中国地学热点研究区几个地学问题的探讨
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摘要
中国(大陆及其周边地区)一直是全球地学研究的前沿阵地,是全球陆-陆碰撞造山、海洋岩石圈俯冲和古大陆岩石圈演化动力学研究的理想实验室。几十年来,地学家们通过地质调查与地球物理、地球化学等相结合的研究,取得了许多新进展与新发现。笔者对青藏高原、西太平洋俯冲带、华北克拉通和南北地震带等地区多年来一直存在争议的几个重要地学问题进行了简要的总结,并从地震学的角度出发,对问题的解决提出了粗浅的见解与看法。
Chinese mainland and its neighboring areas are regarded as the ideal laboratory for the geodynamical study of continent-continent collisionnal orogens,ocean lithosphere subduction and the evolution of the ancient-continental lithosphere.Since last several decades,considerable efforts have been made to study the geodynamic problems through both geological and geophysical investigations in China.Great progress has been made in some "hot spot" areas of the geoscientific research,such as the Tibetan plateau,the western Pacific subduction zone,the North China Craton and the South-north seismic belt.In this paper,some important problems remain controversial are summarized and presented.From seismological point of view,some points of the solution to these debate are proposed.
Chinese mainland and its neighboring areas are regarded as the ideal laboratory for the geodynamical study of continent-continent collisionnal orogens,ocean lithosphere subduction and the evolution of the ancient-continental lithosphere.Since last several decades,considerable efforts have been made to study the geodynamic problems through both geological and geophysical investigations in China.Great progress has been made in some "hot spot" areas of the geoscientific research,such as the Tibetan plateau,the western Pacific subduction zone,the North China Craton and the South-north seismic belt.In this paper,some important problems remain controversial are summarized and presented.From seismological point of view,some points of the solution to these debate are proposed.
引文
[1]福田,曲可信,吴华,等.华北地区的地震层面成象.地球物理学报,1986,29(5):442-449
[2]宋仲和,陈国英,安昌强,等.中国大陆及其海域地壳上地幔三维速度结构.中国科学(B辑),1993,23(2):180-188
[3]刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.中国大陆及其邻区的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,1989,32(3):281-291
[4]黄金莉.首都圈地区地壳三维P波速度细结构与强震孕育的深部构造环境.科学通报,2005,50(4):348-355
[5]朱良保,许庆,陈晓非.中国大陆及邻近海域的Rayleigh波群速度分布.地球物理学报,2002,45(4):475-482
[6]Brandon G B and B A Romanowicz.A“no-lid”zone in the central Chan-Thang platform of Tibet:Evidence from pure path phase velocity of long period Rayleigh waves,J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91:6547-6564
[7]Wittlinger G,Masson F,Poupinet G,et al.Seismic tomography of northern Tibet and Kunlun:Evidence for crustal blocks and mantle velocity contrasts.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1996,139:263-279
[8]Grand S P van der Hilst R D and Widiyantoro S.Global seismic tomography:a snapshot of convection in the Earth.GSA Today,1997,(7):1-7
[9]Grand S P.Mantle shear wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs,Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A,2002,360:2475-2491
[10]Huang Z,Su W,Peng Y et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B2):2073-2089
[11]Pei S,Chen Y J,Zhao D et al.Tomographic Structure of East Asia:1.No fast(slab)anomalies beneath660km discontinuity.Journal of Geophysical Research,2005(revised)
[12]Zhao D,Lei J and Tang R.Origin of the Changbai intraplate volcano in Northeast China:evidence from seis-mic tomography.Chinese Science Bull.2004,49:1401-1408
[13]Zhao D.Seismic structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2001,192:251-265
[14]吴庆举,曾融生.用宽频带远震接收函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构.地球物理学报,1998,41(5):669-679
[15]吴庆举,曾融生,赵文津.喜马拉雅—青藏高原的上地幔倾斜构造与陆—陆碰撞过程.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(10):919-925
[16]Owens TJ,Zandt G.Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution.Na-ture,1997,387:37-43
[17]Nelson K D,Wenjin Zhao,L D Brown et al.Partially Molten Middle Crust Beneath Southern Tibet:Synthesis of Project INDEPTHResults.Science,1996,274:1684-1688
