正演模拟技术在地震采集设计中的应用
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摘要
随着地震勘探开发的不断深入和发展,地震勘探的主战场逐渐向复杂地区转移.复杂地区既指地表条件复杂的地区,也指地下地质构造和地层条件复杂的地区,这些都对地震勘探提出了新的挑战和更高的要求.地震正演模拟正是开展此类问题研究的一个重要手段和方法.目前市场上具有正演模拟功能的软件大多是根据射线理论采用射线追踪的方法来完成正演模拟的,这种方法不能很好地反映地震波的动力学特征,特别是在复杂地区难以得到正确的结果.本文利用高阶有限差分有效克服了常规有限差分算法求解波动方程的频散问题,并以高效的OpenMP并行计算模式进行了并行优化,较大程度上提高了正演计算的速度和精度;同时实现了二阶Higdon边界条件,改善了边界吸收效果;也在一定程度上提高了计算速度.塔中地区主要目的层埋藏深,逆断层发育,地震反射特征复杂,增加了地震勘探的难度.本文依据该地区的地质模型,利用波动方程正演技术论证了该地区的地震采集观测系统,为该区地震采集观测系统的设计提供了科学依据.
With the further development of seismic exploration and exploitation,the main field of seismic exploration is gradually turned to the complex regions,which not only refer to the areas with complex surface conditions,such as mountainous region,hill,Gobi,desert,loess covered terrains and so on;but also refer to the areas with complex subsurface geological structure and complex formation conditions,such as complex fault block areas in the east China,overthrust zones in western China and coal bed blind zones in Ili basin etc.New challenges and higher requirements are made on seismic exploration by all these.Aiming at difficulties which face in seismic exploration,seismic forward modeling is an important means and methods to perform the study of such problems.For time being the software in the worldwide market which has the function of seismic forward modeling mostly uses the method of ray-tracing to complete forward modeling based on the ray theory,which cannot reflect well dynamics characteristic of seismic wave,therefore correct results can't be obtained in the complex area.Although forward modeling module was used based on sonic wave equation for some kinds of software,second-order finite difference was used,the speed is therefore slow,and the precision is also low,it's difficult to be widely applied in real production.In this paper,by using high-order finite-difference,the dispersion problem of solving wave equation is effectively overcome compared with conventional finite-difference algorithm,and efficient OpenMP parallel computational model is used for parallel optimization,the speed and accuracy of forward calculation is improved to a large extent;meanwhile second-order Higdon boundary condition is realized and the effect of boundary absorption is improved to increase the computational speed to some extent too.The buried depth of main target layer in Tazhong region is very deep,reverse faults are developed in this region,the characteristics of seismic reflection are also complex,which increase the difficulty of seismic exploration in this region.Forward modeling is an important technology to carry out seismic method study in this area.In this paper based on the geological model in this region,geometry system of seismic acquisition is verified by using wave equation forward modeling technique,and a scientific basis is provided for seismic acquisition geometry design in this region.
With the further development of seismic exploration and exploitation,the main field of seismic exploration is gradually turned to the complex regions,which not only refer to the areas with complex surface conditions,such as mountainous region,hill,Gobi,desert,loess covered terrains and so on;but also refer to the areas with complex subsurface geological structure and complex formation conditions,such as complex fault block areas in the east China,overthrust zones in western China and coal bed blind zones in Ili basin etc.New challenges and higher requirements are made on seismic exploration by all these.Aiming at difficulties which face in seismic exploration,seismic forward modeling is an important means and methods to perform the study of such problems.For time being the software in the worldwide market which has the function of seismic forward modeling mostly uses the method of ray-tracing to complete forward modeling based on the ray theory,which cannot reflect well dynamics characteristic of seismic wave,therefore correct results can't be obtained in the complex area.Although forward modeling module was used based on sonic wave equation for some kinds of software,second-order finite difference was used,the speed is therefore slow,and the precision is also low,it's difficult to be widely applied in real production.In this paper,by using high-order finite-difference,the dispersion problem of solving wave equation is effectively overcome compared with conventional finite-difference algorithm,and efficient OpenMP parallel computational model is used for parallel optimization,the speed and accuracy of forward calculation is improved to a large extent;meanwhile second-order Higdon boundary condition is realized and the effect of boundary absorption is improved to increase the computational speed to some extent too.The buried depth of main target layer in Tazhong region is very deep,reverse faults are developed in this region,the characteristics of seismic reflection are also complex,which increase the difficulty of seismic exploration in this region.Forward modeling is an important technology to carry out seismic method study in this area.In this paper based on the geological model in this region,geometry system of seismic acquisition is verified by using wave equation forward modeling technique,and a scientific basis is provided for seismic acquisition geometry design in this region.
