断层岩气体渗透率及Klinkenberg效应
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摘要
在围压2~40MPa变化范围内,以恒流法多次变化上游压力测量了以断层岩为主的样品的气体(N2)渗透率,将实验结果进行了Klinkenberg效应校正。对实验数据的拟合分析表明,滑脱因子b值与绝对渗透率kl存在b=λkl-d形式的幂律关系,断层岩符合b=0.004 6kl-0.476的变化关系。与沉积岩相比,断层岩的气体滑脱效应更强,采用气体测量渗透率时,其滑脱效应不能忽略。断层岩气体渗透率和绝对渗透率与测量所用的孔隙压力间的关系为kg/kl=1+(0.009 2kl-0.476)/(Pu+Pd)。结果表明样品渗透率越低,滑脱效应越强,提高孔隙压力,滑脱效应逐渐减小;对于高渗(10-15m2~10-18m2)的样品,高孔隙压力下(4MPa以上)的气体渗透率与绝对渗透率基本一致,对于超低渗(10-22m2~10-20m2)的样品,即使提高孔隙压力亦很难避免滑脱效应。在40MPa有效压力下断层泥样品的绝对渗透率为4.54×10-19m2~2.43×10-17m2,角砾岩的绝对渗透率较断层泥高出1~2个数量级,为2.25×10-17m2~7.94×10-16m2,表明汶川地震断层带具有核部低、破碎带高的渗透结构,断层带核部具备热压作用发生所要求的低渗条件。
The nitrogen gas permeabilities of fault rocks were measured under confining pressure ranging from 4 to 40 MPa. At each confining pressure step,we changed the upstream pressure several times and measured the permeability. The measured gas results were then corrected by Klinkenberg's equation. Relationship between slippage factor b and intrinsic permeability klcan be described by a power law correlation expressed as b = 0. 004 6kl- 0. 476. Compared with sedimentary rocks,the gas slippage effect of fault rocks is stronger,which should not be ignored when using gas as a medium for permeability experiments. The relationship between gas permeability,intrinsic permeability and pore pressure is expressed as kg/ kl= 1 +( 0. 009 2kl- 0. 476) /( Pu+ Pd). Results show that the lower the permeability of rocks is,the stronger the Klinkenberg effect is. Additionally,the slippage effect decreases as pore pressure increases. For the relative permeable( 10- 15m2~ 10- 18m2) samples,their gas permeabilities are almost identical to intrinsic permeabilities under relative higher pore pressure condition( higher than 4MPa). However,for the ultra-low permeable( 10- 22m2~ 10- 20m2) samples,it's difficult to avoid the slippage effect although under high pore pressure condition. The intrinsic permeability of fault gouge samples ranges between 4. 54 × 10- 19m2 and 2. 43 × 10- 17m2,and those of the breccia samples are higher by 1 ~ 2 orders of magnitude which range between 2. 25 × 10- 17m2and7. 94 × 10- 16m2. These results demonstrate that the permeability structure of Wenchuan earthquake fault zone is characterized by a low permeable fault core and relative higher permeable damaged zone.The fault zone has the characteristics of low permeability for thermal pressurization.
