利用高频GPS技术进行强震地面运动监测的研究进展
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摘要
回顾了高频(1 Hz)GPS在地学应用中的研究进展和主要的数据处理方法,全面比较了高频GPS与地震仪的工作原理与性能,认为高频GPS可为后者进行有效的补充;分析了高频GPS应用于监测短周期强震地面运动的技术优势,以及在处理方法和实际的地学应用中存在的不足;通过对高频GPS的应用领域与发展前景的研究,对我国开展高频GPS数据的处理方法与地学应用研究提出了自己的观点和看法.
The progress on applications of high-rate (1 Hz)GPS to geoscience and the main data processing methods are reviewed.The work principle and performance of high-rate GPS and seismograph are compared comprehensively. It is suggested that high-rate GPS will be an effective supplement to the latter.We analyze the advantages and shortcomings of high-rate GPS applying to measure short-period strong earthquake ground motions.Based on the study of the range of applications and the development prospect of the technology,we give an opinion on carrying out the study of data processing and geoscience applications of high-rate GPS in China.
The progress on applications of high-rate (1 Hz)GPS to geoscience and the main data processing methods are reviewed.The work principle and performance of high-rate GPS and seismograph are compared comprehensively. It is suggested that high-rate GPS will be an effective supplement to the latter.We analyze the advantages and shortcomings of high-rate GPS applying to measure short-period strong earthquake ground motions.Based on the study of the range of applications and the development prospect of the technology,we give an opinion on carrying out the study of data processing and geoscience applications of high-rate GPS in China.
引文
[1] 张培震,沈正康,王敏,等.青藏高原及周边现今构造变形的运动学[J].地震地质,2004,26(3) :367～377． Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Kinematics of presentday tectonic deformation of the Tibetan plateau and its vicinities[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26 (3) :367～377．
[2] 王琪,张培震,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造变形GPS观测数据与速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2) :415～429． Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Ma Z J.GPS database and velocity field of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental china[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2) :415～429．
[3] Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.Present day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112,B08416,doi:10． 1029/2005JB004120．
[4] 王小亚,朱文耀,符养,等.GPS监测的中国及其周边现时地壳形变[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(2) :198～209． Wang X Z,Zhu W Y,Fu Y,et al.Present time crustal deformation in china and its aurrounding[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics 2002,45(2) :198～209．
[5] 殷海 涛,李杰,张玲,等.基于GPS观测网的山东地区地壳运动特征分析[J].西北地震学报,2008． 9,30(3) :276～281． Yin H T,Li J,Zhang L,et al.Analysis of Crustal Movement Features in Shandong Area Based on the Data of GPS Observation Network[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,2008,30(3) :276～281．
[6] 熊熊,腾吉文,郑勇.中国大量地壳运动的GPS观测及相关动力学研究[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(1) :16～25． Xiong X,Teng J W,Zheng Y.GPS observations for crustal movements in China continent and related geodynamic studies[J].Progress in Geophysics,2004,19(1) :16～25．
[7] 姚宜斌.利用高精度复测GPS网进行中国大陆区域地壳运动特征分析[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1030～1037． Yao Y B.Analysis of crustal movement characteristics in the China mainland by high Precision repeated measurements of GPS network[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23 (4) :1030～1037．
[8] 袁林果,丁晓利,陈武,等.香港GPS基准站坐标序列特征分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1372～1384． Yuan L G,Ding X L,Chen W,etal.Characteristics of daily position time series from the Hong Kong GPS fiducial network[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51 (5) :1372～1384．
[9] 万永革,沈正康,王敏,等.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1074～1084． Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Coseimic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun mountain pss west earthquake constrained using GPS and InSAR data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4) :1074～1084．
[10] Segall P,DavisJ L.GPS Applications for Geodynamics and Earthquake Studies[J].Ann.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.1997,25:301～336．
[11] Andria B,John F C,Kristine M L.GPS Seismology:Application to the 2002 M_w7． 9 Denali Fault Earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98 (2) :593～606．
[12] 孟国杰,任金卫,金红林,等.GPS高频数据处理方法及其在地震学中的应用研究进展[J].国际地震动态.2007,343 (7) :26～31． Meng G J,Ren J W,Jin H L,et al.Data Processing Methods of High Rate GPS and Its Application to Seismology[J].Recent Development in World Seismology,2007,343 (7) :26～31．
[13] Kristine M L,Paul B,Joan G.Using 1 Hz GPS Data to Measure Deformations Caused by the Denali Fault Earthquake[J].Science,2003,300:1421 ～ 1424．
[14] Nikolaidis R,Bock Y,Jonge P J,et al.Seismic wave observation with the Global Positioning System[J].J Geophys.Res.,2001,106:218097～21916．
[15] Miyazaki S,Sagiya T,Tada,et al.One Hz sampling GPS as an Ultra-long-period seismograph.1997,AGU Fall Meeting,December 8-12,California.
