富蕴断裂:低应变速率条件下断层滑动习性
摘要
富蕴断裂是阿尔泰地区低应变速率条件下的典型右旋走滑断层之一。野外考察和3个观测点的3D陆地LiDAR扫描DEM影像断错地貌恢复、重建,结合高分辨率卫星影像解译等进一步证实,1931年富蕴地震同震右旋走滑位移平均值为(6.3±1.2)m,且沿富蕴断裂向南北两端缓慢、平稳衰减,中部同震位移最大值为(6.7±0.5)m,而不是前人给出的10～14m;包含2～5次地震的同震累积位移值为1931年富蕴地震相同地点同震位移的整数倍,表明富蕴断裂大地震复发服从特征地震模型。2个观测点多级地貌面宇宙成因核素(10Be)系统测年数据,进一步限定富蕴断裂晚更新世以来的右旋走滑速率为(0.76±0.24)mm/a,大地震复发间隔(9700±3300)a。低滑动速率和长周期特征地震复发模型可能为板块间相互作用产生的远程应变效应的基本特征。
The Fuyun Fault is a typical right-lateral strike-slip fault in Altay region where the crustal strain rate is very low. Field observations and restoration of horizontal offsets from the 3D LiDAR data obtained from 3 sites along the Funyun Fault further confirm that the average coseismic right-lateral slip of the 1931 Fuyun earthquake is (6.3±1.2)m,and the slip distribution is unusually flat over its entire length of the Fuyun Fault. The maximum slip is only (6.7±0.5)m under the Karaxingar Range,near to the central part of the surface rupture zone other than 10m to 14m as reported before. Co-located larger offsets,interpreted as cumulative offsets,allow us to define at least 4 more events in addition to the most recent. The cumulative slip distribution of each event seems to follow a similar flat pattern,supporting a characteristic earthquake model interpretation for the 5 last events. Several successive offset landforms are dated at 2 sites by cosmogenic dating method (10Be)to constrain the long-term right-lateral slip rate of (0.76±0.24)mm/a. An average characteristic slip of 6.3m,a maximum slip of ～6.7m and a slip rate of (0.76±0.24)mm/a yield a recurrence interval of (9 700±3 300)a. Then,great earthquakes on the Fuyun Fault,a right-lateral strike-slip fault follow a characteristic slip behavior with a low long-term slip rate and long recurrence interval,which is a faulting response to the far-field strain resulting from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
The Fuyun Fault is a typical right-lateral strike-slip fault in Altay region where the crustal strain rate is very low. Field observations and restoration of horizontal offsets from the 3D LiDAR data obtained from 3 sites along the Funyun Fault further confirm that the average coseismic right-lateral slip of the 1931 Fuyun earthquake is (6.3±1.2)m,and the slip distribution is unusually flat over its entire length of the Fuyun Fault. The maximum slip is only (6.7±0.5)m under the Karaxingar Range,near to the central part of the surface rupture zone other than 10m to 14m as reported before. Co-located larger offsets,interpreted as cumulative offsets,allow us to define at least 4 more events in addition to the most recent. The cumulative slip distribution of each event seems to follow a similar flat pattern,supporting a characteristic earthquake model interpretation for the 5 last events. Several successive offset landforms are dated at 2 sites by cosmogenic dating method (10Be)to constrain the long-term right-lateral slip rate of (0.76±0.24)mm/a. An average characteristic slip of 6.3m,a maximum slip of ～6.7m and a slip rate of (0.76±0.24)mm/a yield a recurrence interval of (9 700±3 300)a. Then,great earthquakes on the Fuyun Fault,a right-lateral strike-slip fault follow a characteristic slip behavior with a low long-term slip rate and long recurrence interval,which is a faulting response to the far-field strain resulting from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
引文
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Barka A,Akyu¨z H S,Altunel E,et al.2002.The surface rupture and slip distribution of the17August1999Izmitearthquake(M7.4),North Anatolian Fault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(1):43—60.
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Deng Q,Zhang P.1984.Research on the geometry of shear fracture zones[J].J Geophys Res,89(B7):5699—5710.
Deng Q,Zhang P,Xu X,et al.1996.Paleoseismology of the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains,northwestern Chi-na[J].J Geophys Res,101(No.B3):5895—5920.
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Klinger Y,Etchebes M,Tapponnier P,et al.2011.Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault inChina[J].Nature Geoscience,4:389—392.
Kirby E,Harkins N,E-Q Wang,et al.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,26,TC2010.doi:10.1029/2006TC002033.
