基于多时相Landsat TM影像的汶川地震灾区河岸带植被覆盖动态监测——以岷江河谷映秀-汶川段为例
|
摘要
基于混合像元分解方法,利用Landsat TM卫星遥感数据监测了岷江上游干旱河谷区映秀\汶川段河岸带植被在汶川地震前后的植被覆盖动态变化,并结合高程、坡度及坡向数据,分析了植被受损及地震3a后植被恢复的空间分布特征。结果表明,地震造成研究区河岸带植被的受损总面积为2736.61hm2,且集中分布在海拔1100—1700m,坡度25—55°之间以及东、东南和西坡;地震3年后,受损植被与震前相比,共恢复了56.20%。
Disturbances,especially large and infrequent disturbances are usually understood as events that disrupt the equilibrium state of an ecosystem by producing abrupt changes in its structural and functional characteristics that may persist for decades to centuries.Earthquake,as a typical catastrophic disturbance event,plays an important role in several ecological processes by partially or completely removing the vegetation layer.The Wenchuan Earthquake(Richter scale 8) on May 12,2008 in southwestern China caused widespread ecosystem damages in Longmenshan area.It is important to evaluate the natural vegetation recovery process and provide basic information on ecological aspects of the recovering environment after the earthquake.To circumvent weather limits of remote sensing in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit areas and to meet the need for regional observation analyses,three Landsat TM images pre-and post-earthquake in the Minjiang arid valley were used for analysis.The post-earthquake vegetation cover values were compared to the pre-earthquake value to determine the extent to which the vegetation was damaged in relation to the pre-earthquake pattern,and the rate of recovery was evaluated.Spatial characteristics of vegetation loss and natural recovery pattern were analyzed in relation to elevation,slope and aspect.Our study focused on the following four aspects:(1) to detect the changes in riparian vegetation cover at different stages of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence,(2) to analyze the difference/similarity in the spatial distribution and recovery trajectories of the damaged vegetation under different geomorphological conditions,(3) to understand to what extent does the vegetation cover reestablish after the earthquake and(4) to track the rate of post-earthquake vegetation recovery.Results of this study indicated that the severely damaged sites occurred mainly within the range of 1100—1700m elevation and on slopes of 25—55°.After three year of natural regeneration,56.20% of the destroyed areas were recovered.Moreover,there is a good correlation between recovery rate and both slope and elevation,and the recovery patterns are complicated in the damaged area.Our study showed that there was a high congruency between recovery rate and both slope and elevation,and the recovery patterns were complicated.Our analyses provided very useful information for decision-making and policy-planning in the arid valley of Minjiang River after the Wenchuan earthquake.Although the natural recovery for the vegetation is a slow process,most of the earthquake-induced damages can be restored to their original condition through natural succession.Thus,human assistance or disturbance may not be a good way to treat most of the damaged areas of natural vegetation regrowth capability.To assist the natural succession or original vegetation recovery,human interference and ecotechnology measures should only be introduced to areas where vegetation regrowth is difficult,such as the areas with unstable surfaces.
Disturbances,especially large and infrequent disturbances are usually understood as events that disrupt the equilibrium state of an ecosystem by producing abrupt changes in its structural and functional characteristics that may persist for decades to centuries.Earthquake,as a typical catastrophic disturbance event,plays an important role in several ecological processes by partially or completely removing the vegetation layer.The Wenchuan Earthquake(Richter scale 8) on May 12,2008 in southwestern China caused widespread ecosystem damages in Longmenshan area.It is important to evaluate the natural vegetation recovery process and provide basic information on ecological aspects of the recovering environment after the earthquake.To circumvent weather limits of remote sensing in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit areas and to meet the need for regional observation analyses,three Landsat TM images pre-and post-earthquake in the Minjiang arid valley were used for analysis.The post-earthquake vegetation cover values were compared to the pre-earthquake value to determine the extent to which the vegetation was damaged in relation to the pre-earthquake pattern,and the rate of recovery was evaluated.Spatial characteristics of vegetation loss and natural recovery pattern were analyzed in relation to elevation,slope and aspect.Our study focused on the following four aspects:(1) to detect the changes in riparian vegetation cover at different stages of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence,(2) to analyze the difference/similarity in the spatial distribution and recovery trajectories of the damaged vegetation under different geomorphological conditions,(3) to understand to what extent does the vegetation cover reestablish after the earthquake and(4) to track the rate of post-earthquake vegetation recovery.Results of this study indicated that the severely damaged sites occurred mainly within the range of 1100—1700m elevation and on slopes of 25—55°.After three year of natural regeneration,56.20% of the destroyed areas were recovered.Moreover,there is a good correlation between recovery rate and both slope and elevation,and the recovery patterns are complicated in the damaged area.Our study showed that there was a high congruency between recovery rate and both slope and elevation,and the recovery patterns were complicated.Our analyses provided very useful information for decision-making and policy-planning in the arid valley of Minjiang River after the Wenchuan earthquake.Although the natural recovery for the vegetation is a slow process,most of the earthquake-induced damages can be restored to their original condition through natural succession.Thus,human assistance or disturbance may not be a good way to treat most of the damaged areas of natural vegetation regrowth capability.To assist the natural succession or original vegetation recovery,human interference and ecotechnology measures should only be introduced to areas where vegetation regrowth is difficult,such as the areas with unstable surfaces.