The nitrogen gas permeabilities of fault rocks were measured under confining pressure ranging from 4 to 40 MPa. At each confining pressure step,we changed the upstream pressure several times and measured the permeability. The measured gas results were then corrected by Klinkenberg's equation. Relationship between slippage factor b and intrinsic permeability klcan be described by a power law correlation expressed as b = 0. 004 6kl- 0. 476. Compared with sedimentary rocks,the gas slippage effect of fault rocks is stronger,which should not be ignored when using gas as a medium for permeability experiments. The relationship between gas permeability,intrinsic permeability and pore pressure is expressed as kg/ kl= 1 +( 0. 009 2kl- 0. 476) /( Pu+ Pd). Results show that the lower the permeability of rocks is,the stronger the Klinkenberg effect is. Additionally,the slippage effect decreases as pore pressure increases. For the relative permeable( 10- 15m2~ 10- 18m2) samples,their gas permeabilities are almost identical to intrinsic permeabilities under relative higher pore pressure condition( higher than 4MPa). However,for the ultra-low permeable( 10- 22m2~ 10- 20m2) samples,it's difficult to avoid the slippage effect although under high pore pressure condition. The intrinsic permeability of fault gouge samples ranges between 4. 54 × 10- 19m2 and 2. 43 × 10- 17m2,and those of the breccia samples are higher by 1 ~ 2 orders of magnitude which range between 2. 25 × 10- 17m2and7. 94 × 10- 16m2. These results demonstrate that the permeability structure of Wenchuan earthquake fault zone is characterized by a low permeable fault core and relative higher permeable damaged zone.The fault zone has the characteristics of low permeability for thermal pressurization.
引文
陈建业,杨晓松,党嘉祥,等.2011.汶川地震断层带结构及渗透率[J].地球物理学报,54(7):1805—1816.CHEN Jian-ye,YANG Xiao-song,DANG Jia-xiang,et al.2011.Internal structure and permeability of Wenchuanearthquake fault[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,54(7):1805—1816(in Chinese).
陈建业,杨晓松.2012.地震断层的渗透性[J].地学前缘,19(4):30—40.CHEN Jian-ye,YANG Xiao-song.2012.Permeability of earthquake faults[J].Earth Science Frontiers,19(4):30—40(in Chinese).
陈卫忠,杨建平,伍国军,等.2008.低渗透介质渗透性实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(2):236—243.CHEN Wei-zhong,YANG Jian-ping,WU Guo-jun,et al.2008.Experimental study on permeability in lowpermeability media[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(2):236—243(in Chinese).
陈颙,黄庭芳,刘恩儒.2009.岩石物理学[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.CHEN Yong,HUANG Ting-fang,LIU En-ru.2009.Rock Physics[M].Press of University of Science andTechnology of China,Hefei(in Chinese).
段庆宝,杨晓松.2014.汶川地震断层岩气体和液体渗透率实验研究[J].中国科学(D),44(10):2274—2284.doi:10.1007/s11430-014-4948-7.DUAN Qing-bao,YANG Xiao-song.2014.Gas and water permeability of Wenchuan earthquake fault rocks[J].Science in China(D),57(11):2825—2834.
于丽艳,潘一山,肖晓春,等.2011.低渗煤层气藏气体Klinkenberg效应试验研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,22(2):15—19.YU Li-yan,PAN Yi-shan,XIAO Xiao-chun,et al.2011.Experiment on methane Klinkenberg effects in low coalreserve[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,22(2):15—19(in Chinese).
朱益华,陶果,方伟,等.2007.低渗气藏中气体渗流Klinkenberg效应研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,22(5):1591—1596.ZHU Yi-hua,TAO Guo,FANG Wei,et al.2007.Research progress of the Klinkenberg effect in tight gas reservoir[J].Progress in Geophysics,22(5):1591—1596(in Chinese).
Andrews D J.2002.A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid[J].J GeophysRes,107(B12):2363.doi:10.1029/2002JB001942.
BernabéY,Brace W,Evans B.1982.Permeability,porosity and pore geometry of hot-pressed calcite[J].Mechanics of Materials,1(3):173—183.
Bizzarri A,Cocco M.2006.A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a threedimensional fault:1.Methodological approach[J].J Geophys Res,111(B5).doi:10.1029/2005JB003862.
Brace W F,Walsh J B,Frangos W T.1968.Permeability of granite under high pressure[J].J Geophys Res,73:2225—2236.
Byerlee J.1993.Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes[J].Geology,21:303—306.
Caine J S,Evans J P,Forster C B.1996.Fault zone architecture and permeability structure[J].Geology,24:1025—1028.
