利用重复地震估算北京平原地区隐伏断裂深部的活动速率
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摘要
利用首都圈数字化地震台网2001—2006年的波形资料分析北京平原地区隐伏断裂的深部滑动速率。通过波形互相关分析,识别出35组相似地震对和20组多重相似对,大部分相似地震活动表现为非周期性,重复间隔从数分钟到数百天不等。针对研究区内台站分布稀疏和低信噪比波形记录的现状,在波形相似的基础上,提出了采用在子采样条件下的S-P相对到时差(dSmP)和相对到时拾取误差来对相似地震震源位置的一致性进行强约束,进一步探索和完善波形意义上重复地震的识别方法。基于4组"重复地震"估算北京平原区黄庄-高丽营断裂和南口-孙河断裂在不同孕震深度处的滑动速率为1.0～1.2mm/a,怀安镇盆地南缘断裂地表以下9.4km处的滑动速率估计值为1.5mm/a,这一结果和地质资料结果相符。
Slip rates along the buried faults in Beijing plain area were investigated with the seismic waveform data between 2001 and 2006 recorded by the Beijing Digital Seismic Network.Using cross-correlation analysis of available waveforms,we identified a total of 35 doublets and 20 multiplets that show high waveform similarity.Most of these sequences are aperiodic with recurrence intervals varying from a few minutes to hundreds of days.Given the limited quantity and quality of seismic data in the study area,we have chosen a more robust approach to constrain repeated event locations.The approach incorporates both seismogram similarity by requiring cross correlation threshold and location similarity by requiring differential S-P(dSmP) time between events pairs to be small and minor internal inconsistence in travel time picking at sub-sample precision.The composite selection approach improves the identification of repeating earthquake based on similarity in waveforms.Based on four repeating sequences,we obtained the slip rate about 1.0 ～ 1.2mm/a at seismogenic depths of Hangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault and Nankou-Sunhe Fault,and the slip rate of 1.5mm/a at 9.4km of the south boundary fault of Huai' an Basin,which is consistent with geological and geodetic measurements.
Slip rates along the buried faults in Beijing plain area were investigated with the seismic waveform data between 2001 and 2006 recorded by the Beijing Digital Seismic Network.Using cross-correlation analysis of available waveforms,we identified a total of 35 doublets and 20 multiplets that show high waveform similarity.Most of these sequences are aperiodic with recurrence intervals varying from a few minutes to hundreds of days.Given the limited quantity and quality of seismic data in the study area,we have chosen a more robust approach to constrain repeated event locations.The approach incorporates both seismogram similarity by requiring cross correlation threshold and location similarity by requiring differential S-P(dSmP) time between events pairs to be small and minor internal inconsistence in travel time picking at sub-sample precision.The composite selection approach improves the identification of repeating earthquake based on similarity in waveforms.Based on four repeating sequences,we obtained the slip rate about 1.0 ～ 1.2mm/a at seismogenic depths of Hangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault and Nankou-Sunhe Fault,and the slip rate of 1.5mm/a at 9.4km of the south boundary fault of Huai' an Basin,which is consistent with geological and geodetic measurements.
引文
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蒋长胜,吴忠良,李宇彤.2008.首都圈地区“重复地震”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用[J].地球物理学报,51(3):817—827.JIANG Chang-sheng,WU Zhong-liang,LI Yu-tong.2008.Estimating the location accuracy of the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network using repeating events[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(3):817—827(in Chinese).
焦青,邱泽华.2006.北京平原地区主要活动断裂带研究进展[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力集(18).北京:地震出版社.72—84.JIAO Qing,QIU Ze-hua.2006.Research progress of major active faults in Beijing plain area[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,CEA(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(18).Seismological Press,Beijing.72—84(in Chinese).
李乐,陈棋福,钮凤林,等.2008.利用“重复地震”估算丽江-宁蒗断裂带的深部滑动速率[J].科学通报,53(23):2925—2932.LI Le,CHEN Qi-fu,NIU Feng-lin,et al.2008.Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang Fault zone estimated from repeat-ing earthquakes[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(23):2925—2932(in Chinese).
李乐.2008.板内重复地震的识别及其在活动断裂带的应用研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所.LI Le.2008.Identification of Intra-plate Repeating Microearthquakes and its Application to the Active Fault Zone[D].[Doctoral Dissertation].Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
汪良谋,徐杰,黄秀铭,等.1990.北京坳陷构造活动性分析[J].中国地震,6(2):25—36.WANG Liang-mou,XU Jie,HUANG Xiu-ming,et al.1990.An analysis on the tectonic activities in Beijing down-warped basin[J].Earthquake Research in China,6(2):25—36(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.2002.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震[M].北京:科学出版社.XU Xi-wei,WU Wei-min,ZHANG Xian-kang,et al.2002.Latest Crustal Tectonic Motion and Earthquakes in Big Beijing Area[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002.中国大陆现今构造变形的GPS速度场和活动地块[J].地学前缘,9(2):430—441.ZHANG Pei-zhen,WANG Qi,MA Zong-jin.2002.GPS velocity field and active crustal blocks of contemporary tec-tonic deformation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,9(2):430—441(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12—20.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Guo-min,et al.2003.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China[J].Sci China(Ser D),33(Suppl):12—20.