引文
[1]Turner M G.Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world.Ecology,2010,91(10):2833-2849.
[2]Cochard R,Ranamukhaarachchi S L,Shivakoti G P,Shipin O V,Edwards P J,Seeland K T.The2004tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand:a review on coastal ecosystems,wave hazards and vulnerability.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2008,10(1):3-40.
[3]Ouyang Z Y,Xu W H,Wang X Z,Wang W J,Dong R C,Zheng H,Li D H,Li Z Q,Zhang H F,Zhuang C W.Impact assessment of Wenchuan Earthquake on ecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[4]Bao W K.Ecological degradation and restoration and reconstruction countermeasures for severe calamity regions in Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(4):324-329.
[5]Wu N,Lu T,Luo P,Zhu D.A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems:taking5.12Wenchuan Earthquake as an example.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[6]Lu T,Zeng H C,Luo Y,Wang Q,Shi F S,Sun G,Wu Y,Wu N.Monitoring vegetation recovery after China's May2008Wenchuan earthquake using Landsat TM time-series data:A case study in Mao County.Ecological Research,2012,27(5):955-966.
[7]McClain M E,Boyer E W,Dent C L,Gergel S E,Grimm N B,Groffman P M,Hart S C,Harvey J W,Johnston C A,Mayorga E,McDowell W H,Pinay G.Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.Ecosystems,2003,6(4):301-312.
[8]Ranalli A J,Macalady D L.The importance of the riparian zone and in-stream processes in nitrate attenuation in undisturbed and agricultural watersheds A review of the scientific literature.Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):406-415.
[9]Elderd B D.The impact of changing flow regimes on riparian vegetation and the riparian species Mimulus guttatus.Ecological Applications,2003,13(6):1610-1625.
[10]Helfield J M,Engstrom J,Michel J T,Nilsson C,Jansson R.Effects of river restoration on riparian biodiversity in secondary channels of the Pite River,Sweden.Environmental Management,2012,49(1):130-141.
[11]Yeakley J A,Coleman D C,Haines B L,Kloeppel B D,Meyer J L,Swank W T,Argo B W,Deal J M,Taylor S F.Hillslope nutrient dynamics following upland riparian vegetation disturbance.Ecosystems,2003,6(2):154-167.
[12]Hill A R,Duval T P.Beaver dams along an agricultural stream in southern Ontario,Canada:their impact on riparian zone hydrology and nitrogen chemistry.Hydrological Processes,2009,23(9):1324-1336.
[13]Buijse A D,Coops H,Staras M,Jans L H,Van Geest G J,Grift R E,Ibelings B W,Oosterberg W,Roozen F C J M.Restoration strategies for river floodplains along large lowland rivers in Europe.Freshwater Biology,2002,47(4):889-907.
[14]Vidon P.Riparian zone management and environmental quality:a multi-contaminant challenge.Hydrological Processes,2010,24(11):1532-1535.
[15]Yang X J,Chen L D.Using multi-temporal remote sensor imagery to detect earthquake-triggered landslides.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2010,12(6):487-495.