Chen J Y,Yang X S,Duan Q B,et al.2013a.Importance of thermochemical pressurization in the dynamic weakeningof the Longmenshan Fault during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake:Inferences from experiments and modeling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,118:4145—4169.
Chen J Y,Yang X S,Yao L,et al.2013b.Frictional and transport properties of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake faultzone:Implications for coseismic slip-weakening mechanisms[J].Tectonophysics,63:237—256.
Chu C,Wang C,Lin W.1981.Permeability and frictional properties of San Andreas fault gouges[J].Geophys ResLett,8(6):565—568.
Cosenza P,Ghoreychia M,Bazargan-Sabeta B,et al.1999.In situ rock salt permeability measurement for long termsafety assessment of storage[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,36(4):509—526.
David C,Wong T-F,Zhu W,et al.1994.Laboratory measurement of compaction-induced permeability change inporous rocks:Implications for the generation and maintenance of pore pressure excess in the crust[J].Pure andApplied Geophysics.143:425—456.
Evans J P,Forster C B,Goddard J V.1997.Permeability of fault-related rocks,and implications for hydraulicstructure of fault zone[J].Journal of Structural Geology 19:1393—1404.
Faulkner D R,Rutter E H.2000.Comparisons of water and argon permeability in natural clay-bearing fault gougeunder high pressure at 20℃[J].J Geophys Res,15:16415—16426.
Faulkner D R,Rutter E H.2003.The effect of temperature,the nature of the pore fluid,and subyield differentialstress on the permeability of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouge[J].J Geophys Res,108(B5).doi:10.1029/2001JB001581.
Freeman D L,Bush D C.1983.Low-permeability laboratory measurements by nonsteady-state and conventionalmethods[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,23(6):928—936.
Heid J G,Mc Mahon J J,Nielson R F,et al.1950.Study of the permeability of rocks to homogeneous fluids[J].Drilling and Production Practice,230.
Janssen C,Wirth R,Reinicke A,et al.2011.Nanoscale porosity in SAFOD core samples(San Andreas Fault)[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,31:179—189.
Jones F O,Owens W W.1980.A laboratory study of low-permeability gas sands[J].J Pet Technol,32(9):1631—1640.
Jones S C,Stanley C.1972.Rapid accurate unsteady-state Klinkenberg permeameter[J].Society of PetroleumEngineers Journal,12(5):383—397.
Jones S C.1987.Using the inertial coefficient B to characterize heterogeneity in reservoir rock[A].In:SPE AnnualTechnical Conference and Exhibition.doi.org/10.2118/16949-MS.
Klinkenberg L J.1941.The permeability of porous media to liquids and gases[J].Am Pet Inst Drill Prod Pract,200—213.
Liu Yue-wu,Zhou Fu-xin,Yan Guang-wu.2003.Lattice Boltzmann simulations of the Klinkenberg effect in porousmedia[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Physics,20(2):157—160.
Lockner D A,Naka H,Tanaka H.et al.2000.Permeability and strength of core samples from the Nojima Fault of the1995 Kobe earthquake[A].In:Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Nojima Fault Core andBorehole Data Analysis.US Geol Sur.pp22—23.
Miller S A.2002.Inferring fault strength from earthquake rupture properties and the tectonic implications of high porepressure faulting[J].Earth Planets Space,54:1173—1179.
Mizoguchi K,Hirose T,Shimamoto T.et al.2008.Internal structure and permeability of the Nojima Fault,southwestJapan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,30:513—524.
Morrow C A,Shi L Q,Byerlee J D.1981.Permeability and strength of San Andreas fault gouge under high pressure[J].Geophysical Research Letters,8:325—328.
Morrow C A,Shi L Q,Byerlee J D,1984.Permeability of fault gouge under confining pressure and shear stress[J].J Geophys Res,89:3193—3200.
Morrow C A,Byerlee J D.1992.Permeability of core samples from Cajon Pass Scientific Drill Hole:Results from2100 to 3 500m depth[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,97(B4):5145—5151.
