走滑断裂型地震诱发的滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异
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摘要
以玉树地震滑坡为实例,选择高程、坡度、坡向、坡位、水系、地层岩性、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)8个因子,以地震滑坡面积百分比(LAP)与滑坡点密度(LND)为指标,研究走滑断裂型地震诱发滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布差异。在分析这些影响因子的断裂两盘的差异的基础上,基于LAP与LND两个指标详细分析断裂两盘每个因子内部级别滑坡发育的情况。结果表明,总体上北盘的滑坡较南盘发育,除了个别因子级别内南北盘滑坡差别较大外,大部分表现为南北盘滑坡分布情况类似。总之,玉树地震滑坡在断裂两盘的空间分布基本类似,只是在某些因子分级内存在一定的差异。
Spatial distribution difference of landslides triggered by slipping-fault type earthquake on both sides of the fault was studied in this paper,with landslides triggered by 2010 Yushu earthquake as an example.Elevation,slope,aspect,slope position,drainages,lithology,co-seismic main surface fault-ruptures,and peak ground acceleration(PGA) were taken as eight earthquake triggered landslides impact factors,and landslide area percentage(LAP) and landslide number density(LND) were taken as comparable indices.Spatial distribution differences of the eight factors on two sides of the fault were analyzed firstly,and then LAP and LND in all ranks of each factor on two sides of the fault were compared with each other.The results show that more landslides occurred on the northern plate than on the southern plate.LAP and LND of the two plates are similar in each rank except for a few factor ranks.In summary,the spatial distribution of Yushu earthquake triggered landslides on the two plates was similar except for some difference in a few ranks of the eight impact factors.
Spatial distribution difference of landslides triggered by slipping-fault type earthquake on both sides of the fault was studied in this paper,with landslides triggered by 2010 Yushu earthquake as an example.Elevation,slope,aspect,slope position,drainages,lithology,co-seismic main surface fault-ruptures,and peak ground acceleration(PGA) were taken as eight earthquake triggered landslides impact factors,and landslide area percentage(LAP) and landslide number density(LND) were taken as comparable indices.Spatial distribution differences of the eight factors on two sides of the fault were analyzed firstly,and then LAP and LND in all ranks of each factor on two sides of the fault were compared with each other.The results show that more landslides occurred on the northern plate than on the southern plate.LAP and LND of the two plates are similar in each rank except for a few factor ranks.In summary,the spatial distribution of Yushu earthquake triggered landslides on the two plates was similar except for some difference in a few ranks of the eight impact factors.
引文
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[4]Marzorati S,Luzi L,Amicis M D.Rock falls induced by earthquakes:a statistical approach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2002,22(7):565-577.
[5]Fukuoka H,Sassa K,Scarascia-Mugnozza G.Distribution of Land-slides Triggered by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake andLong Runout Mechanism of the Takarazuka Golf Course Landslide[J].Journal of Physics of the Earth,1997,45(2):83-90.
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[11]Chigira M,Yagi H.Geological and geomorphological characteristicsof landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquakein Japan[J].Engineering Geology,2006,82(4):202-221.
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[15]Keefer D K.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-induced landslidedistribution-the 1989 Loma Prieta,California event[J].EngineeringGeology,2000,58(3/4):231-249.
[16]Tibaldi A,Ferrari L,Pasquare G.Landslides triggered by earthquakesand their relations with faults and mountain slope geometry:an ex-ample from Ecuador[J].Geomorphology,1995,11(3):215-226.
[17]Wasowski J,Gaudio V D,Pierri P,et al.Factors Controlling Seis-mic Susceptibility of the Sele Valley Slopes:The Case of the 1980Irpinia Earthquake Re-Examined[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2002,23:563-593.
[18]Pearce A J,O′Loughlin C L.Landsliding during a M 7.7 earth-quake:Influence of geology and topography[J].Geology,1985,13(12):855-858.
[19]Jibson R W,Keefer D K.Statistical analysis of factors affectinglandslide distribution in the new Madrid seismic zone,Tennesseeand Kentucky[J].Engineering Geology,1989,27(1/4):509-542.
[20]许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,2010,56(6):860-874.
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[24]殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(3):289-296.
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[28]Pan J,Li H,Xu Z,et al.Surface rupture characteristics and rupturemechanics of the Yushu earthquake(Ms7.1),14/04/2010[C]//Ameri-can Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting 2010,abstract#T54B-08.2010.
[29]张军龙,陈长云,胡朝忠,等.玉树Ms7.1地震地表破裂带及其同震位移分布[J].地震,2010,30(3):1-12.
[30]孙鑫喆,徐锡伟,陈立春,等.青海玉树Ms7.1地震两个典型地点的地表破裂特征[J].地震地质,2010,32(2):338-344.
[31]陈立春,王虎,冉勇康,等.玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震[J].科学通报,2010,55(13):1200-1205.
[32]刘云华,单新建,屈春燕,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地表形变场特征研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(10):1310-1320.
[33]马寅生,张永双,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):115-128.
[34]石峰,何宏林,张英.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解译[J].震灾防御技术,2010,5(2):220-227.
[35]许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.玉树地震滑坡特征、机制、分布调查[J].地震地质,2012,34(1):47-62.
[36]Weiss A D.Topographic position and landforms analysis.2006,http://www.jennessent.com/downloads/tpi-poster-tnc_18x22.pdf.
[37]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19-28.
[38]Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.Spatial distribution of landslides trig-gered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):883-895.
[2]Harp E L,Jibson R W.Landslides Triggered by the 1994Northridge,California,Earthquake[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1996,86(1B):S319-S332.
[3]Parise M,Jibson R W.A seismic landslide susceptibility rating of ge-ologic units based on analysis of characteristics of landslides triggeredby the 17 January,1994 Northridge,California earthquake[J].Engineer-ing Geology,2000,58(3/4):251-270.