[16]Gao Q Z,Li Y E,Lin E D,Jiangcun W Z,Wan Y F,Xiong W,Wang B S,Li W F.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland degradation in Northern Tibet.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(6):87-95.
[17]Donohue R J,Mcvicar T R,Roderick M L.Climate-related trends in Australian vegetation cover as inferred from satellite observations,1981—2006.Global Change Biology,2009,15(4):1025-1039.
[18]Somers B,Asner G P,Tits L,Coppin P.Endmember variability in spectral mixture analysis:a review.Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(7):1603-1616.
[19]Hu J B,Chen W,Li X Y,He X Y.Urban vegetation coverage change inside the Third-Rind Road of Shenyang City,China:a study with linear spectral unmixing technique.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(5):1140-1146.
[20]Hu M G,Wang J F.Mixed-pixel decomposition and super-resolution reconstruction of RS image.Progress in Geography,2010,29(6):747-756.
[21]Byambakhuu I,Sugita M,Matsushima D.Spectral unmixing model to assess land cover fractions in Mongolian steppe regions.Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(10):2361-2372.
[22]Roberts D A,Gardner M,Church R,Ustin S,Scheer G,Green R O.Mapping chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains using multiple endmember spectral mixture models.Remote Sensing of Environment,1998,65(3):267-279.
[23]Wan J,Cai Y L.Applying linear spectral unmixing approach to the research of land cover change in Karst area:A case in Guanling County of Guizhou Province.Geographical Research,2003,22(4):439-446.
[24]Youngentob K N,Roberts D A,Held A A,Dennison P E,Jia X P,Lindenmayer D B.Mapping two Eucalyptus subgenera using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis and continuum-removed imaging spectrometry data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(5):1115-1128.
[25]Theseira M A,Thomas G,Sannier C A D.An evaluation of spectral mixture modelling applied to a semi-arid environment.International Journal ofRemote Sensing,2002,23(4):687-700.
[26]Xiao J F,Moody A.A comparison of methods for estimating fractional green vegetation cover within a desert-to-upland transition zone in central New Mexico,USA.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98(2/3):237-250.
[27]Pu R L,Gong P,Michishita R,Sasagawa T.Spectral mixture analysis for mapping abundance of urban surface components from the Terra/ASTER data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(3):939-954.
[28]Xie M M,Wang Y L,Li G C.Spatial variation of impervious surface area and vegetation cover based on SubPixel Model in Shenzhen.Resources Science,2009,31(2):257-264.
[29]Zhang W H,Lu T,Ma K M,Zhou J Y,Li S L.Analysis on the environmental and spatial factors for plant community distribution in the arid valley in the upper reach of Minjiang River.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):552-559.
[30]Yang Z P,Chang Y,Yang M,Hu Y M,Bu R C,He X Y.Dynamics and influence width of dry valley landscape boundary in upper reaches of Minjiang River.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(9):1972-1976.
[31]Elmore A J,Mustard J F,Manning S J,Lobell D B.Quantifying vegetation change in semiarid environments:precision and accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and the normalized difference vegetation index.Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,73(1):87-102.
[32]Yingshi Z.A study on environmental change analysis in Sand Hill of Nebraska using remote sensing.Geographical Research,2001,20(2):213-219.
[33]Hu T G,Zhang J S,Jia B,Pan Y Z,Dong Y S,Li L.Research on LSMM of remote sensing images based on different resolution.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2008,24(3):20-23.
[34]Chen X N,Bao A M,Zhang H L,Liu M Y.A study on methods and accuracy assessment for extracting snow covered areas from MODIS images based on pixel unmixing:a case on the middle of the Tianshan Mountain.Resources Science,2010,32(9):1761-1768.
[35]Dai F C,Lee C F.Landslide characteristics and,slope instability modeling using GIS,Lantau Island,Hong Kong.Geomorphology,2002,42(3/4):213-228.
[36]Lee S.Application of logistic regression model and its validation for landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and remote sensing data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,26(7):1477-1491.
[37]Chang K T,Chiang S H,Hsu M L.Modeling typhoon-and earthquake-induced landslides in a mountainous watershed using logistic regression.Geomorphology,2007,89(3/4):335-347.