[16] Kouba J.Measuring seismic waves induced by large earthquakes with GPS[J].Stud.Geophys.Geod.,2003,47:741～755．
[17] Bock Y,Prawirodirdjo L,Melboume T.Detection of arbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense highrate GPS network.[J].Geophy Res Lett.,2004,31,L06604,doi:10． 1029/2003GL01950．
[18] Miyazaki S,Laeson K,Choi K,etal.Modeling the rupture process of the 2003 Septempter 25 Tokachi-Oki(Hokkaido) earthquake using 1 Hz GPS data[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31,L21603,DOI:10． 1029/2004GL021457．
[19] Emore G J H,Choi K,et al.Recovering absolute sesmic displacements through combined use of 1 Hz GPS and strong motion accelerometers[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2007,97:357～378．
[20] Ji C,Larson M,Tan Y,et al.Slip history of the 2003 San Simon earthquake constrained by combining 1 Hz GPS,strong motion,and teleseismic data[J].Geophys Res Lett, 2004,31,L17068,doi:10． 1029/2004GL020448．
[21] Wang G,Boore D M,Tang G,et al.Comparisons of Ground motions from collocated and closely spaced one-sample-per-second Global Position System and accelerograph recordings of the 2003 M6． 5 San Simeon,California earthquake in the Parkfield region[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97(1B):76～90．
[22] Ohta Y,Meiano I,Sagiya T,et al.Large surface wave of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake captured by the very long baseline kinematic analysis of 1 Hz GPS data[J].Earth Planets Space,2006,58:153～157．
[23] 黄立人,易长荣,等.GPS观测得到的汶川地震远场地面运动[J].工程地球物理学报,2008,12,5(6) :657～663． Huang L R,Yi C R,et al.Far-field ground motion of the Wenchuan Earthquake Observed by GPS[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2008,5(6) :657～663．
[24] Liang X Y,Huang D F,et al.Kinematic crustal deformation features of wenchuan earthquake obtained by GPS[C].The 2nd International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes (EOGC 2009) ,2009,T06～0023．
[25] Fang R X,Chuang S,et al.Precise Point Positioning with High-rate GPS Data Applied to Seismology[C].The 2nd International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes (EOGC 2009) ,2009,T09-0011．
[26] 苏小宁,孟国杰,等.基于TRACK进行GPS单历元定位[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(3) :100～103． Su X N,Meng G J,et al.Single epoch GPS positioning based on track module[J].Journal of geodesy and geodynamics,2009,29(3) :100～103．
[27] http://geoweb.mit.edu/～tah/track_example
[28] Bock H,Daeh R,et al.High-rate GPS clock corrections from CODE:Support of 1 Hz applications[J].Journal of Geodesy,2009,DOI:10． 1007/s00190-009-0326-1．
[29] Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology.GIPSY5． 0 Release Note.https://gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov/ gipsy/does/Release_Notes_5． 0． pdf,June 2,2008．
[30] http://www.geodetics.com/products/software/rtd_pro.php
[31] 耿涛,赵齐乐,刘经南,等.基于PANDA软件的实时精密单点定位研究[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2007,32(4) :312～315． Geng T,Zhao Q L,Liu J N,et al.Real-time precise point positioning based on PANDA software[J].Geomatics and information science of Wuhan University,2007,32(4) :312～315．
[32] Wubbena G.Software developments for geodetic positio ning with GPS using TI-4100 code and carrier measurements[J].Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning Sysetm,Maryland,1985,15～19．
[33] Melbourne G.The case for ranging in GPS based geodetic systems[J].Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning Sysetm,Maryland,1985,373～386．
[34] Choi K,Bilich A,Larson K M,et al.Modified sidereal filtering:implication for high rate GPS positioning[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31,L24610,doi:10． 1029/ 2004GL021621．
