基于孔隙弹性理论探讨根据地下水观测资料求解Skempton系数B的方法
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摘要
在孔隙弹性理论中,Skempton系数B是流体压强、应力、断层等的几何形态和密封性的函数,它反映了孔隙度和孔隙流体压缩系数的特性和含水层的封闭程度,是孔隙弹性理论中的重要参数。B值一般用于计算由地震引起的与孔隙弹性理论相关的应力变化,主要用于库仑破裂应力的计算。对于活动断层来说,B值与本征摩擦系数μ一样难以确定。本文在介绍并总结近几十年来B值的理论研究的同时,重点介绍基于孔隙弹性理论从地下流体观测资料中获取井孔原位条件下B值的方法、目前在获取方法上存在的争议及其在库仑破裂应力计算中的具体应用。
The Skempton's coefficient B is a significant parameter in poroelastic theory;it is a function of fluid pressure,stress,fault geometry,and aquifer confinement.B reflects the features of the compressibility coefficient of porosity and pore fluid,and also reflects the confinement of the aquifer.Usually,Skempton's coefficient B is applied in the calculation of the stress change which is induced by the earthquake and related to the poroelastic theory.It is mainly used in the calculation of the Coulomb fracture stress.To obtain the in situ Skempton's coefficient B is as difficult as getting the intrinsic friction coefficient μ for active faults.We introduce and review the theoretic achievement of Skempton's coefficient B during the recent several decades,and put emphasis on the introduction of approaches to the in situ Skempton's coefficient B with the observation data of groundwater based on the poroelastic theory and the disputes about those approaches.Besides we also explicitly discuss in this paper about the application of Skempton's coefficient B in the calculation of the Coulomb fracture stress.
The Skempton's coefficient B is a significant parameter in poroelastic theory;it is a function of fluid pressure,stress,fault geometry,and aquifer confinement.B reflects the features of the compressibility coefficient of porosity and pore fluid,and also reflects the confinement of the aquifer.Usually,Skempton's coefficient B is applied in the calculation of the stress change which is induced by the earthquake and related to the poroelastic theory.It is mainly used in the calculation of the Coulomb fracture stress.To obtain the in situ Skempton's coefficient B is as difficult as getting the intrinsic friction coefficient μ for active faults.We introduce and review the theoretic achievement of Skempton's coefficient B during the recent several decades,and put emphasis on the introduction of approaches to the in situ Skempton's coefficient B with the observation data of groundwater based on the poroelastic theory and the disputes about those approaches.Besides we also explicitly discuss in this paper about the application of Skempton's coefficient B in the calculation of the Coulomb fracture stress.
引文
陈颙、黄庭芳,2001,岩石物理学,131～132,北京:北京大学出版社。
黄辅琼,2008,中国大陆地震地下水观测井网对远距离大地震的响应,博士学位论文,8～11,北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所。
万永革、沈正康、尚丹,2006,2005年10月巴基斯坦MW7.6地震对余震的触发研究,中国地震,22(3),277～286。
万永革、沈正康、盛书中等,2009,2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响,地震学报,31(2),128～139。
万永革、沈正康、曾跃华等,2008,唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究,地震学报,30(6),581～593。
晏锐、陈颙、高福旺等,2008,从昌平井体应变、水位对地震波的响应特征求算含水层的B值,地震学报,30(2),144～151。
张艳,2010,基于地下水观测研究SKEMPTON系数B的求解方法及其应用,硕士学位论文,19～20,北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所。
Bishop,A.W.,1966,Soils and soft rocks as engineering materials:Inaug.Lect.,Imperial College of Sci.Tech.,6,189～213.
Blanpied,M.L.,Lockner,D.A.,Byerlee,J.,1992,An earthquake mechanism based on rapid sealing of faults,Nature,358,574～576.
Brown,R.J.S.,Korringa,J.,1975,On the dependence of the elastic properties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the pore fluid.Geophysics,40:608～616.
Bruggeman,J.R.,Zanger,C.N.,Brathz,J.H.A0,1939,Notes on Analytic Soil Mechanics,Technical Memorandum,U.S.Bureau of Reclamation,Denver,Colo.,592,124.
Bruhn,R.W.,1972,A Study of the Effect of Pore Pressure on the Strength and Deformability of Berea Sandstone in Triaxial Compression.Department of the Army,Missouri River Division,Corps of Engineers,Division Laboratory,Omaha,Nebraska,Technical Report MRDL,1～72.
Byerlee,J.,1990,Friction,Overpressure and Fault Normal Compression,Geophys.Res.Lett.,17(12),2109～2112.
Chadha,R.K.,Singh,C.D.,Shekar,M.,2008,Transient changes in well-water level in bore wells in Western India due to the 2004MW9.3 Sumatra Earthquake,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,98(5),2553～2558.
Cheng,A.H.-D.,1997,Material coefficients of anisotropic poro-elasticity,Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,34(2),199～205.
Cocco,M.,Rice,J.R.,2002,Pore pressure and poroelasticity effects in Coulomb stress analysis of earthquake interactions,J.Geophys.Res.,107,2030.