[38]Wang H B,Sassa K,Xu W Y.Analysis of a spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2004Chuetsu earthquakes of Niigata Prefecture,Japan.Natural Hazards,2007,41(1):43-60.
[39]Khazai B,Sitar N.Evaluation of factors controlling earthquake-induced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake and comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events.Engineering Geology,2004,71(1/2):79-95.
[40]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,Harp E L,Keefer D K,Bauer M A.Landslides triggered by the8October2005Kashmir earthquake.Geomorphology,2008,94(1/2):1-9.
[41]Huang R Q,Li W L.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the12May2008Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2009,68(3):363-371.
[3]欧阳志云,徐卫华,王学志,王文杰,董仁才,郑华,李迪华,李智琦,张宏锋,庄长伟.汶川大地震对生态系统的影响.生态学报,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[4]包维楷.汶川地震重灾区生态退化及其恢复重建对策.中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):324-329.
[5]吴宁,卢涛,罗鹏,朱单.地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例.生态学报,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[16]高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,江村旺扎,万运帆,熊伟,王宝山,李文福.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征.地理学报,2005,60(6):965-973.
[19]胡健波,陈玮,李小玉,何兴元.基于线性混合像元分解的沈阳市三环内城市植被盖度变化.应用生态学报,2009,20(5):1140-1146.
[20]胡茂桂,王劲峰.遥感影像混合像元分解及超分辨率重建研究进展.地理科学进展,2010,29(6):747-756.
[23]万军,蔡运龙.应用线性光谱分离技术研究喀斯特地区土地覆被变化——以贵州省关岭县为例.地理研究,2003,22(4):439-446.
[28]谢苗苗,王仰麟,李贵才.基于亚像元分解的不透水表面与植被覆盖空间分异测度—以深圳市为例.资源科学,2009,31(2):257-264.
[29]张文辉,卢涛,马克明,周建云,刘世梁.岷江上游干旱河谷植物群落分布的环境与空间因素分析.生态学报,2004,24(3):552-559.
[30]杨兆平,常禹,杨孟,胡远满,布仁仓,何兴元.岷江上游干旱河谷景观边界动态及其影响域.应用生态学报,2007,18(9):1972-1976.
[32]赵英时.美国中西部沙山地区环境变化的遥感研究.地理研究,2001,20(2):213-219.
[33]胡潭高,张锦水,贾斌,潘耀忠,董燕生,李乐.不同分辨率遥感图像混合像元线性分解方法研究.地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(3):20-23.
[34]陈晓娜,包安明,张红利,柳梅英.基于混合像元分解的MODIS积雪面积信息提取及其精度评价——以天山中段为例.资源科学,2010,32(9):1761-1768.
[2]Cochard R,Ranamukhaarachchi S L,Shivakoti G P,Shipin O V,Edwards P J,Seeland K T.The2004tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand:a review on coastal ecosystems,wave hazards and vulnerability.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2008,10(1):3-40.
[3]Ouyang Z Y,Xu W H,Wang X Z,Wang W J,Dong R C,Zheng H,Li D H,Li Z Q,Zhang H F,Zhuang C W.Impact assessment of Wenchuan Earthquake on ecosystems.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[4]Bao W K.Ecological degradation and restoration and reconstruction countermeasures for severe calamity regions in Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(4):324-329.
[5]Wu N,Lu T,Luo P,Zhu D.A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems:taking5.12Wenchuan Earthquake as an example.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[6]Lu T,Zeng H C,Luo Y,Wang Q,Shi F S,Sun G,Wu Y,Wu N.Monitoring vegetation recovery after China's May2008Wenchuan earthquake using Landsat TM time-series data:A case study in Mao County.Ecological Research,2012,27(5):955-966.
[7]McClain M E,Boyer E W,Dent C L,Gergel S E,Grimm N B,Groffman P M,Hart S C,Harvey J W,Johnston C A,Mayorga E,McDowell W H,Pinay G.Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.Ecosystems,2003,6(4):301-312.
[8]Ranalli A J,Macalady D L.The importance of the riparian zone and in-stream processes in nitrate attenuation in undisturbed and agricultural watersheds A review of the scientific literature.Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):406-415.