Lin A,Lin S J.1998.Tree damage and surface displacement:The1931M8.0Fuyun earthquake[J].Journal of Geolo-gy,106(6):751—758.
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia:Effects of a Continental Collision[J].Science,189(4201):419—426.
Nissena E,Walkera R T,Bayasgalanb A,et al.2009.The late Quaternary slip-rate of the Har-Us-Nuur Fault(MongolianAltai)from cosmogenic10Be and luminescence dating[J].EPSL286(3-4):467—478.
Ozacar A A,Beck S L,2004.The2002Denali Fault and2001Kunlun Fault earthquakes:Complex rupture processes oftwo large strike-slip events[J].Bull Seismol Soci Amer,94:278—292.
Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.1984.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:Examples from the Wasatch andSan Andreas Fault zones[J].J Geophy Res,89(B7):5681—5698.
Shi J,Feng X,Ge S,et al.1984.The Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,China[A].In:A Collection of Papersof International Symposium on Continental Seismicity and Earthquake Prediction.Seismological Press,Beijing.325—346.
Sieh K.1996.The repetition of large earthquake ruptures[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,93:3764—3771.
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1979.Active faulting in and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mogolia,and Baykal regions [J].Journal of Geophysical Research,84(B7):3425—3459.
Van Der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.2002.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of theKunlun Fault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].GJI,148(3):356—388.
Vassallo R.2006.Chronologie etévolution des reliefs dans la région de Mongolie-sibérie:Approche morphotectonique etgéochronologique(in French)[D].Ph D thesis,UniversitéMontpellier2.
Wang Q,et al.2001.Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System measurements[J].Science,294:574—577.
Xu Xiwei,Deng Qidong.1996.Nonlinear characteristics of paleoseismicity in China[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search,101(B3):6209—6231.
Xu X,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,et al.2005.Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Tagh Fault and itsstructural transformation model[J].Science in China(Ser D),Earth Sciences,48(3):384—397.
Xu X,Wen X,Yu G,et al.2009.Co-seismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008MW7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,37(6):515—518.
Xu X,Wenbin Chen,Wentao Ma,et al.,2002.Surface rupture of the Kunlun earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetanplateau,China[J].Seismological Research Letters,73(6):884—892.
Xu X,Yu G,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Re-evaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8),northern Tibetan plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,vol.111,B05316.doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Yeats R S,Sieh K E,Allen C R.1997.The geology of earthquakes[M].Oxford University Press New York.
Zielke O,Arrosmith J,Grant Ludwig L,et al.2010.Slip in the1857and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizoplain,San Andreas Fault[J].Science,327:1119—1122.
孙鑫喆,徐锡伟,陈立春,等.2012.2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义[J].地球物理学报,55(1):155—170.SUN Xin-zhe,XU Xi-wei,CHEN Li-chun,et al.2012.Surface rupture features of the2010Yushu earthquake and itstectonic implication[J].Chinese J Geophys,55(1):155—170(in Chinese).doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001—5733.2012.01.015.
新疆维吾尔自治区地震局.1985.富蕴地震断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.206.Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.1985.The Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,Chi-na[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.206(in Chinese).
杨章,戈澍谟.1980.对1931年新疆富蕴地震断裂带及构造运动特征的初步认识[J].地震地质,2(3):31—37.YANG Zhang,GE Shu-mo.1980.Preliminary study of the fracture zone by1931Fuyun earthquake and the features ofNeotectonic movement[J].Seismology and Geology,2(3):31—37(in Chinese).
杨章,戈澍谟.1982.中国富蕴地震断裂带的研究[J].国际地震动态,(9):17—18.YANG Zhang,GE Shu-mo.1982.The research of Fuyun fault in China[J].Recent Developments in World Seismol-ogy,(9):17—18(in Chinese).
张培震,李传友,毛凤英.2008.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J].地震地质,30(1):44—57.ZHANG Pei-zhen,LI Chuan-you,MAO Feng-ying.2008.Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):44—57(in Chinese).
张之武,付碧宏,Yasuo Awata.2008.新疆阿尔泰山南部富蕴右旋走滑断裂带晚第四纪错断水系的遥感分析研究[J].第四纪研究,28(2):273—279.ZHANG Zhi-wu,FU Bi-hong,Awata Y.2008.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets along the Funyun right-lateralstrike-slip fault,Altay Mountains,China[J].Quateranry Sciences,28(2):273—279(in Chinese).
