碳酸盐岩溶洞厚度定量预测方法研究与应用
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摘要
针对地震反演薄储层的厚度预测多解性强,且难以适应碳酸盐岩溶洞储层地层横向突变的状况,难以满足该类储层定量描述和储量计算的要求等问题.在综合考虑到溶洞型储层顶底地震反射对偶响应的特点、以及深入分析了储层厚度变化与合成地震记录波形和能量的变化特征,而提出了一种储层地震响应特征建立与厚度定量预测的方法即为建立储层厚度谱.该方法主要关键技术是:地震子波精确提取、一组不同储层厚度变化与合成地震响应模型库的建立、在镶边余弦平方衰减梯度函数约束下构建地震波形和能量特征双重约束的储层厚度谱、预测误差分析以及储层厚度三维定量预测.该方法的特点是充分利用储层厚度变化引起的波形和能量的差异,不需要井约束和层位约束,克服了部分人为干扰,减少了预测多解性.预测结果的垂向分辨率突破了传统的1/4波长的限制,一般可达1/20～1/40波长,对于最难预测的薄互层也能达到1/8波长.实际资料表明该方法对于非均质储层等特殊储层预测有较好的推广和应用价值.
Aimming at the problems such as the seismic inversion has strong multiple solutions for the thickness prediction of thin-bed reservoir,and the constrained seismic inversion is difficult to adapt the horizontal change of the layers for carbonate cavity reservoir prediction,and hardly meets the requirements of quantitative description and reserve calculation.By overall considering the pairing seismic characters of the reservoir's top and bottom reflections,and analyzing the characteristics of reservoir thickness changes with synthetic waveform and energy,a building reservoir thickness spectrum and thickness quantitative prediction technique is proposed in this paper.The technique mainly includes: accurately extracting seismic wavelet,building seismic responses of models with various-different thickness reservoirs,building the reservoir thickness spectrum with constrains of waveform and energy characteristics by border using cosine factor,analyzing of prediction error,and 3D reservoir thickness quantitative predictions.The method makes full use of the differences from the reservoir seismic responses between waveform and energy caused by thickness changes,does not need constrained by well and horizon data,overcomes partly human disturbance and lowers multiplicity.Vertical resolution of prediction breaks through limit of λ/4,usually up to λ/20~λ/40,also up to λ/8 for thin beds.(λ is wavelength).Theoretic simulations and actual data applications proposed that the method has a good application and popularization for the heterogeneous reservoirs of carbonate rocks.
Aimming at the problems such as the seismic inversion has strong multiple solutions for the thickness prediction of thin-bed reservoir,and the constrained seismic inversion is difficult to adapt the horizontal change of the layers for carbonate cavity reservoir prediction,and hardly meets the requirements of quantitative description and reserve calculation.By overall considering the pairing seismic characters of the reservoir's top and bottom reflections,and analyzing the characteristics of reservoir thickness changes with synthetic waveform and energy,a building reservoir thickness spectrum and thickness quantitative prediction technique is proposed in this paper.The technique mainly includes: accurately extracting seismic wavelet,building seismic responses of models with various-different thickness reservoirs,building the reservoir thickness spectrum with constrains of waveform and energy characteristics by border using cosine factor,analyzing of prediction error,and 3D reservoir thickness quantitative predictions.The method makes full use of the differences from the reservoir seismic responses between waveform and energy caused by thickness changes,does not need constrained by well and horizon data,overcomes partly human disturbance and lowers multiplicity.Vertical resolution of prediction breaks through limit of λ/4,usually up to λ/20~λ/40,also up to λ/8 for thin beds.(λ is wavelength).Theoretic simulations and actual data applications proposed that the method has a good application and popularization for the heterogeneous reservoirs of carbonate rocks.
引文
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[20]师学明,王家映,易远元,等.一种新的地球物理反演方法———模拟原子跃迁反演法[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(1):305-312.Shi X M,Wang J Y,Yi Y Y,et al.A study on the simulatedatomic transition algorithm for geophysical inversion[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(1):305-312.
[21]苏小军,管仁顺,王利田,等.波形差异反演方法及其在气藏描述中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1578-1584.Su X J,Guan R S,Duan L D,et al.The inverse of wavedifferent and its application in the forecast of gas[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(5):1578-1584.
[22]杨立强,宋海滨,郝天珧.基于BP神经网络的波阻抗反演及应用[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):34-37.Yang L Q,Song H B,Hao T Y.Application of impedanceinversion based on BP neural network[J].Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(1):34-37.