[9]Elderd B D.The impact of changing flow regimes on riparian vegetation and the riparian species Mimulus guttatus.Ecological Applications,2003,13(6):1610-1625.
[10]Helfield J M,Engstrom J,Michel J T,Nilsson C,Jansson R.Effects of river restoration on riparian biodiversity in secondary channels of the Pite River,Sweden.Environmental Management,2012,49(1):130-141.
[11]Yeakley J A,Coleman D C,Haines B L,Kloeppel B D,Meyer J L,Swank W T,Argo B W,Deal J M,Taylor S F.Hillslope nutrient dynamics following upland riparian vegetation disturbance.Ecosystems,2003,6(2):154-167.
[12]Hill A R,Duval T P.Beaver dams along an agricultural stream in southern Ontario,Canada:their impact on riparian zone hydrology and nitrogen chemistry.Hydrological Processes,2009,23(9):1324-1336.
[13]Buijse A D,Coops H,Staras M,Jans L H,Van Geest G J,Grift R E,Ibelings B W,Oosterberg W,Roozen F C J M.Restoration strategies for river floodplains along large lowland rivers in Europe.Freshwater Biology,2002,47(4):889-907.
[14]Vidon P.Riparian zone management and environmental quality:a multi-contaminant challenge.Hydrological Processes,2010,24(11):1532-1535.
[15]Yang X J,Chen L D.Using multi-temporal remote sensor imagery to detect earthquake-triggered landslides.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2010,12(6):487-495.
[16]Gao Q Z,Li Y E,Lin E D,Jiangcun W Z,Wan Y F,Xiong W,Wang B S,Li W F.Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland degradation in Northern Tibet.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(6):87-95.
[17]Donohue R J,Mcvicar T R,Roderick M L.Climate-related trends in Australian vegetation cover as inferred from satellite observations,1981—2006.Global Change Biology,2009,15(4):1025-1039.
[18]Somers B,Asner G P,Tits L,Coppin P.Endmember variability in spectral mixture analysis:a review.Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(7):1603-1616.
[19]Hu J B,Chen W,Li X Y,He X Y.Urban vegetation coverage change inside the Third-Rind Road of Shenyang City,China:a study with linear spectral unmixing technique.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(5):1140-1146.
[20]Hu M G,Wang J F.Mixed-pixel decomposition and super-resolution reconstruction of RS image.Progress in Geography,2010,29(6):747-756.
[21]Byambakhuu I,Sugita M,Matsushima D.Spectral unmixing model to assess land cover fractions in Mongolian steppe regions.Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(10):2361-2372.
[22]Roberts D A,Gardner M,Church R,Ustin S,Scheer G,Green R O.Mapping chaparral in the Santa Monica Mountains using multiple endmember spectral mixture models.Remote Sensing of Environment,1998,65(3):267-279.
[23]Wan J,Cai Y L.Applying linear spectral unmixing approach to the research of land cover change in Karst area:A case in Guanling County of Guizhou Province.Geographical Research,2003,22(4):439-446.
[24]Youngentob K N,Roberts D A,Held A A,Dennison P E,Jia X P,Lindenmayer D B.Mapping two Eucalyptus subgenera using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis and continuum-removed imaging spectrometry data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(5):1115-1128.
[25]Theseira M A,Thomas G,Sannier C A D.An evaluation of spectral mixture modelling applied to a semi-arid environment.International Journal ofRemote Sensing,2002,23(4):687-700.
[26]Xiao J F,Moody A.A comparison of methods for estimating fractional green vegetation cover within a desert-to-upland transition zone in central New Mexico,USA.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98(2/3):237-250.
[27]Pu R L,Gong P,Michishita R,Sasagawa T.Spectral mixture analysis for mapping abundance of urban surface components from the Terra/ASTER data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(3):939-954.
[28]Xie M M,Wang Y L,Li G C.Spatial variation of impervious surface area and vegetation cover based on SubPixel Model in Shenzhen.Resources Science,2009,31(2):257-264.
[29]Zhang W H,Lu T,Ma K M,Zhou J Y,Li S L.Analysis on the environmental and spatial factors for plant community distribution in the arid valley in the upper reach of Minjiang River.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(3):552-559.