Persoff P,Hulen J B.2001.Hydrologic characterization of reservoir metagraywacke from shallow and deep levels of thegeysers vapor-dominated geothermal system,California,USA[J].Geothermics,30:169—192.
Rice J R.1992.Fault stress states,pore pressure distributions,and the weakness of the San Andreas Fault[A].In:Evans B and Wong T F(eds).Earthquake Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks,London.AcademicPress.pp475—503.
Rice J R.2006.Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip[J].J Geophys Res,111(B5).doi:10.1029/2005JB004006.
Rushing J A,Newsham K E,Lasswell P M.et al.2004.Klinkenberg-corrected permeability measurements in tightgas sands:Steady-state versus unsteady-state techniques[A].In:SPE Annual Technical Conference andExhibition.doi:10.2118/89867-MS.
Rushing J A,Newsham K E,Van Fraassen K C.2003.Measurement of the two phase gas slippage phenomenon andits effect on gas relative permeability in tight gas sands[A].In:SPE Annual Technical Conference andExhibition.doi.org/10.2118/84297-MS.
Sampath K,Keighin C W.1982.Factors affecting gas slippage in tight sandstones of Cretaceous age in the Uinta Basin[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,34(11):2715—2720.
Shi Y,Wang C Y.1986.Pore pressure generation in sedimentary basins:Overloading versus aquathermal[J].JGeophys Res,91(B2):2153—2162.
Sibson R H.1992.Implications of fault-valve behavior for rupture nucleation and recurrence[J].Tectonophysics,211:283—293.
Sibson R H.1973.Interaction between temperature and pore-fluid pressure during earthquake faulting—A mechanismfor partial or total stress relief[J].Nature,243:66—68.doi:10.1038/physci243066a0.
Tanikawa W,Shimamoto T.2009.Comparison of Klinkenberg-corrected gas permeability and water permeability insedimentary rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,46(2):229—238.
Wibberley C A,Shimamoto T.2005.Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization[J].Nature,436:689—692.
Wu Y S,Pruess K,Persoff P.1998.Gas flow in porous media with Klinkenberg effects[J].Transport in PorousMedia,32(1):117—137.
Zhang M,Takeda M,Esaki T,et al.2001.Effects of confining pressure on gas and water permeabilities of rocks[A].In:Mat Res Soc Symp Proceedings.Cambridge University Press.pp851.
Zoback D M,Byerlee D J.1975.The effect of microcrack dilatancy on the permeability of westerly granite[J].JGeophys Res,80(5):752—755.
陈建业,杨晓松.2012.地震断层的渗透性[J].地学前缘,19(4):30—40.CHEN Jian-ye,YANG Xiao-song.2012.Permeability of earthquake faults[J].Earth Science Frontiers,19(4):30—40(in Chinese).
陈卫忠,杨建平,伍国军,等.2008.低渗透介质渗透性实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(2):236—243.CHEN Wei-zhong,YANG Jian-ping,WU Guo-jun,et al.2008.Experimental study on permeability in lowpermeability media[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(2):236—243(in Chinese).
陈颙,黄庭芳,刘恩儒.2009.岩石物理学[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.CHEN Yong,HUANG Ting-fang,LIU En-ru.2009.Rock Physics[M].Press of University of Science andTechnology of China,Hefei(in Chinese).
段庆宝,杨晓松.2014.汶川地震断层岩气体和液体渗透率实验研究[J].中国科学(D),44(10):2274—2284.doi:10.1007/s11430-014-4948-7.DUAN Qing-bao,YANG Xiao-song.2014.Gas and water permeability of Wenchuan earthquake fault rocks[J].Science in China(D),57(11):2825—2834.
于丽艳,潘一山,肖晓春,等.2011.低渗煤层气藏气体Klinkenberg效应试验研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,22(2):15—19.YU Li-yan,PAN Yi-shan,XIAO Xiao-chun,et al.2011.Experiment on methane Klinkenberg effects in low coalreserve[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,22(2):15—19(in Chinese).
