三轴压力下水与砂岩反应的实验研究
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摘要
通过饱水砂岩的三轴压缩实验,研究了含水层砂岩的破裂过程及其伴随的水化学变化,并探讨了砂岩在蠕变和剪切破裂过程中地震水化异常现象的形成机理。用离子色谱仪(IC)和等离子原子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了不同压力条件下实验溶液的F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO24-、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+浓度。饱水砂岩在差应力作用下,随着蠕变时间延长和剪切作用的强化实验,溶液中主要离子的浓度均有不同程度的增大,仅Mg2+浓度是降低的。F-和Cl-浓度变化最明显,在2~12小时的蠕变时间内分别增大约10倍和4倍,而随剪切作用的强化分别增大约5倍和3倍。这种变化主要与矿物的溶解和流体包裹体的混入有关。实验结果表明,F-、Cl-和Ca2+可作为砂岩含水层地震水化前兆监测的灵敏组分。
Hydrochemical variations associated with the creeping and shearing deformation of saturated sandstone under triaxial compression were experimentally investigated,and genetic mechanism of hydrochemical anomalies related to earthquake was discussed.Concentrations of F-,Cl-,NO-3,SO2-4,Ca2+,Mg2+ and Na+ in the produced solutions under different stresses were measured by IC and ICP-OES.With the time of creeping increasing and the differential stresses on the saturated sandstone,the concentrations of different ions in the produced solution increased to different extents,only the concentration of Mg2+ decreased.Concentrations of F-and Cl-,which varied most obviously,increased by 10 and 4 times with creeping from 2 to 12 hours,and 5 and 3 times with the shearing stress increases respectively.These phenomena are mainly caused by the dissolution of minerals and mixture of fluid inclusions.The experiment results indicate that F-,Cl-and Ca2+ can be considered as sensitive components for monitoring earthquake in sandstone aquifers.
Hydrochemical variations associated with the creeping and shearing deformation of saturated sandstone under triaxial compression were experimentally investigated,and genetic mechanism of hydrochemical anomalies related to earthquake was discussed.Concentrations of F-,Cl-,NO-3,SO2-4,Ca2+,Mg2+ and Na+ in the produced solutions under different stresses were measured by IC and ICP-OES.With the time of creeping increasing and the differential stresses on the saturated sandstone,the concentrations of different ions in the produced solution increased to different extents,only the concentration of Mg2+ decreased.Concentrations of F-and Cl-,which varied most obviously,increased by 10 and 4 times with creeping from 2 to 12 hours,and 5 and 3 times with the shearing stress increases respectively.These phenomena are mainly caused by the dissolution of minerals and mixture of fluid inclusions.The experiment results indicate that F-,Cl-and Ca2+ can be considered as sensitive components for monitoring earthquake in sandstone aquifers.
引文
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[26]耿杰,马志峰,李金波.苍山5.2级地震前十里泉电厂井地下水离子多组分的变化特征及机制讨论[J].华北地震科学,1998,16(1):36-40.
[2]张炜.水文地球化学地震前兆观测与预报[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.
[3]Lillemor C,Alasdair S,Colin G,et al.Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earth-quake[J].Geology,2004,32(8):641-644.
[4]Yasuhara H,Polak A,Mitani Y,et al.Evolution of fracture permeability through fluid-rock reac-tion under hydrothermal conditions[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,244:186-200.
[5]Du J G,Si X Y,Chen Y X,et al.Geochemical anomalies connected with great earthquakes in China[A].In:ó.Stefánsson(Ed),Geochemistry Research Advances[C].New York:Nova Science Pub-lishers,Inc,2008.
[6]李桂如,蒋凤亮.地震地球化学某些前兆机理的模拟实验研究[J].地震地质,1984,6(1):41-46.
[7]孟淑德,刘桂芳,程傲雪,等.水文地球化学方法前兆机制的实验研究[J].西北地震学报,1985,3:29-34.
[8]鄂秀满,魏家珍,刑玉安,等.水压致裂试验中水文地球化学效应的研究[J].地震,1988,8(1):38-45.
[9]Li G R,Jiang F L,Wang J H,et al.Preliminary results of seismogeochemical research in China[J].Pure Appl Geophys,1985,122:218-230.
[10]周辉,冯夏庭.岩石应力-水力-化学耦合过程研究进展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(4):855-864.
[11]Rutquist J,Borgesson L,Chijimatsu M,et al.Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis of a heatertest in fractured rock and bentonite at Kamaishi Mine:comparison of field results to predictions offour finite element codes[J].Inter J Rock Mech Mining Sci,200l,38(1):129-142.
[12]Feng X T,Chen S L,Zhou H.Real time computerized tomography(CT)experiments on sandstonedamage evolution during triaxial compression with chemical corrosion[J].Inter J Rock Mech MiningSci,2004,41(2):181-192.
[13]Feng X T,Li S J,Chen S L.Effect of water chemical corrosion on strength and cracking character-istics of rocks-a review[J].Key Engineering Materials,2004,261-263:355-1 360.
[14]车用太,鱼金子,赵苹.地震地下流体物理化学动态形成的基础理论问题[J].国际地震动态,1995,(12):6-10.
[15]车用太,鱼金子.地震地下流体学[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.75-87.
[16]梁祥济,乔莉,王福生.低温低压下水-岩反应动力学实验中一些主要元素的变化规律[J].岩石矿物学杂志,1994,13(1):10-18.
[17]Elias P,Hajash A.Changes in quartz solubility and porosity due to effective stress:An experimentalinvestigation of pressure solution[J].Geol,1992,20:451-454.
[18]Elsworth D,Yasuhara H.Short-timescale chemo-mechanical effects and their influence on the trans-port properties of fractured rock[J].Pure Appl Geophys,2006,163:2 051-2 070.
[19]何昌荣,陶青峰,王泽利.高温高压条件下辉长岩的摩擦强度及其速率依赖性[J].地震地质,2004,26(3):450-460.
[20]张立,付虹.云南地区水质前兆异常与M≥6.0地震关系研究[J].高原地震,2000,12(1):42-49.
[21]冯夏庭,王川婴,陈四丽.受环境侵蚀的岩石细观破裂过程试验与实时观测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(7):935-939.
[22]钱会,马致远.水文地球化学[M].北京:地质出版社,2005.
[23]Andrew H,Thomas D C,Thomas A D.Dissolution and time-dependent compaction of albite sand:Experiments at 100°C and 160°C in pH-buffered organic acids and distilled water[J].Tectonophys-ics,1998,295:93-115.
[24]吴运恒.海康盐场井水化离子与地震关系初探[J].华南地震,1991,11(3):75-79.
[25]刘春国.神户地震的地下水化学前兆变化[J].地震地质译丛,1996,(2):41-43.
[26]耿杰,马志峰,李金波.苍山5.2级地震前十里泉电厂井地下水离子多组分的变化特征及机制讨论[J].华北地震科学,1998,16(1):36-40.
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