[35] Wdowinski S,Bock Y,Zhang J,et al.Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array:spatial filtering of daily positions for estimating coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 1992 Landers earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:18057～18070．
[36] Genrich J F,Bock Y.Rapid resolution of crustal motion at short ranges with the Global Positioning System[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97,B3,3261～3269,doi 10． 1029/ 91JB02997．
[37] Larson K M,Bilich A,Axelrad P.Improving the precision of high-rateGPS[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,Bo5422,doi 10． 1029/2006JB004367．
[38] Langbein J,Bock Y.High-rate real time GPS network at Parkfield:Utility for detecting fault slip and seismic displacements[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L15S20,doi:10． 1029/2003GL019408．
[39] Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M],W.H.Freeman,New York,1980．
[40] 朱铉.数字地震仪的发展历史及展望[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(2) :30l～304． Zhu X.The history and prospect of seismic recording system [J].Progress in Geophysics,2002,17(12) :301～304．
[41] Altamimi Z,Sillard P,Boucher C.ITRF2000． new release of the international terrestrial reference frame for earth science applications[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107,B10,doi 10． 1029/2001JB000561．
[42] Boore D M,Stephens C D,et al.Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data:examples from the 1999 Hector Mine,California earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.2002,92 (4) :1543 ～ 1560,doi:10． 17850120000926．
[43] Mattia M,Rossi M,Guglielmino F,et al.The shallow plumbing system of Stromboli Islands as imaged from 1 Hz instantaneous GPS positions[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L24610,doi:10． 1029/2004GL021281．
[44] Bommer J,Elnashai A S.Displacement spectra for seismic design[J].J.Earthquake Eng.,3,1～32
[45] Faccioli E,Raolucci R,Rey J.Displacement spectra for long periods[J].Earthquake Spectra,2004,20,347～376．
[46] 甘卫军,张锐,张勇,等.中国地壳运动观测网络的建设及应用[J].国际地震动态,2007,343(7) :43～52． Gan W J,Zhang R,Zhang Y,et al.Development of the Crustal Movernent Observation Network in China and its Applicationsv[J].Recent Development in World Seismology,2007,343(7) :43～52．
[2] 王琪,张培震,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造变形GPS观测数据与速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2) :415～429． Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Ma Z J.GPS database and velocity field of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental china[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2) :415～429．
[3] Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.Present day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112,B08416,doi:10． 1029/2005JB004120．
[4] 王小亚,朱文耀,符养,等.GPS监测的中国及其周边现时地壳形变[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(2) :198～209． Wang X Z,Zhu W Y,Fu Y,et al.Present time crustal deformation in china and its aurrounding[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics 2002,45(2) :198～209．
[5] 殷海 涛,李杰,张玲,等.基于GPS观测网的山东地区地壳运动特征分析[J].西北地震学报,2008． 9,30(3) :276～281． Yin H T,Li J,Zhang L,et al.Analysis of Crustal Movement Features in Shandong Area Based on the Data of GPS Observation Network[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,2008,30(3) :276～281．
[6] 熊熊,腾吉文,郑勇.中国大量地壳运动的GPS观测及相关动力学研究[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(1) :16～25． Xiong X,Teng J W,Zheng Y.GPS observations for crustal movements in China continent and related geodynamic studies[J].Progress in Geophysics,2004,19(1) :16～25．
[7] 姚宜斌.利用高精度复测GPS网进行中国大陆区域地壳运动特征分析[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(4) :1030～1037． Yao Y B.Analysis of crustal movement characteristics in the China mainland by high Precision repeated measurements of GPS network[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23 (4) :1030～1037．