朱益华,陶果,方伟,等.2007.低渗气藏中气体渗流Klinkenberg效应研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,22(5):1591—1596.ZHU Yi-hua,TAO Guo,FANG Wei,et al.2007.Research progress of the Klinkenberg effect in tight gas reservoir[J].Progress in Geophysics,22(5):1591—1596(in Chinese).
Andrews D J.2002.A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid[J].J GeophysRes,107(B12):2363.doi:10.1029/2002JB001942.
BernabéY,Brace W,Evans B.1982.Permeability,porosity and pore geometry of hot-pressed calcite[J].Mechanics of Materials,1(3):173—183.
Bizzarri A,Cocco M.2006.A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a threedimensional fault:1.Methodological approach[J].J Geophys Res,111(B5).doi:10.1029/2005JB003862.
Brace W F,Walsh J B,Frangos W T.1968.Permeability of granite under high pressure[J].J Geophys Res,73:2225—2236.
Byerlee J.1993.Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes[J].Geology,21:303—306.
Caine J S,Evans J P,Forster C B.1996.Fault zone architecture and permeability structure[J].Geology,24:1025—1028.
Chen J Y,Yang X S,Duan Q B,et al.2013a.Importance of thermochemical pressurization in the dynamic weakeningof the Longmenshan Fault during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake:Inferences from experiments and modeling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,118:4145—4169.
Chen J Y,Yang X S,Yao L,et al.2013b.Frictional and transport properties of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake faultzone:Implications for coseismic slip-weakening mechanisms[J].Tectonophysics,63:237—256.
Chu C,Wang C,Lin W.1981.Permeability and frictional properties of San Andreas fault gouges[J].Geophys ResLett,8(6):565—568.
Cosenza P,Ghoreychia M,Bazargan-Sabeta B,et al.1999.In situ rock salt permeability measurement for long termsafety assessment of storage[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,36(4):509—526.
David C,Wong T-F,Zhu W,et al.1994.Laboratory measurement of compaction-induced permeability change inporous rocks:Implications for the generation and maintenance of pore pressure excess in the crust[J].Pure andApplied Geophysics.143:425—456.
Evans J P,Forster C B,Goddard J V.1997.Permeability of fault-related rocks,and implications for hydraulicstructure of fault zone[J].Journal of Structural Geology 19:1393—1404.
Faulkner D R,Rutter E H.2000.Comparisons of water and argon permeability in natural clay-bearing fault gougeunder high pressure at 20℃[J].J Geophys Res,15:16415—16426.
Faulkner D R,Rutter E H.2003.The effect of temperature,the nature of the pore fluid,and subyield differentialstress on the permeability of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouge[J].J Geophys Res,108(B5).doi:10.1029/2001JB001581.
Freeman D L,Bush D C.1983.Low-permeability laboratory measurements by nonsteady-state and conventionalmethods[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,23(6):928—936.
Heid J G,Mc Mahon J J,Nielson R F,et al.1950.Study of the permeability of rocks to homogeneous fluids[J].Drilling and Production Practice,230.
Janssen C,Wirth R,Reinicke A,et al.2011.Nanoscale porosity in SAFOD core samples(San Andreas Fault)[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,31:179—189.
Jones F O,Owens W W.1980.A laboratory study of low-permeability gas sands[J].J Pet Technol,32(9):1631—1640.
Jones S C,Stanley C.1972.Rapid accurate unsteady-state Klinkenberg permeameter[J].Society of PetroleumEngineers Journal,12(5):383—397.
Jones S C.1987.Using the inertial coefficient B to characterize heterogeneity in reservoir rock[A].In:SPE AnnualTechnical Conference and Exhibition.doi.org/10.2118/16949-MS.
