闽江水利工程引发的环境地质灾害问题初步研究
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摘要
闽江干-支流上众多水利水电工程的建设运营,显著地改变了闽江干-支流的流速、流量、输砂量和挟砂能力等水动力场因素,也改变了沿江两岸的应力场强度与分布状态,导致闽江流水地质作用类型、强度及其时空分布与演化状态产生较大的变化,相伴产生日益突出的空间分布较广的、持续时间长的沿江两岸(含库区)的环境地质灾害问题。本文概要地就闽江水利工程建设运营与沿江及库区岸坡的失稳破坏危害、水口水库诱发地震灾害以及水利工程运营与水库下游河道稳定性变化及危害的关系等3方面问题进行初步的研究。研究表明:沿江库区及岸坡的失稳破坏灾害发生与水利工程运营具有明显的相关性,随运营时间的延续,灾害发生的频率显著提高;水库蓄水拦砂致使大坝下游河床的流水侵蚀冲刷作用增强,这是导致水库下游河道形态变化、破坏并伴生沿江岸工程危害的重要因素;水口水库蓄水加载及水化作用是诱发水口库区地震的重要因素,该水库诱发地震的余震时间持续长,在未来若干年内仍存在发生起伏性增强,或强度较大的并具破坏性地震的可能,对此应予高度重视并展开专项研究。同时提出,应开展水利工程引发的地质灾害的专项监测和预报分析研究,并建立水利工程环境地质灾害动态区域信息监测和预警预报系统。
The construction and operation of many water conservancy and hydroelectric projects in the Minjiang River region have brought some significant changes to the hydrodynamic field.Such changes include stream velocity,river discharge,sediment discharge and silt carrying capacity.They have also changed the distribution and intensity of stress field in those coastal belts.Therefore the types,the intensity and the evolution of geological proces-ses have been greatly changed,and many environment geological hazards have also been caused.They hazards are considerably growing in terms of wider distribution and longer duration.This paper makes some preliminary studies on three relations.One relation is between the construction and operation of Minjiang River water conservancy pro-ject and the instability hazards of littoral slopes.The second is the earthquakes induced by Shuikou Reservoir.The third is the downstream channel stability behind the dam and its harmfulness.The results show that the instability of the reservoir banks is obvious correlation with the water conservancy project operation and the hazards frequencysignificantly increases as the operation continued.By enhancing the fluvial erosion behind the dam,the reservoir im-pounding becomes the important factor which affects the lower river channel and the littoral environment geological hazards.In addition,the impounding and hydration of Shuikou Reservoir are also the important factors inducing an earthquake.Its aftershocks will last for a long period.The point of view that the more intensive and destructive reser-voir earthquake may occur in the next few years is put forward.Almost simultaneously the research on the special monitoring and forecasting for geological disasters should be carried out and the regional information monitoring and forecasting system about geological disasters of the water conservancy project should also be established.
The construction and operation of many water conservancy and hydroelectric projects in the Minjiang River region have brought some significant changes to the hydrodynamic field.Such changes include stream velocity,river discharge,sediment discharge and silt carrying capacity.They have also changed the distribution and intensity of stress field in those coastal belts.Therefore the types,the intensity and the evolution of geological proces-ses have been greatly changed,and many environment geological hazards have also been caused.They hazards are considerably growing in terms of wider distribution and longer duration.This paper makes some preliminary studies on three relations.One relation is between the construction and operation of Minjiang River water conservancy pro-ject and the instability hazards of littoral slopes.The second is the earthquakes induced by Shuikou Reservoir.The third is the downstream channel stability behind the dam and its harmfulness.The results show that the instability of the reservoir banks is obvious correlation with the water conservancy project operation and the hazards frequencysignificantly increases as the operation continued.By enhancing the fluvial erosion behind the dam,the reservoir im-pounding becomes the important factor which affects the lower river channel and the littoral environment geological hazards.In addition,the impounding and hydration of Shuikou Reservoir are also the important factors inducing an earthquake.Its aftershocks will last for a long period.The point of view that the more intensive and destructive reser-voir earthquake may occur in the next few years is put forward.Almost simultaneously the research on the special monitoring and forecasting for geological disasters should be carried out and the regional information monitoring and forecasting system about geological disasters of the water conservancy project should also be established.
引文
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[5]张开荣.福建省水资源开发利用现状综合评价[J].水利科技,2009,(2):7～9.Zhang Kairong.Fujian water resources development and utilizationstatus evaluation.Hydraulic Science and Technology,2009,(2):7～9.
[6]姚环,陈文庆.闽江下游福州河段环境工程地质问题的评价研究[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(2):166～171.Yao Huan,Chen Wenqing.The appraisal and research on theenvironmental engineering geology of Fuzhou section of the lowerMinjiang River.Journal of Engineering Geological,2002,10(2):166～171.