引文
[1]熊翥.复杂地区地震数据处理思路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.Xiong Z.Seismic data processing methods in complex areas[M].Beijing:Petroleum industry press,2002.
[2]张慧,李振春.基于双变网格算法的地震波正演模拟.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):77-86.Zhang H,Li Z C.Seismic wave simulation method based ondual-variable grid.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):77-86.
[3]裴正林.任意起伏地表弹性波方程交错网格高阶有限差分法数值模拟.石油球物理勘探,2004,39(6):629-634.Pei Z L.Numerical modeling using staggered-grid high-orderfinite-difference of elastic wave equation on arbitrary reliefsurface.OGP,2004,39(6):629-634.
[4]Igel H,Riollet B,Mora P.Accuracy of staggered 3-D finite-difference grids for anisotropic wave propagation.SEGExpanded Abstracts,1992:1244-1246.
[5]董良国,马在田等.一阶弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分解法.地球物理学报,2000,43(3):411-419.Dong L G,Ma Z T,et al.A staggered-grid high-orderdifference method of one-order elastic wave equation.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(3):411-419.
[6]张剑锋.弹性波数值模拟的非规则网格差分法.地球物理学报,1998,41(增刊):357-366.Zhang J F.Non-orthogonal grid finite-difference method fornumerical simulation of elastic wave propagation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,41(Expended):357-366.
[7]Tong F and Ken Larner.Elimination of numerical dispersion infinite-difference modeling and migration by flux-correctedtransport.Geophysics,1995,60(6):1830-1842.
[8]黄自萍.弹性波传播数值模拟的区域分裂法.地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1094-1100.Huang Z P.A domain decomposition method for numericalsimulation of the elastic wave propagation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6):1094-1100.
[9]Saenger E H,Gold N,Shapiro S A.Modeling the propagationof elastic waves using a modified finite-difference grid.Wavemotion,2000,21:77-92.
[10]皮红梅,蒋先艺,刘财等.波动方程数值模拟的三种方法及对比.地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):391-397.Pi H M,Jiang X Y,Liu C,et al.Three methods of waveequation forward modeling and comparisons.Progress inGeophysics,2009,24(2):391-397.
[11]毕玉英,杨宝俊.二维粘弹介质中完全波场正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(3):351-362.Bi Y Y,Yang B J.Forward modeling of full wave field in 2-Dviscoelastic medium.OGP,1995,30(3):351-362.
[12]奚先,姚姚.二维黏弹性随机介质中的波场特征.石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(4):381-387.Xi X,Yao Y.Characteristics of wave field in 2-D viscoelasticrandom medium.OGP,2004,39(4):381-387.
[13]孙卫涛.弹性波方程的有限差分数值方法[M].北京,:清华大学出版社,2009.Sun W T.The finite-difference method of elastic waveequation[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2009.
[14]Peter M,Manning,Gary F.Elastic finite difference modelingin two dimensions:stability and dispersion corrections.SEGInt'l Exposition and Annual Meeting,San Antonio,2001.
[15]金胜汶,陈必远,马在田.三维波动方程有限差分正演方法.地球物理学报,1994,37(06):804-810.Jin S W,Chen B Y,Ma Z T.Three-dimensional waveequation forward modelling by the finite-difference method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(06):804-810.
