[J].The Leading Edge,2009,28:1422～ 1426．
[15] Kadlec B J,Dorn G A.利用图形处理单元(GPU)进行实时地震解释[J].前沿,2010,29:60～66． Kadlec B J, Dorn G A. Leveraging graphics processing units (GPUs) for real-time seismic interpretation [J]. The Leading Edge, 2010, 29: 60～66．
[16] Deschizeaux,Blanc.利用CUDA技术进行地下成像[J].图形处理精粹,2007,3,478． Deschizeaux, Blanc. Imaging Earth' s Subsurface Using CUDA [J]. GPU Gems, 2007,3,478．
[17] Lin J, Wei K. Interactive 3D seismic-attribute volume generation with parallel graphics hardware [C]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 2007, 26 : 907～911． Lin J,Wei K.利用并行显示硬件产生三维地震属性体[C]. SEG扩展文摘,2007,26:907～911．
[18] Sava D,Mavko G.基于岩石地球物理学的综合地质地球物理数据裂缝表征[J].前沿,2007,26:1140～1146． Sava D, Mavko G. Rock physics-based integration of geologic and geophysical data for fracture characterization [J]. The Leading Edge, 2007, 26 : 1140～1146．
[19] Burns D R,Willis M E,Toks(o|¨)z M N,等.基于地震散射的裂缝属性分析[J].前沿,2007,26:1186～1196． Burns D R, Willis M E, Toks(o|¨)z M N, et al. Fracture properties from seismic scattering [J]. The Leading Edge, 2007,26:1186～1196．
[20] 童亨茂,曹戴勇.柴达木盆地西部裂缝的成因机制和分布模式[J].石油与天然气地质,2004,25(6) :640～643． Tong H M, Cao D Y. Genesis and distribution pattern of fractures in western Qaidam basin [J]. Oil ＆ Gas Geology, 2004, 25(6) :640～643．
[21] 曹海防,夏斌,范立勇,等.柴达木盆地西部南翼山裂缝油气藏形成机制及分布规律[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(1) :71～73． Cao H F,Xia B, Fan L Y, et al. Formation mechanism and distribution rule of Nanyishan fractured reservoirs [J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2007, 18(1) :71～73．
[22] H(o|¨)cker C,Fehmers G.利用构造约束滤波进行快速构造解释[J].前沿,2002,21:238～243． H(o|¨)cker C, Fehmers G. Fast structural interpretation with structure-oriented filtering [J]. The Leading Edge, 2002,21:238～243．
[23] Hart B S.验证地震属性研究:超越统计[J].前沿,2002,21:1016～1021． Hart B S. Validating seismic attribute studies: beyond statistics [J]. The Leading Edge, 2002, 21 : 1016～1021．
[24] Yi L,Marhoon M,Dossary S A,等.边缘保持平滑及应用[J].前沿,2002,21:136～141． Yi L, Marhoon M, Dossary S A, et al. Edge-preserving smoothing and applications [J]. The Leading Edge, 2002, 21: 136～141．
[25] Eberli G P,Masaferro J L,“Rick”Sarg J F著.蔡希源,李思田,郑和荣,等译.碳酸盐岩储层和沉积体系的地震成像[M].AAPG论文集81． 北京:地质出版社,2007,11:11～38． Cai X Y, Li S T, Zheng H R, et al. transformed. Edited by Gregor P Eberli, Jose Luis Masaferro, and J F “Rick” Sarg. Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems [M]. Beiiing: Geology Press. AAPG Memoir 81, 2007, 11 : 11～38．
[26] 布朗.三维地震资料解释,第六版[M].AAPG论文集42,2004． Brown A R. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data, 6th ed [M]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 2004,42．
[2] 何雨丹,魏春光.裂缝型油气藏勘探评价面临的挑战及发展方向[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(2) :537～543． He Y D, Wei C G. The present situation and research direction of evaluation methods in fracture type reservoir [J]. Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese), 2007, 22(2) :537～543．
[3] 刘彦,孟小红,胡金民,等.断层识别技术及其在MB油气田的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :515～521． Liu Y, Meng X H, Hu J M, et al. Faults identifying technique and it's application in MB oil～gas field [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2008, 23(2) :515～521．
[4] 吴忠宝,胡文瑞,宋新民,等.天然微裂缝发育的低渗透油藏数值模拟[J].石油学报,2009,30(5) :727～730． Wu Z B, Hu W R, Song X M, etal. Numerical simulation on low-permeability reservoir with abundant natural microfractures [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2009, 30(5) :727～730．
[5] 张进铎.地震解释技术现状及发展趋势[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :578～587． Zhang J D. Present status and future trend of seismic data interpretation techniques [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2006, 21(2) :578～587．
[6] 刘传虎.地震相干分析技术在裂缝油气藏预测中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2) :238～243． Liu C H. Application of seismic coherence analysis technique at fracture reservoir prediction [ J]. Exploration of Petroleum Geophysics, 2001, 36(2) :238～243．
[7] 曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等.利用全方位P波属性进行裂缝检测的地震方法[J].应用地球物理(英文版),2007,4(3) :238～243． Qu S L, Ji Y X, Wang X, et al. Fracture detection by using full azimuth P wave attributes [J]. Applied Geophysic, 2007, 4(3) :238～243．