[7]刘传正.环境工程地质学导论[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.Liu Chuanzheng.Introduction to Environmental EngineeringGeology.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995.
[8]夏其发,汪雍熙.论水库诱发地震工作[A].第四届全国工程地质大会论文集(一)[C].北京:海洋出版社,1993,266～267.Xia Qifa,Wang Yongxi.Concerning Reservoir InducedEarthquake.The Fourth National Engineering GeologicalConference(1)Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.
[9]福建省地震局、电力工业局、水口电站公司及福州市政府有关水口的地震报告与资料.1992～2004.The Reports on Shuikou Reservoir Induced Earthquakes,1992～2004.
[10]林琳.闽江下游采砂问题的研究与探讨[J].水利科技,2009,2:21～23.Lin Lin.Assessment of the problem of Minjiang River downstreamsand.Hydraulic Science and Technology,2009,2:21～23.
[11]陈泽曦.闽江下游河道变化、影响及防治措施探讨[J].水利科技,2009,1:60～61..Chen Zhexi.The invstigation of the preventive messures ofchanges in the downstream of Minjiang River.Hydraulic Scienceand Technology,2009,1:60～61.
[12]姚环,简文彬,彭功勋.闽江水利工程的环境水质效应问题[J].福州大学学报(自然科学报),2003,28(5):118～121.Yao Huan,Jian Wenbin,Peng Gongxun.Some environmentalproblems concerning water quality effected by construction ofwater conservancy projects along the Minjiang River.Journal ofFuzhou University(National Science Edition),2003,28(5):118～121.
[2]王思敬,马凤山,杜永廉.水库地区的水岩作用及其地质环境影响[J].工程地质学报,1996,4(3):1～9.Wang Sijing,Ma Fengshan,Du Yonglian.On the rock-waterinteraction in reservoir areas and its geoenvironmental effect.Journal of Engineering Geology,1996,4(3):1～9.
[3]许模,王士天.工程水文地质学及其在水电工程中的应用概述[J].工程地质学报,2003,11(4):396～401.Xu mo,Wang Shitian.A brief of engineering-hydrogeology and itsapplication to hydroelectric power project.Journal of EngineeringGeology,2003,11(4):396～401.
[4]陈异植,庄希澄.闽江下游洪潮遭遇组合问题的探讨[J].福州大学学报(自然科学报),1996,18(2):94～99.Chen Yizhi,Zhuang Xichen.With the tide of Minjiang Riverdownstream flooding in combination of the problem.Journal ofFuzhou University(National Science Edition),1996,18(2):94～99.
[5]张开荣.福建省水资源开发利用现状综合评价[J].水利科技,2009,(2):7～9.Zhang Kairong.Fujian water resources development and utilizationstatus evaluation.Hydraulic Science and Technology,2009,(2):7～9.
[6]姚环,陈文庆.闽江下游福州河段环境工程地质问题的评价研究[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(2):166～171.Yao Huan,Chen Wenqing.The appraisal and research on theenvironmental engineering geology of Fuzhou section of the lowerMinjiang River.Journal of Engineering Geological,2002,10(2):166～171.
[7]刘传正.环境工程地质学导论[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.Liu Chuanzheng.Introduction to Environmental EngineeringGeology.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995.
[8]夏其发,汪雍熙.论水库诱发地震工作[A].第四届全国工程地质大会论文集(一)[C].北京:海洋出版社,1993,266～267.Xia Qifa,Wang Yongxi.Concerning Reservoir InducedEarthquake.The Fourth National Engineering GeologicalConference(1)Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.
[9]福建省地震局、电力工业局、水口电站公司及福州市政府有关水口的地震报告与资料.1992～2004.The Reports on Shuikou Reservoir Induced Earthquakes,1992～2004.
[10]林琳.闽江下游采砂问题的研究与探讨[J].水利科技,2009,2:21～23.Lin Lin.Assessment of the problem of Minjiang River downstreamsand.Hydraulic Science and Technology,2009,2:21～23.
[11]陈泽曦.闽江下游河道变化、影响及防治措施探讨[J].水利科技,2009,1:60～61..Chen Zhexi.The invstigation of the preventive messures ofchanges in the downstream of Minjiang River.Hydraulic Scienceand Technology,2009,1:60～61.
[12]姚环,简文彬,彭功勋.闽江水利工程的环境水质效应问题[J].福州大学学报(自然科学报),2003,28(5):118～121.Yao Huan,Jian Wenbin,Peng Gongxun.Some environmentalproblems concerning water quality effected by construction ofwater conservancy projects along the Minjiang River.Journal ofFuzhou University(National Science Edition),2003,28(5):118～121.
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