[16]李国平,姚逢昌,石玉梅,黄文锋,程利敏.有限差分法地震波数值模拟的几个关键问题.地球物理学进展,2011,26(2):469-476.Li G P,Yao F C,Shi Y Met al.Several key issues of finite-difference seismic wave numerical simulation.Progress inGeophysics,2011,V26(2):469-476.
[17]黄易,师学明,范建柯,胡文宝.并行计算技术及其在勘探地球物理学中的现状与展望.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):642-649.Huang Y,Shi X M,Fan J K,et al.Review on parallelcomputing and its application in exploration geophysics.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(2):642-649.
[18]李晓梅,任兵,宋君强.并行计算与偏微分方程数值解[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1990:216-217.Li X M,Ren B,Song J Q.Parallel computing and partialdifferential equation numerical solution[M].Changsha:National university of defense technology press,1990:216-217.
[19]王润秋,李兰兰,李会俭.塔里木地区勘探地震正演模拟研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1875-1882.Wang R Q,Li L L,Li H J.Forward modeling research forseismic exploration of Tarim area.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(8):1875-1882.
[20]秦广胜,蔡其新,汪功怀等.基于叠前成像的三维地震观测系统设计.地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):238-248.Qin G S,Cai Q X,Wang G H,et al.3DSeismic GeometryDesign Based on Pre-stack Imaging.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(1):238-248.
[21]赵虎,尹成,李瑞等.最优性价比的观测系统设计方法研究.地球物理学进展,2010,25(5):1692-1696.Zhao H,Yin C,Li R,et al.Study on the best cost-effectivemethod of geometry design.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(5):1692-1696.
[22]刘洋,李承楚,牟永光.任意偶数阶精度的有限差分法数值模拟.石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(1):1-10.Liu Y,Li C C,Mou Y G.Finite-difference numericalmodeling of any even-order accuracy.OGP,1998,33(1):1-10.
[23]刘志敏,包吉山.高阶有限差分地震波场正演.石油地球物理勘探,1989,24(1):1-5.Liu Z M,Bao J S.Seismic wave field forward modeling withhigh order finite-difference method.OGP,1989,24(1):1-5.
[24]E.艾斯纳.地震勘探中的超级计算机[M].石油工业出版社,1993:90-92.Eisner,E.Super computer in seismic exploration[M].Petroleum industry press,1993:90-92.
[25]何兵寿,张会星,韩令贺.弹性波方程正演的粗粒度并行算法.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):650-656.He B S,Zhang H X,Han L H.Forward modelling of elasticwave equation with coarse-grained parallel algorithm.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(2):650-656.
[26]Higdon,R.L.Absorbing boundary conditions for elastic waves.Geophysics,1991,56(2):231-241.
[27]Cerjan C,Kosloff D,Kosloff Ret al.A nonreflecting boundarycondition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equation.Geophysics,1985,50(4):705-708.
[28]Kosloff D and Baysal E.Forward modeling by a Fouriermethod.Geophysics,1982,47(10):1402-1412.
[29]Higdon R L.Numerical absorbing boundary conditions forthe wave equation.Math Comp.,1987,49:65-90.
[30]Clayton R,Engquist B.Absorbing boundary conditions foracoustic and elastic wave equations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1977,67(11):1529-1540.
[31]张继锋,汤井田,王烨,等.有限元模拟中边界条件对计算结果的影响.地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1905-1911.Zhang J F,Tang J T,Wang Y,et al.Effects of boundaryconditions on calculation result in finite element simulation.Progress in Geophysics,2009,24(5):1905-1911.
[32]李信富,李小凡,张美根.伪谱法弹性波场数值模拟中的边界条件.地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1375-1379.Li X F,Li X F,Zhang M G.Boundary condition forpseudospectral numerical simulation of seismic wavepropagation.Progress in Geophysics,2007,22(5):1375-1379.
[33]徐义,张剑锋.地震波数值模拟的非规则网格PML吸收边界.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1520-1526.Xu Y,Zhang J F.An irregular-grid perfectly matched layerabsorbing boundary for seismic wave modeling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1520-1526.