Baljinnyam I,Bayasgalan A,Borisov B,et al.1993.Ruptures of major earthquakes and active deformation in Mongoliaand its surroundings[J].Geological Society of America Memoir,181:1—62.
Barka A,Akyu¨z H S,Altunel E,et al.2002.The surface rupture and slip distribution of the17August1999Izmitearthquake(M7.4),North Anatolian Fault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(1):43—60.
Braucher R,Del Castillo P,Siame L,et al.2009.Determination of both exposure time and denudation rate from an insitu-produced10Be depth profile:A mathematical proof of uniquencess.Model sensitivity and applications to natu-ral cases[J].Quaternary Geochronology,4(1):56—67.
Calais E,Vergnolle M,San'kov V.2003.GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area(1994-2002):Implications for current kinematics of Asia[J].J Geophys Res,108(B10):2501.doi:10.1029/2002JB002373,2003.
Deng Q,Zhang P.1984.Research on the geometry of shear fracture zones[J].J Geophys Res,89(B7):5699—5710.
Deng Q,Zhang P,Xu X,et al.1996.Paleoseismology of the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains,northwestern Chi-na[J].J Geophys Res,101(No.B3):5895—5920.
Gosse J C,Phillips F M.2001.Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides:Theory and application[J].Quaternary Sci-ence Reviews,20(14):1475—1560.
Holt W E,Chamot-rooke N,Le Pichon X,et al.2000.Velocity field in Asia inferred from Quaternary fault slip rates andGlobal Positioning System observations[J].J Geophys Res,105(B8):19185—19209.
Klinger Y,Etchebes M,Tapponnier P,et al.2011.Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault inChina[J].Nature Geoscience,4:389—392.
Kirby E,Harkins N,E-Q Wang,et al.2007.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,26,TC2010.doi:10.1029/2006TC002033.
Lin A,Lin S J.1998.Tree damage and surface displacement:The1931M8.0Fuyun earthquake[J].Journal of Geolo-gy,106(6):751—758.
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia:Effects of a Continental Collision[J].Science,189(4201):419—426.
Nissena E,Walkera R T,Bayasgalanb A,et al.2009.The late Quaternary slip-rate of the Har-Us-Nuur Fault(MongolianAltai)from cosmogenic10Be and luminescence dating[J].EPSL286(3-4):467—478.
Ozacar A A,Beck S L,2004.The2002Denali Fault and2001Kunlun Fault earthquakes:Complex rupture processes oftwo large strike-slip events[J].Bull Seismol Soci Amer,94:278—292.
Schwartz D P,Coppersmith K J.1984.Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes:Examples from the Wasatch andSan Andreas Fault zones[J].J Geophy Res,89(B7):5681—5698.
Shi J,Feng X,Ge S,et al.1984.The Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,China[A].In:A Collection of Papersof International Symposium on Continental Seismicity and Earthquake Prediction.Seismological Press,Beijing.325—346.
Sieh K.1996.The repetition of large earthquake ruptures[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,93:3764—3771.
Tapponnier P,Molnar P.1979.Active faulting in and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mogolia,and Baykal regions [J].Journal of Geophysical Research,84(B7):3425—3459.
Van Der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,et al.2002.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of theKunlun Fault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J].GJI,148(3):356—388.
Vassallo R.2006.Chronologie etévolution des reliefs dans la région de Mongolie-sibérie:Approche morphotectonique etgéochronologique(in French)[D].Ph D thesis,UniversitéMontpellier2.
Wang Q,et al.2001.Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System measurements[J].Science,294:574—577.
Xu Xiwei,Deng Qidong.1996.Nonlinear characteristics of paleoseismicity in China[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search,101(B3):6209—6231.
Xu X,Tapponnier P,Van Der Woerd J,et al.2005.Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Tagh Fault and itsstructural transformation model[J].Science in China(Ser D),Earth Sciences,48(3):384—397.
Xu X,Wen X,Yu G,et al.2009.Co-seismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008MW7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,37(6):515—518.
Xu X,Wenbin Chen,Wentao Ma,et al.,2002.Surface rupture of the Kunlun earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetanplateau,China[J].Seismological Research Letters,73(6):884—892.
Xu X,Yu G,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Re-evaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7.8),northern Tibetan plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,vol.111,B05316.doi:10.1029/2004JB003488.
Yeats R S,Sieh K E,Allen C R.1997.The geology of earthquakes[M].Oxford University Press New York.
Zielke O,Arrosmith J,Grant Ludwig L,et al.2010.Slip in the1857and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizoplain,San Andreas Fault[J].Science,327:1119—1122.
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