Doebelin,E.O.,2004,Measurement Systems:Application and Design,1078,McGraw-Hill,New York,5th ed..
Freed,A.M.,2005,Earthquake Triggering by Static,Dynamic,and Postseismic Stress Transfer,Earth Planet,33,335～367.
Green,D.H.,Wang,H.F.,1986,Fluid pressure response to undrained compression in saturated sedimentary rock,Geophysics,51(4),948～956.
Harris,R.A.,1998,Introduction to special section:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard,J.Geophys.Res.,103,24,347～24,358.
Harris,R.A.,Simpson,R.W.,1992,Changes in static stress on southern California faults after the 1992 Landers earthquake,Nature,360,251～254.
Jaeger,J.C.,Cook,N.G.W.,1979,Fundamentals of rock mechanics,593,Chapman and Hall,London.
Kano,Y.,Yanagidani,T.,2006,Broadband hydroseismograms observed by closed borehole wells in the Kamioka mine,centralJapan:Response of pore pressure to seismic waves from 0.05 to 2 Hz,J.Geophys.Res.,111,1～11.
Kennett,B.L.N.,Engdahl,E.R.,1991,Travel times for global earthquake location and phase identification,Geophys.J.Int.,105,429～465.
Kilb,D.,Gomberg,J.,PaulBodin,2000,Triggering of earthquake after shocks by dynamic stresses,Nature,408,570～574.
King,G.C.P.,Stein,R.S.,Lin,J.,1994,Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,84,935～953.
Mesri,G.,Adachi,K.,Ullrich,C.R.,1976,Pore-pressure response in rock to untrained change in all-round stress,Geotechnique,26,317～330.
Geotechnique,26,317～330.Rice,J.R.,1992,in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties in Rocks:A Festschrift for W.F.Brace(eds.Evans,B.&Wong,T.F.),475～503,Academic Press,London.
Rice,J.R.,Cleary,M.P.,1976,Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media withcompressible constituents,Rev.Geophys.Space Phys.,14,227～241.
Roeloffs,E.A.,1988,Fault stability changes induced beneath a reservoir with cyclic variations in water level,J.Geophys.Res.,93,2107～2124.
Roeloffs,E.,1996,Poroelastic techniques in the study of earthquake related hydrologic phenomena,Adv.Geophy.,37,135～189.
Roeloffs,E.,Rudnicki,J.W.,1984,Coupled deformation-diffusion effects on water-level changes due to propagating creepevents,Pure Appl.Geophys,122(2～4),60～582.
Sleep,N.H.,Blanpied,M.L.,1992,Creep,compaction and the weak rheology of major faults,Nature,359,687～692.
Scholz,C.H.,1990,The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting:Cambridge,U.K.,Cambridge University Press,439,177～189.
Sil,S.,2006,Response of Alsaka Wells to Near and Distant Large Earthquakes,8～11,[MS Dissertation]The University of Alaska Fairbanks,America.
Simpson,R.W.,Reasenberg,P.A.,1994,Earthquake-induced static stress changes on central California faults,in the Loma Prieta,California earthquake of October 17,1989-techtonic processes and models,U.S.Geol.surv.profess,1550-F,55～89.
Skempton,A.W.,1954,The pore water coefficient A and B,Geotechnique,4,143～147.
Stein,R.S.,King,G.C.P.,Lin,J.,1992,Change in failure stress on the southern S.Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude=7.4 Landers earthquake,Science,258,1328～1332.
Wang,H.F.,1993,Quasi-static poroelastic parameters in rock and their geophysical applications,Pure Appl.Geophys.,141,269～286.
Wang,H.F.,2000,Theory of linear poroelasticity with application to geomechanics and hydrogeology,5～6,Princeton University Press,Princeton.
Zhang,Y.,Huang,F.Q.,Lai,G.J.,2009,Reaearch on Skempton's coefficient B based on the observation of groundwater of Changping station,Earthq.Sci.,22,631～638.
黄辅琼,2008,中国大陆地震地下水观测井网对远距离大地震的响应,博士学位论文,8～11,北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所。
万永革、沈正康、尚丹,2006,2005年10月巴基斯坦MW7.6地震对余震的触发研究,中国地震,22(3),277～286。
万永革、沈正康、盛书中等,2009,2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响,地震学报,31(2),128～139。
万永革、沈正康、曾跃华等,2008,唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究,地震学报,30(6),581～593。
晏锐、陈颙、高福旺等,2008,从昌平井体应变、水位对地震波的响应特征求算含水层的B值,地震学报,30(2),144～151。
张艳,2010,基于地下水观测研究SKEMPTON系数B的求解方法及其应用,硕士学位论文,19～20,北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所。
Bishop,A.W.,1966,Soils and soft rocks as engineering materials:Inaug.Lect.,Imperial College of Sci.Tech.,6,189～213.
Blanpied,M.L.,Lockner,D.A.,Byerlee,J.,1992,An earthquake mechanism based on rapid sealing of faults,Nature,358,574～576.
Brown,R.J.S.,Korringa,J.,1975,On the dependence of the elastic properties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the pore fluid.Geophysics,40:608～616.