[34]谢桂生,刘洪,赵连功.伪谱法地震波正演模拟的多线程并行计算.地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):17-23.Xie G S,Liu H,Zhao L G.Parallel Algorithm based on themultithread technique for pseudospectal modeling of seismicwave.Progress in Geophysics,2005,20(1):17-23.
[2]张慧,李振春.基于双变网格算法的地震波正演模拟.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):77-86.Zhang H,Li Z C.Seismic wave simulation method based ondual-variable grid.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):77-86.
[3]裴正林.任意起伏地表弹性波方程交错网格高阶有限差分法数值模拟.石油球物理勘探,2004,39(6):629-634.Pei Z L.Numerical modeling using staggered-grid high-orderfinite-difference of elastic wave equation on arbitrary reliefsurface.OGP,2004,39(6):629-634.
[4]Igel H,Riollet B,Mora P.Accuracy of staggered 3-D finite-difference grids for anisotropic wave propagation.SEGExpanded Abstracts,1992:1244-1246.
[5]董良国,马在田等.一阶弹性波方程交错网格高阶差分解法.地球物理学报,2000,43(3):411-419.Dong L G,Ma Z T,et al.A staggered-grid high-orderdifference method of one-order elastic wave equation.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(3):411-419.
[6]张剑锋.弹性波数值模拟的非规则网格差分法.地球物理学报,1998,41(增刊):357-366.Zhang J F.Non-orthogonal grid finite-difference method fornumerical simulation of elastic wave propagation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,41(Expended):357-366.
[7]Tong F and Ken Larner.Elimination of numerical dispersion infinite-difference modeling and migration by flux-correctedtransport.Geophysics,1995,60(6):1830-1842.
[8]黄自萍.弹性波传播数值模拟的区域分裂法.地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1094-1100.Huang Z P.A domain decomposition method for numericalsimulation of the elastic wave propagation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6):1094-1100.
[9]Saenger E H,Gold N,Shapiro S A.Modeling the propagationof elastic waves using a modified finite-difference grid.Wavemotion,2000,21:77-92.
[10]皮红梅,蒋先艺,刘财等.波动方程数值模拟的三种方法及对比.地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):391-397.Pi H M,Jiang X Y,Liu C,et al.Three methods of waveequation forward modeling and comparisons.Progress inGeophysics,2009,24(2):391-397.
[11]毕玉英,杨宝俊.二维粘弹介质中完全波场正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(3):351-362.Bi Y Y,Yang B J.Forward modeling of full wave field in 2-Dviscoelastic medium.OGP,1995,30(3):351-362.
[12]奚先,姚姚.二维黏弹性随机介质中的波场特征.石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(4):381-387.Xi X,Yao Y.Characteristics of wave field in 2-D viscoelasticrandom medium.OGP,2004,39(4):381-387.
[13]孙卫涛.弹性波方程的有限差分数值方法[M].北京,:清华大学出版社,2009.Sun W T.The finite-difference method of elastic waveequation[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2009.
[14]Peter M,Manning,Gary F.Elastic finite difference modelingin two dimensions:stability and dispersion corrections.SEGInt'l Exposition and Annual Meeting,San Antonio,2001.
[15]金胜汶,陈必远,马在田.三维波动方程有限差分正演方法.地球物理学报,1994,37(06):804-810.Jin S W,Chen B Y,Ma Z T.Three-dimensional waveequation forward modelling by the finite-difference method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1994,37(06):804-810.
[16]李国平,姚逢昌,石玉梅,黄文锋,程利敏.有限差分法地震波数值模拟的几个关键问题.地球物理学进展,2011,26(2):469-476.Li G P,Yao F C,Shi Y Met al.Several key issues of finite-difference seismic wave numerical simulation.Progress inGeophysics,2011,V26(2):469-476.