[18]Kind R,Yuan X,Saul J et al.Comprehensive seismic images of the crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet.Science,2002,298:1219-1221
[19]Zhao W,Mechie J,Brown L D et al.Crustal structure of the central Tibet as derived from project INDEPTH wide-angle seismic data.Geophys.J.Int.,2001,145:486-498
[20]England P C,Houseman G A.The mechanics of the Tibetan Plateau.Phil Trans R Soc London,A,1988,326:301-319
[21]Powell C M.Continental underplating model for the rise of the Tibetan Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1986,81:79-94
[22]James N and Barazangi M.High-frequency seismic wave propagation beneath the Indian shield,Himalayan Arc,Tibetan plateau and surrounding regions:high uppermost mantle velocities and efficient Sn propagation beneath Tibet.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.1983,72:665-689
[23]滕吉文,孙克忠,魏斯禹,等.中国青藏高原及其边缘地带的地震活动特征.喜玛拉雅地质(Ⅱ),1984,311-329
[24]曾融生,孙为国.青藏高原及其邻区的地震活动性和震源机制以及高原物质东流的讨论,地震学报.1992,14(增刊):534-563
[25]Molnar P.S-wave residuals from earthquake in the Tibetan region and lateral variations in the upper mantle,Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1990,101:68-77
[26]McNamara D E,Walter W R,Owens T J et al.Upper mantle velocity structure beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pn travel time tomography,J.G.R.,1997,102:493-505
[27]Zhao Wu-Ling and Morgan W.J.Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust:A two-dimensional finite element model study.Tectonics,1987,6(4):489-504
[28]Tapponnier P G,Peltzer AY,Le Dain et al.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:Newinsights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,1982,10:611-616
[29]Tapponnier P,Xu Z,Roger F et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,2001,294:1671-1678
[30]邓晋福,赵海玲,莫宣学,等.大陆根-柱构造-大陆动力学的钥匙.北京:地震出版社,1996
[31]Chung S L,Lo C H et al.Diachoronous uplift of the Tibetan plateau starting40Myr ago.Nature,1998,Vol394:769-773
[32]Griffin W L,Zhang A,O′Reilly S Y et al.Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton.In:M F J Flower,S L Chung,C H Lo and T Y Lee(Editors).Mantle dynamics and plate interac-tions in East Asia.Geodynamics Series,1998,107-126
[33]Xu Y G.Thermo-tectonic destruction of the archaean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean Craton in Chi-na:Evidence,timing and mechanism.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part a-Solid Earth and Geodesy,2001,26(9-10):747-757
[34]Liu G D.The Cenozoic Rift System of the North China Plain and the Deep Internal Process.Tectonophysics,1987,133(3-4):277-285
[35]吴福元,葛文春,孙德有,等.中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的几个问题.地学前缘,2003,10(3):51-60
[36]Ren J,Tamaki K,Li S et al.Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas.Tectonophysics,2002,344:175-205
[37]Wilde S A,Zhou X,Nemchin A.A et al.Mesozoic crust-mantle interaction beneath the North China craton:a consequence of the dispersal of Gondwanaland and accretion of Asia.Geology,2003,31:817-820
[38]Niu Y.Generation and evolution of basaltic magmas:some basic concepts and a newviewon the origin of Mes-ozoic-Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in Eastern China.高校地质学报,2005,11(1):9-46
[39]曾融生,朱露培.华北盆地强震的震源模型兼论强震和盆地的成因.地球物理学报,1991,34:288-300
[40]Zeng R,Wang C and Zhang D.On the dynamics of extensional basin.PAGEOPH,1995,145(3-4):579-603
[41]Engebreston D C,Kelley KP,Cashman HJ et al.180million years of subduction.GSAToday,1992,2:93-95
[42]Widiyantoro S,Kennett B L N,van der Hilst R D.Seismic tomography with P and S data reveals lateral varia-tions in the rigidity of deep slabs.Earth planet.Sci.Lett.,1999,173:91-100
[43]王振声,王周元,顾仅萍,等.中国南北地震带的范围及其活动特征初步探讨.地球物理学报,1976,19(2):110-117
[44]马宗晋,李献智,金继宇.地震迁移的规律、解释和预报:中国大陆四条地震带的地震迁移.地震地质,1992,14(2):129-139
[45]马宗晋,李献智.全球MS≥743级地震的定向迁移.地震地质,1994,16(2):127-136
[46]康来迅.中国南北地震带的基本特征及其形成机理之探讨.地壳变形与地震,1991,11(4):76-84
[47]Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G et al.Constraining the extent of crust mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth and Planetary Science Let,2005,238:248-268