[8] 袁林果,丁晓利,陈武,等.香港GPS基准站坐标序列特征分析[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1372～1384． Yuan L G,Ding X L,Chen W,etal.Characteristics of daily position time series from the Hong Kong GPS fiducial network[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51 (5) :1372～1384．
[9] 万永革,沈正康,王敏,等.根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1074～1084． Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Coseimic slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun mountain pss west earthquake constrained using GPS and InSAR data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4) :1074～1084．
[10] Segall P,DavisJ L.GPS Applications for Geodynamics and Earthquake Studies[J].Ann.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.1997,25:301～336．
[11] Andria B,John F C,Kristine M L.GPS Seismology:Application to the 2002 M_w7． 9 Denali Fault Earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98 (2) :593～606．
[12] 孟国杰,任金卫,金红林,等.GPS高频数据处理方法及其在地震学中的应用研究进展[J].国际地震动态.2007,343 (7) :26～31． Meng G J,Ren J W,Jin H L,et al.Data Processing Methods of High Rate GPS and Its Application to Seismology[J].Recent Development in World Seismology,2007,343 (7) :26～31．
[13] Kristine M L,Paul B,Joan G.Using 1 Hz GPS Data to Measure Deformations Caused by the Denali Fault Earthquake[J].Science,2003,300:1421 ～ 1424．
[14] Nikolaidis R,Bock Y,Jonge P J,et al.Seismic wave observation with the Global Positioning System[J].J Geophys.Res.,2001,106:218097～21916．
[15] Miyazaki S,Sagiya T,Tada,et al.One Hz sampling GPS as an Ultra-long-period seismograph.1997,AGU Fall Meeting,December 8-12,California.
[16] Kouba J.Measuring seismic waves induced by large earthquakes with GPS[J].Stud.Geophys.Geod.,2003,47:741～755．
[17] Bock Y,Prawirodirdjo L,Melboume T.Detection of arbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense highrate GPS network.[J].Geophy Res Lett.,2004,31,L06604,doi:10． 1029/2003GL01950．
[18] Miyazaki S,Laeson K,Choi K,etal.Modeling the rupture process of the 2003 Septempter 25 Tokachi-Oki(Hokkaido) earthquake using 1 Hz GPS data[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31,L21603,DOI:10． 1029/2004GL021457．
[19] Emore G J H,Choi K,et al.Recovering absolute sesmic displacements through combined use of 1 Hz GPS and strong motion accelerometers[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2007,97:357～378．
[20] Ji C,Larson M,Tan Y,et al.Slip history of the 2003 San Simon earthquake constrained by combining 1 Hz GPS,strong motion,and teleseismic data[J].Geophys Res Lett, 2004,31,L17068,doi:10． 1029/2004GL020448．
[21] Wang G,Boore D M,Tang G,et al.Comparisons of Ground motions from collocated and closely spaced one-sample-per-second Global Position System and accelerograph recordings of the 2003 M6． 5 San Simeon,California earthquake in the Parkfield region[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97(1B):76～90．
[22] Ohta Y,Meiano I,Sagiya T,et al.Large surface wave of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake captured by the very long baseline kinematic analysis of 1 Hz GPS data[J].Earth Planets Space,2006,58:153～157．
[23] 黄立人,易长荣,等.GPS观测得到的汶川地震远场地面运动[J].工程地球物理学报,2008,12,5(6) :657～663． Huang L R,Yi C R,et al.Far-field ground motion of the Wenchuan Earthquake Observed by GPS[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2008,5(6) :657～663．
[24] Liang X Y,Huang D F,et al.Kinematic crustal deformation features of wenchuan earthquake obtained by GPS[C].The 2nd International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes (EOGC 2009) ,2009,T06～0023．
[25] Fang R X,Chuang S,et al.Precise Point Positioning with High-rate GPS Data Applied to Seismology[C].The 2nd International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes (EOGC 2009) ,2009,T09-0011．