[23]杨光大,陈湛文.地震资料波阻抗多尺度融合反演[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):718-723.Yang G D,Chen Z W.Multiscale syncretized acousticimpedance inversion using poststack seismic data[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(3):718-723.
[24]岳碧波,彭真明,洪余刚,等.基于粒子群优化算法的叠前角道集子波反演[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3116-3123.Yue B B,Peng Z M,Hong Y G,et al.Wavelet inversion ofpre-stack seismic angle-gather based on particle swarmoptimization algorithm[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(12):3116-3123.
[25]王保丽,印兴耀,张繁昌,等.基于Fatti近似的弹性阻抗方程及反演[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):192-197.Wang B L,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.Elastic impedanceequation based on Fatti approximation and inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):192-197.
[26]陈建江,朱兴卉.AVO反演的不确定性分析[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(4):1461-1467.Chen J J,Zhu X H.Uncertainty analysis for AVO inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(4):1461-1467.
[27]陈建江,印兴耀.基于贝叶斯理论的AVO三参数波形反演[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1251-1260.Chen J J,Yin X Y.Three-parameter AVO waveforminversion based on Bayesian theorem[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1251-1260.
[28]彭真明,李亚林,魏文阁,等.粒子滤波非线性AVO反演方法[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1218-1225.Peng Z M,Li Y L,Wei W G,et al.Nonlinear AVOinversion using particle filter[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2008,51(4):1218-1225.
[29]蒋鸿亮,陈湛文,陈小宏.高分辨率AVO反演技术研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):478-482.Jiang H L,Chen Z W,Chen X H.High resolution researchof AVO inversion technique[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2006,21(2):478-482.
[30]张宏兵,杨长春,尚作萍,等.基于软约束模式的波阻抗反演[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):837-844.Zhang H B,Yang C C,Shang Z P,et al.Impedanceinversion with soft constrained mode[J].Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(3):837-844.
[31]崔岩,王彦飞,杨长春.带先验知识的波阻抗反演正则化方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(8):2135-2141.Cui Y,Wang Y F,Yang C C,Regu1arizing method with apriori know1edge for seismic impedance inversion[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(8):2135-2141.
[2]路鹏飞,杨长春,郭爱华,等.改进的模拟退火算法及其在叠前储层参数反演中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):104-109.Lu P F,Yang C C,Guo A H,et al.Modified simulatedannealing algorithm and its application in pre-stack inversion ofreservoir parameters[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):104-109.
[3]喻岳钰,杨长春,王彦飞,等.叠前弹性阻抗反演及其在含气储层预测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):574-580.Yu Y Y,Yang C C,Wang Y F,et al.Application of pre-stackseismic elastic impedance inversion to gas reservoir[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(2):574-580.
[4]窦易升.薄层厚度定量解释的振幅谱平方比法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(增刊2):57-65.Dou Y S.An amplitude spectrum square ratio method of thinbed thickness quantitative interpretation[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting(in Chinese),1995,30(Supplement2):57-65.
[5]黄真萍,王晓华,王云专.薄层地震属性参数分析和厚度预测[J].石油物探,1997,36(3):28-38.Huang Z P,Wang X H,Wang Y Z.Parameter analysis ofseismic attributes and thickness prediction for thin bed[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),1997,36(3):28-38.
[6]邵治龙,贺振华,黄德济.小波变换与最大熵法联合计算薄层厚度[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,32(2):204-213.Shao Z L,He Z H,Huang D J.Thin-layer thicknessestimation using wavelet transform and maximum entropymethod[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),1998,33(2):204-213.
[7]雍学善,吴胜和,刘军迎,等.储集层厚度谱的建立及其意义[J].新疆石油地质,2005,26(6):647-649.Yong X S,Wu S H,Liu J Y,et al.Establishment andsignificance of reservoir thickness spectrum[J].XinjiangPetroleum Geology(in Chinese),2005,26(6):647-649.
[8]徐俊彦,段新华.波阻抗特征分析技术在储层厚度预测中的应用[J].天然气工业,2001,21(增刊):79-82.Xu J Y,Duan X H.Application of wave impedancecharacteristic analysis in reservoir thickness prediction[J].Natural Gas Industry(in Chinese),2001,21(Supplement):79-82.
[9]雍学善,余建平,石兰亭.一种三维高精度储层参数反演方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(6):852-856.Yong X S,Yu J P,Shi L T.An accurate method for 3-Dreservoir parameter inversion[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),1997,32(6):852-856.