Anooshehpoor A,Brune J N.2001.Quasi-static slip-rate shielding by locked and creeping zones as an explanation for repeating earthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(2):401—403.
Beeler N M,Lockner D L,Hickman S H.2001.A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its implication for microearthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(6):1797—1804.
Cheng X,Niu F,Silver P G,et al.2007.Similar microearthquakes observed in western Nagano,Japan,and implica-tions for rupture mechanics[J].J Geophys Res,112,B04306.doi:10.1029/2006JB004416.
Hanks T C,Kanamori H.1979.A moment magnitude scale[J].J Geophys Res,84:2348—2350.
Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Hasegawa A.2003.Repeating earthquakes and interplate aseismic slip in the northeastern Japan subduction zone[J].J Geophys Res,108,2249.doi:10.1029/2002JB001920.
Johnson L R,Nadeau R M.2002.Asperity model of an earthquake:Static problem[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92:672—686.
Kanamori H,Anderson D L.1975.Theoretical basis for some empirical relations in seismology[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,65:1073—1095.
Li L,Chen Q F,Cheng X,et al.2007.Spatial clustering and repeating of seismic events observed along the1976Tangshan Fault,North China[J].Geophys Res Lett,34(23),L23309.doi:10.1029/2007GL031594.
Li L,Chen Q F,Niu F,et al.2009.Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang Fault zone estimated from repeating earth-quakes[J].Chin Sci Bull,54(3):447—455.
Nadeau R M,Foxall W,McEvilly T V.1995.Clustering and periodic recurrence of microearthquakes on the San An-dreas Fault at Parkfield,California[J].Science,267:503—507.
Nadeau R M,Johnson L R.1998.Seismological studies at Parkfield VI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parameters for small repeating earthquakes[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,88:790—814.
Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.1999.Fault slip rates at depth from recurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes[J].Science,285:718—721.
Peng Z,Ben-Zion Y.2005.Spatio-temporal variations of crustal anisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the1999M7.4.Izmit and M7.1Duzce,Turkey,earthquake sequences[J].Geophys J Int,160:1027—1043.
Rau R J,Chen K H,Ching K E.2007.Repeating earthquakes and seismic potential along the northern Longitudinal Valley Fault of eastern Taiwan[J].Geophys Res Lett,34,L24301.doi:10.1029/2007GL031622.
Rubin A M,Gillard D.2000.Aftershock asymmetry/rupture directivity among central San Andreas Fault microearth-quakes[J].J Geophys Res,105:19095—19109.
Rubin A M.2002.Aftershocks of microearthquakes as probes of the mechanics of rupture[J].J Geophys Res,107,ESE31-16.doi:10.1029/2001JB000496.
Sammis C G,Rice J R.2001.Repeating earthquakes as low-stress-drop events at a border between locked and creeping fault patches[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(3):532—537.
Schaff D P,Richards P G.2004.Repeating seismic events in China[J].Science,303:1176—1178.
Vidale J E,Ellsworth W,Cole A,et al.1994.Rupture variation with recurrence interval in eighteen cycles of a small earthquake[J].Nature,368:624—626.
Yamashita T,Knopoff L.1987.Models of aftershock occurrence[J].Geophys J R Astr Soc,91:13—26.
高文学,马瑾主编.1993.首都圈地震地质环境与地震灾害[M].北京:地震出版社.GAO Wen-xue,MA Jin(eds).1993.Seismo-geological Background and Earthquake Hazard in Beijing Area[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
蒋长胜,吴忠良,李宇彤.2008.首都圈地区“重复地震”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用[J].地球物理学报,51(3):817—827.JIANG Chang-sheng,WU Zhong-liang,LI Yu-tong.2008.Estimating the location accuracy of the Beijing Capital Digital Seismograph Network using repeating events[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(3):817—827(in Chinese).
焦青,邱泽华.2006.北京平原地区主要活动断裂带研究进展[A].见:中国地震局地壳应力研究所编.地壳构造与地壳应力集(18).北京:地震出版社.72—84.JIAO Qing,QIU Ze-hua.2006.Research progress of major active faults in Beijing plain area[A].In:Institute of Crustal Dynamics,CEA(ed).Crustal Tectonics and Crustal Stress(18).Seismological Press,Beijing.72—84(in Chinese).