[4]Marzorati S,Luzi L,Amicis M D.Rock falls induced by earthquakes:a statistical approach[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2002,22(7):565-577.
[5]Fukuoka H,Sassa K,Scarascia-Mugnozza G.Distribution of Land-slides Triggered by the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake andLong Runout Mechanism of the Takarazuka Golf Course Landslide[J].Journal of Physics of the Earth,1997,45(2):83-90.
[6]Khazai B,Sitar N.Evaluation of factors controlling earthquake-in-duced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquake and comparison withthe Northridge and Loma Prieta events[J].Engineering Geology,2003,71(1/2):79-95.
[7]Wang W N,Wu H L,Nakamura H,et al.Mass movements causedby recent tectonic activity:The 1999 Chi-chi earthquake in centralTaiwan[J].Island Arc,2003,12(4):325-334.
[8]Lee C T,Huang C C,Lee J F,et al.Statistical approach to earth-quake-induced landslide susceptibility[J].Engineering Geology,2008,100(1/2):43-58.
[9]Lin M L,Tung C C.A GIS-based potential analysis of the landslidesinduced by the Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,2003,71(1/2):63-77.
[10]Yamagishi H,Iwahashi J.Comparison between the two triggeredlandslides in Mid-Niigata,Japan by July 13 heavy rainfall and October23 intensive earthquakes in 2004[J].Landslides,2007,4(4):389-397.
[11]Chigira M,Yagi H.Geological and geomorphological characteristicsof landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquakein Japan[J].Engineering Geology,2006,82(4):202-221.
[12]Sato H P,Sekiguchi T,Kojiroi R,et al.Overlaying landslides dis-tribution on the earthquake source,geological and topographicaldata:the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004,Japan[J].Landslides,2005,2(2):143-152.
[13]Sato H P,Hasegawa H,Fujiwara S,et al.Interpretation of landslidedistribution triggered by the 2005 Northern Pakistan earthquake us-ing SPOT 5 imagery[J].Landslides,2007,4(2):113-122.
[14]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides triggered bythe 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geomorphology,2008,94(1/2):1-9.
[15]Keefer D K.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-induced landslidedistribution-the 1989 Loma Prieta,California event[J].EngineeringGeology,2000,58(3/4):231-249.
[16]Tibaldi A,Ferrari L,Pasquare G.Landslides triggered by earthquakesand their relations with faults and mountain slope geometry:an ex-ample from Ecuador[J].Geomorphology,1995,11(3):215-226.
[17]Wasowski J,Gaudio V D,Pierri P,et al.Factors Controlling Seis-mic Susceptibility of the Sele Valley Slopes:The Case of the 1980Irpinia Earthquake Re-Examined[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2002,23:563-593.
[18]Pearce A J,O′Loughlin C L.Landsliding during a M 7.7 earth-quake:Influence of geology and topography[J].Geology,1985,13(12):855-858.
[19]Jibson R W,Keefer D K.Statistical analysis of factors affectinglandslide distribution in the new Madrid seismic zone,Tennesseeand Kentucky[J].Engineering Geology,1989,27(1/4):509-542.
[20]许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,2010,56(6):860-874.
[21]许冲,徐锡伟,戴福初,等.2010年4月14日玉树地震滑坡空间分布与控制变量分析[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(4):505-510.
[22]陈晓利,李传友,王明明,等.断裂带两侧地震诱发滑坡空间分布差异性的主要影响因素研究——以北川地区的地震滑坡分布为例[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(3):737-746.
[23]USGS,Magnitude 6.9-southern Qinghai,China,2010 April 1323:49:38 UTC.2010,http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/e-qinthenews/2010/us2010vacp/.
[24]殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(3):289-296.
[25]殷跃平,田廷山,李文渊,等.青海玉树地震地质灾害调查.2010,http://www.gcdz.org/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=8550.
[26]赵家绪,李玉军,张力征,等.青海玉树“4.14”地震灾区地质灾害应急排查报告[R].2010.
[27]Xu X W,Yu G H,Sun X Z.Yushu earthquake slip:implication ofgreat earthquake migration along boundary fault system of BayanHar block,Tibetan Plateau[C]//American Geophysical Union,FallMeeting 2010,abstract#T22A-04.2010.
[28]Pan J,Li H,Xu Z,et al.Surface rupture characteristics and rupturemechanics of the Yushu earthquake(Ms7.1),14/04/2010[C]//Ameri-can Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting 2010,abstract#T54B-08.2010.
[29]张军龙,陈长云,胡朝忠,等.玉树Ms7.1地震地表破裂带及其同震位移分布[J].地震,2010,30(3):1-12.
[30]孙鑫喆,徐锡伟,陈立春,等.青海玉树Ms7.1地震两个典型地点的地表破裂特征[J].地震地质,2010,32(2):338-344.
[31]陈立春,王虎,冉勇康,等.玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震[J].科学通报,2010,55(13):1200-1205.
[32]刘云华,单新建,屈春燕,等.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地表形变场特征研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(10):1310-1320.
[33]马寅生,张永双,胡道功,等.玉树地震地表破裂与宏观震中[J].地质力学学报,2010,16(2):115-128.
[34]石峰,何宏林,张英.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解译[J].震灾防御技术,2010,5(2):220-227.
[35]许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.玉树地震滑坡特征、机制、分布调查[J].地震地质,2012,34(1):47-62.
[36]Weiss A D.Topographic position and landforms analysis.2006,http://www.jennessent.com/downloads/tpi-poster-tnc_18x22.pdf.
[37]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19-28.
[38]Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.Spatial distribution of landslides trig-gered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journalof Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):883-895.
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