[26] 苏小宁,孟国杰,等.基于TRACK进行GPS单历元定位[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(3) :100～103． Su X N,Meng G J,et al.Single epoch GPS positioning based on track module[J].Journal of geodesy and geodynamics,2009,29(3) :100～103．
[27] http://geoweb.mit.edu/～tah/track_example
[28] Bock H,Daeh R,et al.High-rate GPS clock corrections from CODE:Support of 1 Hz applications[J].Journal of Geodesy,2009,DOI:10． 1007/s00190-009-0326-1．
[29] Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology.GIPSY5． 0 Release Note.https://gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov/ gipsy/does/Release_Notes_5． 0． pdf,June 2,2008．
[30] http://www.geodetics.com/products/software/rtd_pro.php
[31] 耿涛,赵齐乐,刘经南,等.基于PANDA软件的实时精密单点定位研究[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2007,32(4) :312～315． Geng T,Zhao Q L,Liu J N,et al.Real-time precise point positioning based on PANDA software[J].Geomatics and information science of Wuhan University,2007,32(4) :312～315．
[32] Wubbena G.Software developments for geodetic positio ning with GPS using TI-4100 code and carrier measurements[J].Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning Sysetm,Maryland,1985,15～19．
[33] Melbourne G.The case for ranging in GPS based geodetic systems[J].Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning Sysetm,Maryland,1985,373～386．
[34] Choi K,Bilich A,Larson K M,et al.Modified sidereal filtering:implication for high rate GPS positioning[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31,L24610,doi:10． 1029/ 2004GL021621．
[35] Wdowinski S,Bock Y,Zhang J,et al.Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array:spatial filtering of daily positions for estimating coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 1992 Landers earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102:18057～18070．
[36] Genrich J F,Bock Y.Rapid resolution of crustal motion at short ranges with the Global Positioning System[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97,B3,3261～3269,doi 10． 1029/ 91JB02997．
[37] Larson K M,Bilich A,Axelrad P.Improving the precision of high-rateGPS[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,Bo5422,doi 10． 1029/2006JB004367．
[38] Langbein J,Bock Y.High-rate real time GPS network at Parkfield:Utility for detecting fault slip and seismic displacements[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L15S20,doi:10． 1029/2003GL019408．
[39] Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M],W.H.Freeman,New York,1980．
[40] 朱铉.数字地震仪的发展历史及展望[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(2) :30l～304． Zhu X.The history and prospect of seismic recording system [J].Progress in Geophysics,2002,17(12) :301～304．
[41] Altamimi Z,Sillard P,Boucher C.ITRF2000． new release of the international terrestrial reference frame for earth science applications[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107,B10,doi 10． 1029/2001JB000561．
[42] Boore D M,Stephens C D,et al.Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data:examples from the 1999 Hector Mine,California earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.2002,92 (4) :1543 ～ 1560,doi:10． 17850120000926．
[43] Mattia M,Rossi M,Guglielmino F,et al.The shallow plumbing system of Stromboli Islands as imaged from 1 Hz instantaneous GPS positions[J].Geophys Res Lett,2004,31:L24610,doi:10． 1029/2004GL021281．
[44] Bommer J,Elnashai A S.Displacement spectra for seismic design[J].J.Earthquake Eng.,3,1～32
[45] Faccioli E,Raolucci R,Rey J.Displacement spectra for long periods[J].Earthquake Spectra,2004,20,347～376．
[46] 甘卫军,张锐,张勇,等.中国地壳运动观测网络的建设及应用[J].国际地震动态,2007,343(7) :43～52． Gan W J,Zhang R,Zhang Y,et al.Development of the Crustal Movernent Observation Network in China and its Applicationsv[J].Recent Development in World Seismology,2007,343(7) :43～52．
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