大陆地表温度场的时空变化与现今构造活动
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摘要
试图利用地表温度场数据获取中国西部的构造活动信息。在建立热与应变关系的基础上,对中国西部MODIS/Terra地表温度产品进行分析处理。研究发现:(1)地表温度在一些地区发生偏离年变现象,这种年变偏离与一些活动构造带的活动有关;(2)在扣除年变基准场等主要气候因素后,年变残差(ΔT)中长周期成分(LSTLOW)更接近构造活动所引起的热信息,能为构造活动提供一定的指示信息。研究发现,一个地震的发生对周围不同构造区的影响不同,有的地区升温,有的地区降温。2004年印尼地震最大的影响是引起青藏高原中部巴颜喀拉—松潘地块的降温;(3)与前者相对应,发生在中国周边地区的不同地震引起的温度变化格局不同,对同一地区的影响也不同,例如2001年东昆仑8.1级地震引起龙门山断裂带升温,而2003年斋桑泊7.9级地震和2004年印尼9级地震却引起该带的降温;(4)不同地区地温变化的时间过程不同。这些现象均对构造变形过程有一定的启示。在上述现象的基础上,笔者结合GPS观测结果,不同深度的地温信息以及地震活动等资料,对地表温度场中包含构造活动信息进行了初步检验,并对地表温度场反映的区域构造变形模型进行了讨论。
This study attempted to acquire information of tectonic activity in Western China from the data of the land surface temperature (LST) field. Based on the established relationship between heat and strain,we have analyzed the LST distribution in Western China using the satellite data product MODIS/Terra. The result shows that there are departures of annual changes of LST in some areas,which are associated with activity of some active tectonic zones. After removal of the annual-change background values caused by climatic factors,the long-period component (LSTLOW) of the residual annual change(ΔT) of the LST can reveal better the tectonic activity,and serve as its indicator. It is found that one major earthquake can produce different effects on the LST fields of broad areas surrounding or even far away from the epicenter,characterized by rise or drop of temperature. For example,a most noticeable temperature decline associated with the Indonesia M 9 earthquake of 2004 appeared in the Bayan Har-Songpan Block of the central Tibetan Plateau. On the other hand,the LST field of one area may have different responses to different major shocks in the regions surrounding China. For instance,the East Kunlun M 8.1 event has made the LST on the Longmenshan fault zone increase,whereas the Zaisangbo M 7.9 earthquake of 2003 and the Indonesia M 9 event of 2004 caused decrease of LST on the Longmenshan. The temporal variations of LST are different in different tectonic areas,which may provide clues for the study of tectonic deformation processes. In combination of data of ground temperature at varied depths,seismicity and GPS measurements,we have checked the information of tectonic activity derived from variations of the LST field,and discussed its implications to the models of regional tectonic deformation.
This study attempted to acquire information of tectonic activity in Western China from the data of the land surface temperature (LST) field. Based on the established relationship between heat and strain,we have analyzed the LST distribution in Western China using the satellite data product MODIS/Terra. The result shows that there are departures of annual changes of LST in some areas,which are associated with activity of some active tectonic zones. After removal of the annual-change background values caused by climatic factors,the long-period component (LSTLOW) of the residual annual change(ΔT) of the LST can reveal better the tectonic activity,and serve as its indicator. It is found that one major earthquake can produce different effects on the LST fields of broad areas surrounding or even far away from the epicenter,characterized by rise or drop of temperature. For example,a most noticeable temperature decline associated with the Indonesia M 9 earthquake of 2004 appeared in the Bayan Har-Songpan Block of the central Tibetan Plateau. On the other hand,the LST field of one area may have different responses to different major shocks in the regions surrounding China. For instance,the East Kunlun M 8.1 event has made the LST on the Longmenshan fault zone increase,whereas the Zaisangbo M 7.9 earthquake of 2003 and the Indonesia M 9 event of 2004 caused decrease of LST on the Longmenshan. The temporal variations of LST are different in different tectonic areas,which may provide clues for the study of tectonic deformation processes. In combination of data of ground temperature at varied depths,seismicity and GPS measurements,we have checked the information of tectonic activity derived from variations of the LST field,and discussed its implications to the models of regional tectonic deformation.