[30]Yang Z P,Chang Y,Yang M,Hu Y M,Bu R C,He X Y.Dynamics and influence width of dry valley landscape boundary in upper reaches of Minjiang River.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(9):1972-1976.
[31]Elmore A J,Mustard J F,Manning S J,Lobell D B.Quantifying vegetation change in semiarid environments:precision and accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and the normalized difference vegetation index.Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,73(1):87-102.
[32]Yingshi Z.A study on environmental change analysis in Sand Hill of Nebraska using remote sensing.Geographical Research,2001,20(2):213-219.
[33]Hu T G,Zhang J S,Jia B,Pan Y Z,Dong Y S,Li L.Research on LSMM of remote sensing images based on different resolution.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2008,24(3):20-23.
[34]Chen X N,Bao A M,Zhang H L,Liu M Y.A study on methods and accuracy assessment for extracting snow covered areas from MODIS images based on pixel unmixing:a case on the middle of the Tianshan Mountain.Resources Science,2010,32(9):1761-1768.
[35]Dai F C,Lee C F.Landslide characteristics and,slope instability modeling using GIS,Lantau Island,Hong Kong.Geomorphology,2002,42(3/4):213-228.
[36]Lee S.Application of logistic regression model and its validation for landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and remote sensing data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,26(7):1477-1491.
[37]Chang K T,Chiang S H,Hsu M L.Modeling typhoon-and earthquake-induced landslides in a mountainous watershed using logistic regression.Geomorphology,2007,89(3/4):335-347.
[38]Wang H B,Sassa K,Xu W Y.Analysis of a spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2004Chuetsu earthquakes of Niigata Prefecture,Japan.Natural Hazards,2007,41(1):43-60.
[39]Khazai B,Sitar N.Evaluation of factors controlling earthquake-induced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake and comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events.Engineering Geology,2004,71(1/2):79-95.
[40]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,Harp E L,Keefer D K,Bauer M A.Landslides triggered by the8October2005Kashmir earthquake.Geomorphology,2008,94(1/2):1-9.
[41]Huang R Q,Li W L.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the12May2008Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2009,68(3):363-371.
[3]欧阳志云,徐卫华,王学志,王文杰,董仁才,郑华,李迪华,李智琦,张宏锋,庄长伟.汶川大地震对生态系统的影响.生态学报,2008,28(12):5801-5809.
[4]包维楷.汶川地震重灾区生态退化及其恢复重建对策.中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):324-329.
[5]吴宁,卢涛,罗鹏,朱单.地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例.生态学报,2008,28(12):5810-5819.
[16]高清竹,李玉娥,林而达,江村旺扎,万运帆,熊伟,王宝山,李文福.藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征.地理学报,2005,60(6):965-973.
[19]胡健波,陈玮,李小玉,何兴元.基于线性混合像元分解的沈阳市三环内城市植被盖度变化.应用生态学报,2009,20(5):1140-1146.
[20]胡茂桂,王劲峰.遥感影像混合像元分解及超分辨率重建研究进展.地理科学进展,2010,29(6):747-756.
[23]万军,蔡运龙.应用线性光谱分离技术研究喀斯特地区土地覆被变化——以贵州省关岭县为例.地理研究,2003,22(4):439-446.
[28]谢苗苗,王仰麟,李贵才.基于亚像元分解的不透水表面与植被覆盖空间分异测度—以深圳市为例.资源科学,2009,31(2):257-264.
[29]张文辉,卢涛,马克明,周建云,刘世梁.岷江上游干旱河谷植物群落分布的环境与空间因素分析.生态学报,2004,24(3):552-559.
[30]杨兆平,常禹,杨孟,胡远满,布仁仓,何兴元.岷江上游干旱河谷景观边界动态及其影响域.应用生态学报,2007,18(9):1972-1976.
[32]赵英时.美国中西部沙山地区环境变化的遥感研究.地理研究,2001,20(2):213-219.
[33]胡潭高,张锦水,贾斌,潘耀忠,董燕生,李乐.不同分辨率遥感图像混合像元线性分解方法研究.地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(3):20-23.
[34]陈晓娜,包安明,张红利,柳梅英.基于混合像元分解的MODIS积雪面积信息提取及其精度评价——以天山中段为例.资源科学,2010,32(9):1761-1768.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心