[10]邹华胜,宁书年,杨峰,等.支持向量机在储层厚度预测和计算中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1597-1601.Zou H S,Ning S N,Yang F,et al.Application of supportvector machine to forecasting and calculating reservoirthickness[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(5):1597-1601.
[11]黄捍东,胡光岖,贺振华,等.测井约束多尺度储层厚度反演[J].成都理工学院学报,1999,26(4):343-345.Huang H D,Hu G Q,He Z H,et al.Well log constrainedmultiscale reservoir thickness inversion[J].Journal ofChengdu University of Technology(in Chinese),1999,26(4):343-345.
[12]杨立强.测井约束地震反演综述[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(3):530-534.Yang L Q.A review of well log constrained seismic inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(3):530-534.
[13]Burge D W,Neff D B.Well-based seismic lithology inversionfor porosity and pay-thickness mapping[J].The LeadingEdge,1998,17(2):166-171.
[14]吴媚,符力耘,李维新.高分辨率非线性储层物性参数反演方法和应用[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):546-557.Wu M,Fu L Y,Li W X.A high-resolution nonlinearinversion method of reservoir parameters and its applicationto oil/gas exploration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2008,51(2):546-557.
[15]Li Y F.Joint inversions of seismic data for acoustic impedance[J].Geophysics,2004,69(4):994-1004.
[16]曹丹平,印兴耀,张繁昌,等.多尺度地震资料联合反演方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(4):1059-1067.Cao D P,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.A study on the methodof joint inversion of multiscale seismic data[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(4):1059-1067.
[17]田迎春,章梓茂,马坚伟,等.黏弹性双相介质参数反演的同伦方法[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(9):2328-2334.Tian Y C,Zhang Z M,Ma J W,et al.Inversing physicalparameter of two-phase viscoelastic media by homotopymethod[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(9):2328-2334.
[18]潘克家,王文娟,谭永基,等.基于混合差分进化算法的地球物理线性反演[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3083-3090.Pan K J,Wang W J,Tan Y J,et al.Geophysical linearinversion based on hybrid differential evolution algorithm[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(12):3083-3090.
[19]魏超,朱培民,王家映.量子退火反演的原理和实现[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(2):577-583.Wei C,Zhu P M,Wang J Y.Quantum annealing inversionand its implementation[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2006,49(2):577-583.
[20]师学明,王家映,易远元,等.一种新的地球物理反演方法———模拟原子跃迁反演法[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(1):305-312.Shi X M,Wang J Y,Yi Y Y,et al.A study on the simulatedatomic transition algorithm for geophysical inversion[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(1):305-312.
[21]苏小军,管仁顺,王利田,等.波形差异反演方法及其在气藏描述中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1578-1584.Su X J,Guan R S,Duan L D,et al.The inverse of wavedifferent and its application in the forecast of gas[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(5):1578-1584.
[22]杨立强,宋海滨,郝天珧.基于BP神经网络的波阻抗反演及应用[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):34-37.Yang L Q,Song H B,Hao T Y.Application of impedanceinversion based on BP neural network[J].Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(1):34-37.
[23]杨光大,陈湛文.地震资料波阻抗多尺度融合反演[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):718-723.Yang G D,Chen Z W.Multiscale syncretized acousticimpedance inversion using poststack seismic data[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(3):718-723.
[24]岳碧波,彭真明,洪余刚,等.基于粒子群优化算法的叠前角道集子波反演[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(12):3116-3123.Yue B B,Peng Z M,Hong Y G,et al.Wavelet inversion ofpre-stack seismic angle-gather based on particle swarmoptimization algorithm[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(12):3116-3123.
[25]王保丽,印兴耀,张繁昌,等.基于Fatti近似的弹性阻抗方程及反演[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):192-197.Wang B L,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.Elastic impedanceequation based on Fatti approximation and inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1):192-197.
[26]陈建江,朱兴卉.AVO反演的不确定性分析[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(4):1461-1467.Chen J J,Zhu X H.Uncertainty analysis for AVO inversion[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,24(4):1461-1467.
[27]陈建江,印兴耀.基于贝叶斯理论的AVO三参数波形反演[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1251-1260.Chen J J,Yin X Y.Three-parameter AVO waveforminversion based on Bayesian theorem[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1251-1260.
[28]彭真明,李亚林,魏文阁,等.粒子滤波非线性AVO反演方法[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1218-1225.Peng Z M,Li Y L,Wei W G,et al.Nonlinear AVOinversion using particle filter[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2008,51(4):1218-1225.
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