[8] Hawas K A,Ameen M,Wahab M,等.Wudayhi油田方位角地震数据裂缝各向异性特征描述[J].前沿,2003,22:1202～1211． Hawas K A, Arneen M, Wahab M, et al. Delineation of fracture anisotropy signatures in Wudayhi Field by azimuthal seismic data [J]. The Leading Edge, 2003,22 : 1202～ 1211．
[9] Bahorich M,Farmer S.利用三维地震不连续性解释断层及地层特征:相干体[J].前沿,1995,14:1053～1058． Bahorich M, Farmer S. 3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features: the coherence cube [J]. The Leading Edge, Oct 1995, 14: 1053～1058．
[10] Marfurt.倾角及方位角反射实用性评价[J].地球物理学,2006,71(4) :29～40． Marfurt. Robust estimates of reflector dip and azimuth [J]. Geophysics, 2006, 71(4) :29～40．
[11] Neves F A,Triebwasser H.多属性体的地震相分类预测碳酸盐储层裂缝[J].前沿,2006,25:698～700． Neves F A, Triebwasser H. Multi-attribute seismic volume facies classification for predicting fractures in carbonate reservoirs [J]. The Leading Edge, 2006, 25 :698～700．
[12] Roberts A.三维地震层位解释中曲率属性及其应用[J].初至,2001,19(2) :85～100． Roberts A. Curvature attributes and their application to 3D interpreted horizons [J]. First Break, 2001, 19(2) :85～100．
[13] Chopra S,Marfurt K J.地震属性体形成及未来趋势[J].前沿,2008,27:298～318． Chopra S, Marfurt K J. Emerging and future trends in seismic attributes [Jl. The Leading Edge, 2008, 27:298～318．
[14] Chopra S,Marfurt K J.地震不连续性属性及体可视化交汇检测地层特征[J].前沿,2009,28:1422～426． Chopra S,Marfurt K J.Detecting stratigraphic features via crossplotting of seismic discontinuity attributes and their volume visualization[J].The Leading Edge,2009,28:1422～ 1426．
[15] Kadlec B J,Dorn G A.利用图形处理单元(GPU)进行实时地震解释[J].前沿,2010,29:60～66． Kadlec B J, Dorn G A. Leveraging graphics processing units (GPUs) for real-time seismic interpretation [J]. The Leading Edge, 2010, 29: 60～66．
[16] Deschizeaux,Blanc.利用CUDA技术进行地下成像[J].图形处理精粹,2007,3,478． Deschizeaux, Blanc. Imaging Earth' s Subsurface Using CUDA [J]. GPU Gems, 2007,3,478．
[17] Lin J, Wei K. Interactive 3D seismic-attribute volume generation with parallel graphics hardware [C]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 2007, 26 : 907～911． Lin J,Wei K.利用并行显示硬件产生三维地震属性体[C]. SEG扩展文摘,2007,26:907～911．
[18] Sava D,Mavko G.基于岩石地球物理学的综合地质地球物理数据裂缝表征[J].前沿,2007,26:1140～1146． Sava D, Mavko G. Rock physics-based integration of geologic and geophysical data for fracture characterization [J]. The Leading Edge, 2007, 26 : 1140～1146．
[19] Burns D R,Willis M E,Toks(o|¨)z M N,等.基于地震散射的裂缝属性分析[J].前沿,2007,26:1186～1196． Burns D R, Willis M E, Toks(o|¨)z M N, et al. Fracture properties from seismic scattering [J]. The Leading Edge, 2007,26:1186～1196．
[20] 童亨茂,曹戴勇.柴达木盆地西部裂缝的成因机制和分布模式[J].石油与天然气地质,2004,25(6) :640～643． Tong H M, Cao D Y. Genesis and distribution pattern of fractures in western Qaidam basin [J]. Oil ＆ Gas Geology, 2004, 25(6) :640～643．
[21] 曹海防,夏斌,范立勇,等.柴达木盆地西部南翼山裂缝油气藏形成机制及分布规律[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(1) :71～73． Cao H F,Xia B, Fan L Y, et al. Formation mechanism and distribution rule of Nanyishan fractured reservoirs [J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2007, 18(1) :71～73．
[22] H(o|¨)cker C,Fehmers G.利用构造约束滤波进行快速构造解释[J].前沿,2002,21:238～243． H(o|¨)cker C, Fehmers G. Fast structural interpretation with structure-oriented filtering [J]. The Leading Edge, 2002,21:238～243．
[23] Hart B S.验证地震属性研究:超越统计[J].前沿,2002,21:1016～1021． Hart B S. Validating seismic attribute studies: beyond statistics [J]. The Leading Edge, 2002, 21 : 1016～1021．
[24] Yi L,Marhoon M,Dossary S A,等.边缘保持平滑及应用[J].前沿,2002,21:136～141． Yi L, Marhoon M, Dossary S A, et al. Edge-preserving smoothing and applications [J]. The Leading Edge, 2002, 21: 136～141．
[25] Eberli G P,Masaferro J L,“Rick”Sarg J F著.蔡希源,李思田,郑和荣,等译.碳酸盐岩储层和沉积体系的地震成像[M].AAPG论文集81． 北京:地质出版社,2007,11:11～38． Cai X Y, Li S T, Zheng H R, et al. transformed. Edited by Gregor P Eberli, Jose Luis Masaferro, and J F “Rick” Sarg. Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems [M]. Beiiing: Geology Press. AAPG Memoir 81, 2007, 11 : 11～38．
[26] 布朗.三维地震资料解释,第六版[M].AAPG论文集42,2004． Brown A R. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data, 6th ed [M]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 2004,42．
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