[48]王椿镛,吴建平,楼海,等.青藏高原东部壳幔速度结构和地幔变形场的研究.地学前缘,2006,13(5):349-359
[49]王椿镛,等.青藏高原东缘上地幔各向异性研究.科学通报,2007(待刊):
[50]Zhang P,Shen Z,Wang Met al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32(9):809-812
[51]Royden L H.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:implications for strain parti-tioning in the crust.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:17679-17705
[52]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Molnar P et al.Thinning and flowof Tibetan crust constrained by seismic ani-sotropy.Science,2004,305:233-236
[53]Meyers S C,Beck S,Zandt G.Lithospheric-scale structure across the Bolivian Ands from tomographic images of velocity and attenuation for P and S wave.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:21233-21252
[54]Davis P M.Continental rift structures and dynamics with reference to teleseismic studies of the Riio Grande and East African rift.Tectonophysics,1991,197:309-325
[2]宋仲和,陈国英,安昌强,等.中国大陆及其海域地壳上地幔三维速度结构.中国科学(B辑),1993,23(2):180-188
[3]刘福田,曲克信,吴华,等.中国大陆及其邻区的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,1989,32(3):281-291
[4]黄金莉.首都圈地区地壳三维P波速度细结构与强震孕育的深部构造环境.科学通报,2005,50(4):348-355
[5]朱良保,许庆,陈晓非.中国大陆及邻近海域的Rayleigh波群速度分布.地球物理学报,2002,45(4):475-482
[6]Brandon G B and B A Romanowicz.A“no-lid”zone in the central Chan-Thang platform of Tibet:Evidence from pure path phase velocity of long period Rayleigh waves,J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91:6547-6564
[7]Wittlinger G,Masson F,Poupinet G,et al.Seismic tomography of northern Tibet and Kunlun:Evidence for crustal blocks and mantle velocity contrasts.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1996,139:263-279
[8]Grand S P van der Hilst R D and Widiyantoro S.Global seismic tomography:a snapshot of convection in the Earth.GSA Today,1997,(7):1-7
[9]Grand S P.Mantle shear wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs,Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A,2002,360:2475-2491
[10]Huang Z,Su W,Peng Y et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B2):2073-2089
[11]Pei S,Chen Y J,Zhao D et al.Tomographic Structure of East Asia:1.No fast(slab)anomalies beneath660km discontinuity.Journal of Geophysical Research,2005(revised)
[12]Zhao D,Lei J and Tang R.Origin of the Changbai intraplate volcano in Northeast China:evidence from seis-mic tomography.Chinese Science Bull.2004,49:1401-1408
[13]Zhao D.Seismic structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letter,2001,192:251-265
[14]吴庆举,曾融生.用宽频带远震接收函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构.地球物理学报,1998,41(5):669-679
[15]吴庆举,曾融生,赵文津.喜马拉雅—青藏高原的上地幔倾斜构造与陆—陆碰撞过程.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(10):919-925
[16]Owens TJ,Zandt G.Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution.Na-ture,1997,387:37-43
[17]Nelson K D,Wenjin Zhao,L D Brown et al.Partially Molten Middle Crust Beneath Southern Tibet:Synthesis of Project INDEPTHResults.Science,1996,274:1684-1688
[18]Kind R,Yuan X,Saul J et al.Comprehensive seismic images of the crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet.Science,2002,298:1219-1221
[19]Zhao W,Mechie J,Brown L D et al.Crustal structure of the central Tibet as derived from project INDEPTH wide-angle seismic data.Geophys.J.Int.,2001,145:486-498
[20]England P C,Houseman G A.The mechanics of the Tibetan Plateau.Phil Trans R Soc London,A,1988,326:301-319
[21]Powell C M.Continental underplating model for the rise of the Tibetan Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1986,81:79-94
[22]James N and Barazangi M.High-frequency seismic wave propagation beneath the Indian shield,Himalayan Arc,Tibetan plateau and surrounding regions:high uppermost mantle velocities and efficient Sn propagation beneath Tibet.Geophys.J.R.Astron.Soc.1983,72:665-689
[23]滕吉文,孙克忠,魏斯禹,等.中国青藏高原及其边缘地带的地震活动特征.喜玛拉雅地质(Ⅱ),1984,311-329
[24]曾融生,孙为国.青藏高原及其邻区的地震活动性和震源机制以及高原物质东流的讨论,地震学报.1992,14(增刊):534-563