[17]黄易,师学明,范建柯,胡文宝.并行计算技术及其在勘探地球物理学中的现状与展望.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):642-649.Huang Y,Shi X M,Fan J K,et al.Review on parallelcomputing and its application in exploration geophysics.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(2):642-649.
[18]李晓梅,任兵,宋君强.并行计算与偏微分方程数值解[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1990:216-217.Li X M,Ren B,Song J Q.Parallel computing and partialdifferential equation numerical solution[M].Changsha:National university of defense technology press,1990:216-217.
[19]王润秋,李兰兰,李会俭.塔里木地区勘探地震正演模拟研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1875-1882.Wang R Q,Li L L,Li H J.Forward modeling research forseismic exploration of Tarim area.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(8):1875-1882.
[20]秦广胜,蔡其新,汪功怀等.基于叠前成像的三维地震观测系统设计.地球物理学进展,2010,25(1):238-248.Qin G S,Cai Q X,Wang G H,et al.3DSeismic GeometryDesign Based on Pre-stack Imaging.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(1):238-248.
[21]赵虎,尹成,李瑞等.最优性价比的观测系统设计方法研究.地球物理学进展,2010,25(5):1692-1696.Zhao H,Yin C,Li R,et al.Study on the best cost-effectivemethod of geometry design.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(5):1692-1696.
[22]刘洋,李承楚,牟永光.任意偶数阶精度的有限差分法数值模拟.石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(1):1-10.Liu Y,Li C C,Mou Y G.Finite-difference numericalmodeling of any even-order accuracy.OGP,1998,33(1):1-10.
[23]刘志敏,包吉山.高阶有限差分地震波场正演.石油地球物理勘探,1989,24(1):1-5.Liu Z M,Bao J S.Seismic wave field forward modeling withhigh order finite-difference method.OGP,1989,24(1):1-5.
[24]E.艾斯纳.地震勘探中的超级计算机[M].石油工业出版社,1993:90-92.Eisner,E.Super computer in seismic exploration[M].Petroleum industry press,1993:90-92.
[25]何兵寿,张会星,韩令贺.弹性波方程正演的粗粒度并行算法.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):650-656.He B S,Zhang H X,Han L H.Forward modelling of elasticwave equation with coarse-grained parallel algorithm.Progress in Geophysics,2010,25(2):650-656.
[26]Higdon,R.L.Absorbing boundary conditions for elastic waves.Geophysics,1991,56(2):231-241.
[27]Cerjan C,Kosloff D,Kosloff Ret al.A nonreflecting boundarycondition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equation.Geophysics,1985,50(4):705-708.
[28]Kosloff D and Baysal E.Forward modeling by a Fouriermethod.Geophysics,1982,47(10):1402-1412.
[29]Higdon R L.Numerical absorbing boundary conditions forthe wave equation.Math Comp.,1987,49:65-90.
[30]Clayton R,Engquist B.Absorbing boundary conditions foracoustic and elastic wave equations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1977,67(11):1529-1540.
[31]张继锋,汤井田,王烨,等.有限元模拟中边界条件对计算结果的影响.地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1905-1911.Zhang J F,Tang J T,Wang Y,et al.Effects of boundaryconditions on calculation result in finite element simulation.Progress in Geophysics,2009,24(5):1905-1911.
[32]李信富,李小凡,张美根.伪谱法弹性波场数值模拟中的边界条件.地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1375-1379.Li X F,Li X F,Zhang M G.Boundary condition forpseudospectral numerical simulation of seismic wavepropagation.Progress in Geophysics,2007,22(5):1375-1379.
[33]徐义,张剑锋.地震波数值模拟的非规则网格PML吸收边界.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1520-1526.Xu Y,Zhang J F.An irregular-grid perfectly matched layerabsorbing boundary for seismic wave modeling.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1520-1526.
[34]谢桂生,刘洪,赵连功.伪谱法地震波正演模拟的多线程并行计算.地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):17-23.Xie G S,Liu H,Zhao L G.Parallel Algorithm based on themultithread technique for pseudospectal modeling of seismicwave.Progress in Geophysics,2005,20(1):17-23.
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