地形因子对坡脚型地震滑坡运动参数的影响研究
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摘要
坡脚型滑坡是汶川地震诱发的一种典型的滑坡灾害。基于坡脚以上滑面长度(L′)、滑坡坡度(α)、坡脚角度(β)和滑坡堆积区的坡度(γ)4个影响坡脚型滑坡运动参数的地形因素,采用正交分析、极差、方差和回归分析等方法,研究地形因素对不同体积滑坡的最大垂直运动距离(Hmax)、最大水平运动距离(Lmax)、坡脚下的水平运动距离(L)和等效摩擦系数(Hmax/Lmax)的影响特征。研究结果表明:L′对体积1×104 m3≤V<1×106 m3滑坡的Hmax和Lmax的影响最大,也是Hmax和Lmax的显著性影响因子;对滑坡的Hmax/Lmax的影响最大,而和是滑坡的Hmax/Lmax的显著性影响因子;对体积V≥1×106 m3滑坡的Lmax和L影响最大,也是体积V≥1×105 m3滑坡的L显著性影响因子。在最大运动参数因子组合上,体积1×104 m3≤V<1×106 m3的坡脚型滑坡地形因子的作用较为一致,而对体积V≥1×106 m3滑坡的作用具有较大的差异性。研究结果为地形因子对坡脚型滑坡运动参数的影响特征和显著性作用提供依据,对坡脚型滑坡的防灾减灾具有实际意义。
Slope-toe landslide is a typical disaster induced by the Wenchuan earthquake. The influential factors of topography,including length of sliding surface above slope toe(L′),landslide gradient(α),angle of slope toe(β) and gradient of landslide accumulation(γ) were considered. The maximum vertical motion distance(Hmax),maximum horizontal motion distance(Lmax),horizontal motion distance under the slope toe(L) and equivalent fraction coefficient(Hmax/Lmax) were studied by the orthogonal,range,variance and regression analysis. The L′ is the most important and significant influence factor on Hmax and Lmax which the landslide volume is from 1×104 m3 to 1×106m3. Among the influence factors on Hmax/Lmax,the is the most important one and the and are the significant influence factors. The is the most important factor on Lmax and L of landslides with the volume more than 1×106m3 and significant influence factor on L of landslides with volumes more than 1×105 m3. The landslide volumes from 1×104 m3 to 1×106 m3,the topography factors play more consistent role on the factor combinations of the landslide maximum motion parameters,and it is different on the landslides with the volumes more than 1×106 m3. These results could provide references for determining the influence and significant of topography factors on the motion parameters of slope-toe landslides,and it is a practical significance to the prevention and mitigation of slope-toe landslides.
Slope-toe landslide is a typical disaster induced by the Wenchuan earthquake. The influential factors of topography,including length of sliding surface above slope toe(L′),landslide gradient(α),angle of slope toe(β) and gradient of landslide accumulation(γ) were considered. The maximum vertical motion distance(Hmax),maximum horizontal motion distance(Lmax),horizontal motion distance under the slope toe(L) and equivalent fraction coefficient(Hmax/Lmax) were studied by the orthogonal,range,variance and regression analysis. The L′ is the most important and significant influence factor on Hmax and Lmax which the landslide volume is from 1×104 m3 to 1×106m3. Among the influence factors on Hmax/Lmax,the is the most important one and the and are the significant influence factors. The is the most important factor on Lmax and L of landslides with the volume more than 1×106m3 and significant influence factor on L of landslides with volumes more than 1×105 m3. The landslide volumes from 1×104 m3 to 1×106 m3,the topography factors play more consistent role on the factor combinations of the landslide maximum motion parameters,and it is different on the landslides with the volumes more than 1×106 m3. These results could provide references for determining the influence and significant of topography factors on the motion parameters of slope-toe landslides,and it is a practical significance to the prevention and mitigation of slope-toe landslides.
引文
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[2]冯文凯,何川,石豫川,等.复杂巨型滑坡形成机制三维离散元模拟分析[J].岩土力学,2009,30(4):1 122–1 126.(FENG Wenkai,HE Chuan,SHI Yuchuan,et al.Simulation analysis of formation mechanism of some complex and giant landslides using threedimensional discrete elements[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(4):1 122–1 126.(in Chinese))
[3]CEPEDA J,CHáVEZ J A,MARTíNEZ C C.Procedure for the selection of runout model parameters from landslide back-analysis:application to the Metropolitan area of San Salvador,El Salvador[J].Landslides,2010,7(2):105–116.
[4]SASSA J,NAGAI O,SOLIDUM R,et al.An integrated model simulating the initiation and motion of earthquake and rain induced rapid landslides and its application to the 2006 Leyte landslide[J].Landslides,2010,7(3):219–236.
[5]WILLENBERG H,EBERHARDT E,LOEW S,et al.Hazard assessment and runout analysis for an unstable rock slope above an industrial site in the Riviera valley,Switzerland[J].Landslides,2009,6(2):111–119.
[6]HUNGR O,MCDOUGALL S.Two numerical models for landslide dynamic analysis[J].Computers and Geosciences,2009,35(5):978–992.
[7]鲁晓兵,王义华,王淑云,等.碎屑流沿坡面运动的初步分析[J].岩土力学,2004,25(增2):598–600.(LU Xiaobing,WANG Yihua,WANG Shuyun,et al.The primary analysis on the castic gain fow[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004,25(Supp.2):598–600.(in Chinese))
[8]DEVOLI G,BLASIO F V D,ELVERHI A,et al.Statistical analysis of landslide events in Central America and their run-out distance[J].Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,2009,27(1):23–42.
[9]PIRULLI M.Morphology and substrate control on the dynamics of Flowlike landslides[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2010,136(2):376–388.
[10]李秀珍,孔纪名.“5·12”汶川地震诱发滑坡的滑动距离预测[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2010,42(5):243–249.(LI Xiuzhen,KONG Jiming.Runout distance estimation of landslides triggered by“5·12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science,2010,42(5):243–249.(in Chinese))
[11]QI S W,XU Q,ZHANG B,et al.Source characteristics of long runout rock avalanches triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):896–906.
[12]SCHEIDEGGER A E.On the prediction of the reach and velocity of catastrophic landslides[J].Rock Mechanics,1973,5(4):231–236.
[13]HSüK J.Catastrophic debris streams(sturzstroms)generated by rockfalls[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1975,86(1):129–140.
[14]COROMINAS J.The angle of reach as a mobility index for small and large landslides[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1996,33(2):260–271.
[15]方玉树.高位能滑坡运程探讨[J].后勤工程学院学报,2007,23(4):16–20.(FANG Yushu.On reach of the landlside with high potential energy[J].Journal of Logistical Engineering Universty,2007,23(4):16–20.(in Chinese))
[16]樊晓一,乔建平.坡、场因数对大型滑坡的运动特征影响研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(11):2 337–2 347.(FAN Xiaoyi,QIAO Jianping.Influence of landslide and ground factors on large-scale landslide movement[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(11):2 337–2 347.(in Chinese))
[17]LEGROS F.The mobility of long-runout landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2002,63(3):301–331.
[18]ZHANG D X,WANG G H.Study of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquakeinduced landslides in loess(China)[J].Engineering Geology,2007,94(1):76–88.
[19]黄润秋,刘卫华.基于正交设计的滚石运动特征现场试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(5):882–891.(HUANG Runqiu,LIU Weihua.In-situ test study of characteristics of rolling rock blocks based on orthogonal design[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(5):882–891.(in Chinese))
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