南海西北陆坡火成岩体地震识别及分布规律
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摘要
本文根据南海西北陆坡西沙海区及周缘地球物理资料,分析了火成岩体的形态特征及识别特征,并结合南海及周缘地区岩石学测年数据,对该区火成岩进行了期次划分,总结了各期分布规律。研究发现,本区火成岩体代表性产状主要有平柱状、锥状的喷出型,及星状刺穿侵入型。利用地震反射特征通过火成岩体与围岩接触总结了三个判断火成岩形成时代的标准分别为:接触关系、上覆地层沉积厚度及两侧地层对比,从而识别出同扩张期火成岩,并将本区火成岩形成时代分为三期:南海扩张期(32~16 Ma),岩浆活动主要集中在西北次海盆和西沙隆起边界,琼东南盆地及中建盆地也有零星分布;扩张结束后的早期(16~5.5 Ma),岩浆活动规模小、数量少,只零星分布在西沙隆起内,研究区的其他地方并不存在该期岩浆活动;扩张结束后的晚期(5.5 Ma至今),火成岩体个体面积较小、数量众多、分布广泛,几乎在全区都有分布,并可见部分该期火成岩与南海扩张期的火成岩呈明显的继承关系。本研究证实南海扩张期间,陆坡虽有岩浆活动,但较之火山型张裂边缘其规模较小,没有形成大火成岩省,也没有发现火山型张裂边缘中典型的向海倾斜反射(SDR),为南海北部陆缘是岩浆匮乏型张裂陆缘这一观点提供了坚实的依据。扩张结束后的晚期,即自5.5 Ma以来岩浆活动剧烈,与莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地及西沙海区异常热沉降直接相关,并推测该期岩浆活动可能与海南地幔柱有关。
Based on the geophysical data in the Xisha area and its adjacent areas, seismic reflection features of the igneous bodies are identified. The strong impedance contrast between sedimentary and igneous rocks generates high, positive reflection coefficient and it is easily recognized in seismic reflection data. The seismic characteristics of igneous rocks at the northwest slope of the South China Sea(SCS) are generally high amplitudes of appearance, and it induces a significant reduction of the energy transmitting through the inside of igneous rocks, and hinders the attempt to image the underlying structures. The intrusive nature of the igneous bodies is also evident from the upturning of adjacent rocks and domal uplift of the overburden. Two broad types of igneous rocks are identified, which are, respectively, intrusion comprising piercement-type and implicit-piercement type, and eruption divided further into flat-topped and cone-topped. The eruptions are characterized by narrow, tall, and seismically dead massive bodies with positive top reflections. According to the stratigraphic contact relationship between the igneous bodies and adjacent rocks, three standards of judging the timing of magmatism are summarized, including the contact relationship, the sedimentary thickness of overlying strata, and the seismic reflection characteristics of the both sides of strata. These standards are applied to recognize three periods of magmatism in the northern west slope of the South China Sea, 32?16 Ma、16?5.5 Ma and 5.5 Ma to present, respectively. The first period was active during seafloor spreading period(32?16 Ma). The igneous bodies developed in this period distributed locally with bigger size, mainly concentrating in the NW subbasin and the border of teh Xisha uplift and sporadically in the Qiongdongnan basin and Zhongjian basin. The magmatism in this period mainly occurred in the lower slope and did not form large igneous provinces commonly present in the volcanic rifted margins. Moreover, typical seawards dipping reflections are not found in the seismic profiles. Therefore, this study provides a more firm evidence to define the northern continental margin of SCS as a magma-poor rifted margin. The secondary period of magmatism is in the early of the cessation of seafloor spreading stage(16?5.5 Ma), only small-scaled igneous bodies scattered in the Xisha uplift. The last period of magmatism is in the later of the cessation of seafloor spreading stage(5.5 Ma?present), when the igneous bodies are widely distributed all over the study area. Some of the latter igneous rocks probably inherited the magmatism of the seafloor spreading. The thermal subsidence anomaly began at 5.5 Ma in the later of the cessation of seafloor spreading stage led to a subsidence acceleration in the Yinggehai basin, Qiongdongnan basin and Xisha areas, which is speculated to be linked with the intense magmatism since 5.5 Ma and maybe also associated with the activity of the Hainan plume.
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