[25]Molnar P.S-wave residuals from earthquake in the Tibetan region and lateral variations in the upper mantle,Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1990,101:68-77
[26]McNamara D E,Walter W R,Owens T J et al.Upper mantle velocity structure beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pn travel time tomography,J.G.R.,1997,102:493-505
[27]Zhao Wu-Ling and Morgan W.J.Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust:A two-dimensional finite element model study.Tectonics,1987,6(4):489-504
[28]Tapponnier P G,Peltzer AY,Le Dain et al.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:Newinsights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,1982,10:611-616
[29]Tapponnier P,Xu Z,Roger F et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,2001,294:1671-1678
[30]邓晋福,赵海玲,莫宣学,等.大陆根-柱构造-大陆动力学的钥匙.北京:地震出版社,1996
[31]Chung S L,Lo C H et al.Diachoronous uplift of the Tibetan plateau starting40Myr ago.Nature,1998,Vol394:769-773
[32]Griffin W L,Zhang A,O′Reilly S Y et al.Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton.In:M F J Flower,S L Chung,C H Lo and T Y Lee(Editors).Mantle dynamics and plate interac-tions in East Asia.Geodynamics Series,1998,107-126
[33]Xu Y G.Thermo-tectonic destruction of the archaean lithospheric keel beneath the Sino-Korean Craton in Chi-na:Evidence,timing and mechanism.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part a-Solid Earth and Geodesy,2001,26(9-10):747-757
[34]Liu G D.The Cenozoic Rift System of the North China Plain and the Deep Internal Process.Tectonophysics,1987,133(3-4):277-285
[35]吴福元,葛文春,孙德有,等.中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的几个问题.地学前缘,2003,10(3):51-60
[36]Ren J,Tamaki K,Li S et al.Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas.Tectonophysics,2002,344:175-205
[37]Wilde S A,Zhou X,Nemchin A.A et al.Mesozoic crust-mantle interaction beneath the North China craton:a consequence of the dispersal of Gondwanaland and accretion of Asia.Geology,2003,31:817-820
[38]Niu Y.Generation and evolution of basaltic magmas:some basic concepts and a newviewon the origin of Mes-ozoic-Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in Eastern China.高校地质学报,2005,11(1):9-46
[39]曾融生,朱露培.华北盆地强震的震源模型兼论强震和盆地的成因.地球物理学报,1991,34:288-300
[40]Zeng R,Wang C and Zhang D.On the dynamics of extensional basin.PAGEOPH,1995,145(3-4):579-603
[41]Engebreston D C,Kelley KP,Cashman HJ et al.180million years of subduction.GSAToday,1992,2:93-95
[42]Widiyantoro S,Kennett B L N,van der Hilst R D.Seismic tomography with P and S data reveals lateral varia-tions in the rigidity of deep slabs.Earth planet.Sci.Lett.,1999,173:91-100
[43]王振声,王周元,顾仅萍,等.中国南北地震带的范围及其活动特征初步探讨.地球物理学报,1976,19(2):110-117
[44]马宗晋,李献智,金继宇.地震迁移的规律、解释和预报:中国大陆四条地震带的地震迁移.地震地质,1992,14(2):129-139
[45]马宗晋,李献智.全球MS≥743级地震的定向迁移.地震地质,1994,16(2):127-136
[46]康来迅.中国南北地震带的基本特征及其形成机理之探讨.地壳变形与地震,1991,11(4):76-84
[47]Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G et al.Constraining the extent of crust mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth and Planetary Science Let,2005,238:248-268
[48]王椿镛,吴建平,楼海,等.青藏高原东部壳幔速度结构和地幔变形场的研究.地学前缘,2006,13(5):349-359
[49]王椿镛,等.青藏高原东缘上地幔各向异性研究.科学通报,2007(待刊):
[50]Zhang P,Shen Z,Wang Met al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32(9):809-812
[51]Royden L H.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:implications for strain parti-tioning in the crust.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:17679-17705
[52]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Molnar P et al.Thinning and flowof Tibetan crust constrained by seismic ani-sotropy.Science,2004,305:233-236
[53]Meyers S C,Beck S,Zandt G.Lithospheric-scale structure across the Bolivian Ands from tomographic images of velocity and attenuation for P and S wave.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:21233-21252
[54]Davis P M.Continental rift structures and dynamics with reference to teleseismic studies of the Riio Grande and East African rift.Tectonophysics,1991,197:309-325
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