李乐,陈棋福,钮凤林,等.2008.利用“重复地震”估算丽江-宁蒗断裂带的深部滑动速率[J].科学通报,53(23):2925—2932.LI Le,CHEN Qi-fu,NIU Feng-lin,et al.2008.Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang Fault zone estimated from repeat-ing earthquakes[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(23):2925—2932(in Chinese).
李乐.2008.板内重复地震的识别及其在活动断裂带的应用研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所.LI Le.2008.Identification of Intra-plate Repeating Microearthquakes and its Application to the Active Fault Zone[D].[Doctoral Dissertation].Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
汪良谋,徐杰,黄秀铭,等.1990.北京坳陷构造活动性分析[J].中国地震,6(2):25—36.WANG Liang-mou,XU Jie,HUANG Xiu-ming,et al.1990.An analysis on the tectonic activities in Beijing down-warped basin[J].Earthquake Research in China,6(2):25—36(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.2002.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震[M].北京:科学出版社.XU Xi-wei,WU Wei-min,ZHANG Xian-kang,et al.2002.Latest Crustal Tectonic Motion and Earthquakes in Big Beijing Area[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
张培震,王琪,马宗晋.2002.中国大陆现今构造变形的GPS速度场和活动地块[J].地学前缘,9(2):430—441.ZHANG Pei-zhen,WANG Qi,MA Zong-jin.2002.GPS velocity field and active crustal blocks of contemporary tec-tonic deformation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,9(2):430—441(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12—20.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Guo-min,et al.2003.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China[J].Sci China(Ser D),33(Suppl):12—20.
Anooshehpoor A,Brune J N.2001.Quasi-static slip-rate shielding by locked and creeping zones as an explanation for repeating earthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(2):401—403.
Beeler N M,Lockner D L,Hickman S H.2001.A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its implication for microearthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(6):1797—1804.
Cheng X,Niu F,Silver P G,et al.2007.Similar microearthquakes observed in western Nagano,Japan,and implica-tions for rupture mechanics[J].J Geophys Res,112,B04306.doi:10.1029/2006JB004416.
Hanks T C,Kanamori H.1979.A moment magnitude scale[J].J Geophys Res,84:2348—2350.
Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Hasegawa A.2003.Repeating earthquakes and interplate aseismic slip in the northeastern Japan subduction zone[J].J Geophys Res,108,2249.doi:10.1029/2002JB001920.
Johnson L R,Nadeau R M.2002.Asperity model of an earthquake:Static problem[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,92:672—686.
Kanamori H,Anderson D L.1975.Theoretical basis for some empirical relations in seismology[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,65:1073—1095.
Li L,Chen Q F,Cheng X,et al.2007.Spatial clustering and repeating of seismic events observed along the1976Tangshan Fault,North China[J].Geophys Res Lett,34(23),L23309.doi:10.1029/2007GL031594.
Li L,Chen Q F,Niu F,et al.2009.Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang Fault zone estimated from repeating earth-quakes[J].Chin Sci Bull,54(3):447—455.
Nadeau R M,Foxall W,McEvilly T V.1995.Clustering and periodic recurrence of microearthquakes on the San An-dreas Fault at Parkfield,California[J].Science,267:503—507.
Nadeau R M,Johnson L R.1998.Seismological studies at Parkfield VI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parameters for small repeating earthquakes[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,88:790—814.
Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.1999.Fault slip rates at depth from recurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes[J].Science,285:718—721.
Peng Z,Ben-Zion Y.2005.Spatio-temporal variations of crustal anisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the1999M7.4.Izmit and M7.1Duzce,Turkey,earthquake sequences[J].Geophys J Int,160:1027—1043.
Rau R J,Chen K H,Ching K E.2007.Repeating earthquakes and seismic potential along the northern Longitudinal Valley Fault of eastern Taiwan[J].Geophys Res Lett,34,L24301.doi:10.1029/2007GL031622.
Rubin A M,Gillard D.2000.Aftershock asymmetry/rupture directivity among central San Andreas Fault microearth-quakes[J].J Geophys Res,105:19095—19109.
Rubin A M.2002.Aftershocks of microearthquakes as probes of the mechanics of rupture[J].J Geophys Res,107,ESE31-16.doi:10.1029/2001JB000496.
Sammis C G,Rice J R.2001.Repeating earthquakes as low-stress-drop events at a border between locked and creeping fault patches[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(3):532—537.
Schaff D P,Richards P G.2004.Repeating seismic events in China[J].Science,303:1176—1178.
Vidale J E,Ellsworth W,Cole A,et al.1994.Rupture variation with recurrence interval in eighteen cycles of a small earthquake[J].Nature,368:624—626.
Yamashita T,Knopoff L.1987.Models of aftershock occurrence[J].Geophys J R Astr Soc,91:13—26.
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