引文
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[1]江在森.2005年度中国大陆地震大形势跟踪与趋势预测研究报告.全国地震趋势会商会.北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2005.
[1]Горный В Иидр.Уходящее инфракра сное изучение Земли:Индикатор сейсмической активности[J].Док.АНСССР,1988,301(1):67-69.
[2]Qiang Z J,Xu X D,Lin C G.Satellite infrared thermal a-nomaly:Earthquake i mminent precursor[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1990,35(17):1324-1327(in Chinese).
[3]Xu X D,Qiang Z J,Lin C G.Earthquake i mminent infrared thermal anomaly and temperature increase on earth surface[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1991,36(4):291-294(in Chi-nese).
[4]Liu D F,Peng K Y,Liu W H,et al.Thermal omens before earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1999,21(6):652-656(in Chinese).
[5]Cui C Y,Deng M D,Geng N G.Study on the features of spectrumradiation of rocks under different loading[J].Chi-nese Science Bulletin,1993,38(6):538-541(in Chinese).
[6]Deng MD,Geng N G,Cui C Y,et al.The study onthe var-iation of thermal state of rocks caused by variation of stress state of rocks[J].Earthquake Research in China,1997,13(2):179-185(in Chinese).
[7]Geng N G,Cui C Y,Deng MD,et al.Remote sensing rock mechanics andits application prospects[J].Advancesin Geo-physics,1993,8(4):1-7(in Chinese).
[8]Wu L X,Wang J Z.Features of infrared thermal i mage and radiation temperature of coal rocks loaded[J].Sciencein Chi-na:Series D,1998,28(1):41-46(in Chinese).
[9]Ma J,Shan X J.An attempt to study activity of fault using remote sensing technology:A case of the Mani earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2000,22(3):210-215(in Chi-nese).
[10]Ma J,Wang Y P,Chen S Y,et al.Insights into correlation between satellite infraredinformation and fault activities[J].Progress in Natural Science,2006,16(4):394-402(in Chinese).
[11]Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.Heat penetrabilityindex(HPI)method for distilling subsurface thermal information fromsatellite infrared i mages[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):520-527(in Chinese).
[12]Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Wavelet analyses to thermal infrared radiation of land surface andits i mplementa-tion for exploring the current tectonic activity[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(3):824-830(in Chinese).
[13]Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.An experi ment onthein-frared radiation of surficial rocks during deformation[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):502-511(in Chi-nese).
[14]Liu P X,Ma J,Liu L Q,et al.An experi mental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a com-pressive en echelonfault set[J].Progressin Natural Science,2007,17(3):298-304(in Chinese).
[15]Ma J,Liu L Q,Liu P X,et al.Thermal precursory pattern of fault unstable sliding:An experi mental study of en echelon faults[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2007,50(4):1141-1149(in Chinese).
[16]Ma J,Ma S P,Liu P X,et al.Thermal fieldindicators for i-dentifying active fault and its instability fromlaboratory ex-peri ments[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(2):363-382(in Chinese).
[17]Liu P X,Zhang Z H,Chen G Q,et al.Observation system of ground temperature by combining satellite remote sensing with ground thermometer measurement[J].Recent Develop-ments in World Seismology,2006(Suppl):96(in Chinese).
[18]Chen S Y,Ma J,Liu P X,et al.Normal annual variation field of land surface brightness temperature in China[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):528-538(in Chi-nese).
[19]Chen S Y,Ma J,Liu P X,et al.Astudy on the normal an-nual variation field of land surface temperature in China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(9):2273-2281(in Chinese).
[20]Guo W Y,Ma J,Shan XJ.Discussion on the anomalous in-crease of ground temperature along the seismogenic fault be-fore the KunlunshanMs8.1earthquakein2001[J].Seismol-ogy and Geology,2004,26(3):548-556(in Chinese).
[21]Chen S Y,Liu L Q,Liu P X,et al.Theoretical and experi-mental study on relationship between stress-strain and tem-perature variation[J].Science in China:Series D,2009,52(11):1825-1834(in Chinese).
[22]Xie R S.Mechanics of Thermodynamics[M].Beijing:The People s Education Press,1980:139-175(in Chinese).
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