Bruggeman,J.R.,Zanger,C.N.,Brathz,J.H.A0,1939,Notes on Analytic Soil Mechanics,Technical Memorandum,U.S.Bureau of Reclamation,Denver,Colo.,592,124.
Bruhn,R.W.,1972,A Study of the Effect of Pore Pressure on the Strength and Deformability of Berea Sandstone in Triaxial Compression.Department of the Army,Missouri River Division,Corps of Engineers,Division Laboratory,Omaha,Nebraska,Technical Report MRDL,1～72.
Byerlee,J.,1990,Friction,Overpressure and Fault Normal Compression,Geophys.Res.Lett.,17(12),2109～2112.
Chadha,R.K.,Singh,C.D.,Shekar,M.,2008,Transient changes in well-water level in bore wells in Western India due to the 2004MW9.3 Sumatra Earthquake,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,98(5),2553～2558.
Cheng,A.H.-D.,1997,Material coefficients of anisotropic poro-elasticity,Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,34(2),199～205.
Cocco,M.,Rice,J.R.,2002,Pore pressure and poroelasticity effects in Coulomb stress analysis of earthquake interactions,J.Geophys.Res.,107,2030.
Doebelin,E.O.,2004,Measurement Systems:Application and Design,1078,McGraw-Hill,New York,5th ed..
Freed,A.M.,2005,Earthquake Triggering by Static,Dynamic,and Postseismic Stress Transfer,Earth Planet,33,335～367.
Green,D.H.,Wang,H.F.,1986,Fluid pressure response to undrained compression in saturated sedimentary rock,Geophysics,51(4),948～956.
Harris,R.A.,1998,Introduction to special section:Stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard,J.Geophys.Res.,103,24,347～24,358.
Harris,R.A.,Simpson,R.W.,1992,Changes in static stress on southern California faults after the 1992 Landers earthquake,Nature,360,251～254.
Jaeger,J.C.,Cook,N.G.W.,1979,Fundamentals of rock mechanics,593,Chapman and Hall,London.
Kano,Y.,Yanagidani,T.,2006,Broadband hydroseismograms observed by closed borehole wells in the Kamioka mine,centralJapan:Response of pore pressure to seismic waves from 0.05 to 2 Hz,J.Geophys.Res.,111,1～11.
Kennett,B.L.N.,Engdahl,E.R.,1991,Travel times for global earthquake location and phase identification,Geophys.J.Int.,105,429～465.
Kilb,D.,Gomberg,J.,PaulBodin,2000,Triggering of earthquake after shocks by dynamic stresses,Nature,408,570～574.
King,G.C.P.,Stein,R.S.,Lin,J.,1994,Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,84,935～953.
Mesri,G.,Adachi,K.,Ullrich,C.R.,1976,Pore-pressure response in rock to untrained change in all-round stress,Geotechnique,26,317～330.
Geotechnique,26,317～330.Rice,J.R.,1992,in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties in Rocks:A Festschrift for W.F.Brace(eds.Evans,B.&Wong,T.F.),475～503,Academic Press,London.
Rice,J.R.,Cleary,M.P.,1976,Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media withcompressible constituents,Rev.Geophys.Space Phys.,14,227～241.
Roeloffs,E.A.,1988,Fault stability changes induced beneath a reservoir with cyclic variations in water level,J.Geophys.Res.,93,2107～2124.
Roeloffs,E.,1996,Poroelastic techniques in the study of earthquake related hydrologic phenomena,Adv.Geophy.,37,135～189.
Roeloffs,E.,Rudnicki,J.W.,1984,Coupled deformation-diffusion effects on water-level changes due to propagating creepevents,Pure Appl.Geophys,122(2～4),60～582.
Sleep,N.H.,Blanpied,M.L.,1992,Creep,compaction and the weak rheology of major faults,Nature,359,687～692.
Scholz,C.H.,1990,The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting:Cambridge,U.K.,Cambridge University Press,439,177～189.
Sil,S.,2006,Response of Alsaka Wells to Near and Distant Large Earthquakes,8～11,[MS Dissertation]The University of Alaska Fairbanks,America.
Simpson,R.W.,Reasenberg,P.A.,1994,Earthquake-induced static stress changes on central California faults,in the Loma Prieta,California earthquake of October 17,1989-techtonic processes and models,U.S.Geol.surv.profess,1550-F,55～89.
Skempton,A.W.,1954,The pore water coefficient A and B,Geotechnique,4,143～147.
Stein,R.S.,King,G.C.P.,Lin,J.,1992,Change in failure stress on the southern S.Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude=7.4 Landers earthquake,Science,258,1328～1332.
Wang,H.F.,1993,Quasi-static poroelastic parameters in rock and their geophysical applications,Pure Appl.Geophys.,141,269～286.
Wang,H.F.,2000,Theory of linear poroelasticity with application to geomechanics and hydrogeology,5～6,Princeton University Press,Princeton.
Zhang,Y.,Huang,F.Q.,Lai,G.J.,2009,Reaearch on Skempton's coefficient B based on the observation of groundwater of Changping station,Earthq.Sci.,22,631～638.
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