Klinkenberg L J.1941.The permeability of porous media to liquids and gases[J].Am Pet Inst Drill Prod Pract,200—213.
Liu Yue-wu,Zhou Fu-xin,Yan Guang-wu.2003.Lattice Boltzmann simulations of the Klinkenberg effect in porousmedia[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Physics,20(2):157—160.
Lockner D A,Naka H,Tanaka H.et al.2000.Permeability and strength of core samples from the Nojima Fault of the1995 Kobe earthquake[A].In:Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Nojima Fault Core andBorehole Data Analysis.US Geol Sur.pp22—23.
Miller S A.2002.Inferring fault strength from earthquake rupture properties and the tectonic implications of high porepressure faulting[J].Earth Planets Space,54:1173—1179.
Mizoguchi K,Hirose T,Shimamoto T.et al.2008.Internal structure and permeability of the Nojima Fault,southwestJapan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,30:513—524.
Morrow C A,Shi L Q,Byerlee J D.1981.Permeability and strength of San Andreas fault gouge under high pressure[J].Geophysical Research Letters,8:325—328.
Morrow C A,Shi L Q,Byerlee J D,1984.Permeability of fault gouge under confining pressure and shear stress[J].J Geophys Res,89:3193—3200.
Morrow C A,Byerlee J D.1992.Permeability of core samples from Cajon Pass Scientific Drill Hole:Results from2100 to 3 500m depth[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,97(B4):5145—5151.
Persoff P,Hulen J B.2001.Hydrologic characterization of reservoir metagraywacke from shallow and deep levels of thegeysers vapor-dominated geothermal system,California,USA[J].Geothermics,30:169—192.
Rice J R.1992.Fault stress states,pore pressure distributions,and the weakness of the San Andreas Fault[A].In:Evans B and Wong T F(eds).Earthquake Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks,London.AcademicPress.pp475—503.
Rice J R.2006.Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip[J].J Geophys Res,111(B5).doi:10.1029/2005JB004006.
Rushing J A,Newsham K E,Lasswell P M.et al.2004.Klinkenberg-corrected permeability measurements in tightgas sands:Steady-state versus unsteady-state techniques[A].In:SPE Annual Technical Conference andExhibition.doi:10.2118/89867-MS.
Rushing J A,Newsham K E,Van Fraassen K C.2003.Measurement of the two phase gas slippage phenomenon andits effect on gas relative permeability in tight gas sands[A].In:SPE Annual Technical Conference andExhibition.doi.org/10.2118/84297-MS.
Sampath K,Keighin C W.1982.Factors affecting gas slippage in tight sandstones of Cretaceous age in the Uinta Basin[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,34(11):2715—2720.
Shi Y,Wang C Y.1986.Pore pressure generation in sedimentary basins:Overloading versus aquathermal[J].JGeophys Res,91(B2):2153—2162.
Sibson R H.1992.Implications of fault-valve behavior for rupture nucleation and recurrence[J].Tectonophysics,211:283—293.
Sibson R H.1973.Interaction between temperature and pore-fluid pressure during earthquake faulting—A mechanismfor partial or total stress relief[J].Nature,243:66—68.doi:10.1038/physci243066a0.
Tanikawa W,Shimamoto T.2009.Comparison of Klinkenberg-corrected gas permeability and water permeability insedimentary rocks[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,46(2):229—238.
Wibberley C A,Shimamoto T.2005.Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization[J].Nature,436:689—692.
Wu Y S,Pruess K,Persoff P.1998.Gas flow in porous media with Klinkenberg effects[J].Transport in PorousMedia,32(1):117—137.
Zhang M,Takeda M,Esaki T,et al.2001.Effects of confining pressure on gas and water permeabilities of rocks[A].In:Mat Res Soc Symp Proceedings.Cambridge University Press.pp851.
Zoback D M,Byerlee D J.1975.The effect of microcrack dilatancy on the permeability of westerly granite[J].JGeophys Res,80(5):752—755.
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